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Background: Mandibular anesthesia is a frequently preferred anesthesia technique in the restorative, pulpal and surgical treatments of milk molars and permanent molars, as well as in mandible fractures and all surgical interventions that involve the mandible. In this reason, localization differences of mandibular foramen should be taken into consideration while applying mandibular anesthesia technique in patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the localization of the mandibular foramen in living adults with three-dimensional computed tomography images. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out retrospectively on the radiologic images of 200 randomly selected adult individuals who had computed tomography examination for paranasal sinus and/or head and neck pathologies. The closest vertical (A) and horizontal (C) distances from mandibular foramen to margins of mandibular ramus and total vertical (B) and horizontal (D) distances of mandibular ramus were measured bilaterally in the edandate and dendate individuals, and the A/B and C/D ratios were evaluated. Results: When the measurements of dentate and edentate mandibles were compared, a statistically significant difference was found in all parameters (A, B, C, D, A/B, C/D) and it was determined that the measurements of dentate mandibles were larger than those of edentate mandibles. When the mandibular measurements were compared according to the sides (left/right), the A and D measurements and AB ratio in the right dentate mandibles and the B, C, D measurements and AB, CD ratios in the right edentate mandibles were statistically significantly larger than the left side. When the measurements were compared by gender, the B, C, D measurements and AB ratio of male dentate mandibles were statistically significantly higher than females. Conclusion: It was determined that mandible measurements of dentate cases were larger than edentate mandible. Mandibular ramus can be asymmetrical and ramus morphometers may be affected by gender within the clinical syndromes. This study demonstrates that the anatomical landmarks determined to find the target area for nerve block and to determine the safety zone for the ramus osteotomy lines can vary depending on the presence of the teeth. Amaç: Mandibular anestezi, süt ve kalıcı azı dişlerinin pulpa, restoratif ve cerrahi tedavilerinde, mandibula kırıklarında ve mandibulayı ilgilendiren tüm cerrahi girişimlerde sıklıkla tercih edilen bir anestezi tekniğidir. Bu nedenle hastalarda mandibular anestezi tekniği uygulanırken foramen mandibulae lokalizasyon farklılıkları dikkate alınmalıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yaşayan erişkinlerde foramen mandibulaenin lokalizasyonunun üç boyutlu bilgisayarlı tomografi görüntüleri ile değerlendirmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışma, paranazal sinüs ve/veya baş-boyun patolojileri için bilgisayarlı tomografi incelemesi yapılan rastgele seçilmiş 200 erişkin bireyin radyolojik görüntüleri üzerinde retrospektif olarak gerçekleştirildi. Foramen mandibulaedan ramus mandibulae kenarlarına en yakın dikey (A) ve yatay mesafeler (C) ve ramus mandibulaenın toplam dikey (B) ve yatay mesafeleri (D) dişli ve dişsiz bireylerde bilateral olarak ölçüldü. Bulgular: Dişli ve dişsiz mandibula ölçümleri karşılaştırıldığında, tüm parametrelerde (A, B, C, D, A/B, C/D) istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulundu ve dişli mandibula ölçümlerinin dişsiz mandibulalara göre daha büyük olduğu belirlendi. Mandibular ölçümler laterilizasyona (sol/sağ) göre karşılaştırıldığında, sağ dişli mandibulada A ve D ölçümleri ve AB oranı ile sağ dişsiz mandibulada B, C, D ölçümleri ve AB, CD oranları istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede sol taraftan daha büyük bulundu. Ölçümler cinsiyete göre karşılaştırıldığında erkek dişli mandibulanın B, C, D ölçümleri ve AB oranı kadınlara göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksekti.

Purpose We aimed to investigate the frequency of incomplete hippocampal inversion (IHI) and the hippocampal infolding angle (HIA) in pediatric patients with no additional abnormal findings in the brain. Methods Pediatric brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations conducted between September 2012 and February 2015 were screened and 83 patients with epilepsy, 49 patients with febrile convulsion, and 74 control patients were included in this retrospective study. Presence of IHI was evaluated and HIA was measured on MRI. Results IHI was found in 23 patients in the epilepsy group (27.7%), 15 patients in the febrile convulsion group (30.6%), and 14 patients in the control group (19.0%), with no significant difference between the groups (P = 0.27). Compared with the epilepsy and febrile convulsion groups, HIA was significantly larger in the control group in sections of the right cerebral pedincule, the left cerebral pedincule, and the right superior cerebellar pedincule. No correlation was found between the laterality of the epileptogenic focus in the epilepsy group and existence of IHI, nor between age and HIA values among the groups. Conclusion Although IHI is not an uncommon abnormality in the normal pediatric population, decreased HIA is more frequently found in patients with epilepsy or febrile convulsions.

Objective: Despite the development of effective systemic treatments and new biological agents for psoriasis nowadays, topical medications are still the mainstay of treatment. Topical calcineurin inhibitors are currently used in various skin diseases. We investigated The efficacy and safety of tacrolimus, which is an alternative in topical treatment, is investigated in comparison with the present medications in plaque psoriasis. Material and Methods: This prospective double-blind plasebo-controlled study was conducted in 24 patients with diagnosis of plaque psoriasis who were seen in X University Hospital dermatology outpatient clinic. 0.1% tacrolimus ointment, 0.1% mometasone furoate ointment, 0,005% calcipotriol ointment and plasebo in encrypted bottles, were randomly applied in test chambers under occlusion, in every other day, during 19 days, to 27 psoriatic plaques. Clinic sum scores, side effects, epidermal thickness measured by superficial ultrasound were noted before and after treatment in all microplaques. Besides histopathologic scoring and epidermal thickness were measured in 9 patients at the end of study. Results: The clinic sum scores and ultrasonographic epidermal thickness at the end were both significantly lower than the beginning values in all microplaques (p˂0.05). The reduction in these two values with tacrolimus were significantly higher than plasebo (p˂0.001), but no difference with calcipotriol (p=0.287, p=0.813, respectively). On the other hand, the reduction in these values with mometasone were significantly higher than tacrolimus (p˂0.05). Mometasone furoate was the most effective when the difference of total histopathological score and epidermal thickness of the three ointments from plasebo at the end were compared. Conclusion: Tacrolimus ointment is an alternative topical medication in plaque psoriasis under occlusion. Occlusion in practice requires patients compliance. Thus studies to find a a new formulation that will increase absorption of drug from thick psoriatic plaques are necessary.