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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first emerged in China and rapidly spread in the world causing a pandemic. Chest computed tomography (CT) continues to play an important role in the diagnosis and follow-up of the disease due to shortcomings of the real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test, which is the gold standard in the diagnosis of this disease. Typical chest CT findings of COVID-19 pneumonia have been widely reported in the literature. However, atypical findings such as central involvement, peribronchovascular involvement, isolated upper lobe involvement, nodular involvement, lobar consolidation, solitary involvement, pleural and pericardial fluid, and subpleural sparing can also be seen. Knowing these atypical findings is important to avoid misdiagnosis. This review summarizes the atypical findings that can be seen in the course of the disease and may be confused with other diseases.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of gynecomastia by evaluating computed tomography (CT) images of male patients who were admitted to our hospital during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic., Materials and Methods: This study included a total of 1,877 patients who underwent chest CT for prediagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia between March 15 th and May 15 th , 2020. All images were evaluated for the presence of gynecomastia. Gynecomastia patterns were evaluated according to morphological features, and diagnoses were made by measuring the largest glandular tissue diameter. Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS software version 25.0., Results: The prevalence of gynecomastia was 32.3%. In terms of pattern, 22% were nodular, 57% were dendritic, and 21% were diffuse glandular gynecomastia. A significant correlation was found between age and gynecomastia pattern (p<0.001). The incidence of nodular, dendritic, and diffuse glandular gynecomastia increased with advancing age. A significant difference was found in the analysis of the correlation between age groups and glandular tissue diameters (p<0.001). With an increase in glandular tissue diameter, the gynecomastia pattern changed from a nodular to a diffuse glandular pattern., Conclusion: In our study, gynecomastia diagnosis was made through axial CT images. Although CT should not replace mammography and ultrasonography for clinical diagnosis of gynecomastia, chest CT scans can be used to evaluate patients with suspected gynecomastia., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors., (©Copyright 2021 by Turkish Federation of Breast Diseases Associations.)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first reported in Wuhan, China. The infection rapidly spread to more than 200 countries around the world. The clinical presentation of the disease may vary from mild illness to severe pneumonia such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The chest computed tomography (CT) has an important complementary role in diagnosis of the disease. The predominant CT findings of the disease are ground glass opacities and consolidations located in subpleural areas of lower lobes. Widespread ground-glass opacities, consolidation, air bronchograms, central involvement of lung parenchyma, mediastinal lymphadenopathy are more common in patients with the severe form of the disease. CT imaging also guides in differentiation of alternative diagnosis or in assessment of associated pulmonary embolism during the course of the disease. In this pictorial review we aim to review the CT features of COVID-19 pneumonia and mention the changes throughout the disease process.

Purpose: We aimed to demonstrate the computed tomography (CT) findings observed at the initial presentation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia and reveal the most frequent infiltration and distribution patterns of the disease., Methods: One hundred and eighty-five patients (87 men, 98 women; mean age, 48.7 years), who underwent RT-PCR sampling and high-resolution CT examination in our hospital between March 15, 2020, and April 15, 2020, and got a definitive diagnosis of COVID-19 disease via initial or follow-up RT-PCR test, were included in the study. We comprehensively analyzed the most common and relatively rare CT imaging features (e.g., distribution pattern, density of the lesions, additional CT signs) in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia., Results: Thirty-eight patients (20.6%) had no evidence of pneumonia on their initial high-resolution CT images. Among 147 patients (79.4%) who had parenchymal infiltration consistent with pneumonia, 10 (6.8%) had a negative baseline RT-PCR test, and positivity was detected as a result of repeated tests. Most of the patients had multifocal (89.1%) and bilateral (86.4%) lesions. The most common location, right lower lobe, was affected in 87.8% of the patients. Lesions were distributed predominantly at peripheral (87.1%) and posterior (46.3%) areas of lung parenchyma. Most of the patients had pure ground glass opacity (GGO) (82.3%) followed by GGO with consolidation (32.7%) and crazy paving pattern (21.8%). Pure consolidation, solid nodules, halo sign, reverse halo sign, vascular enlargement, subpleural line, air-bronchogram, and bronchiectasis were the other findings observed in at least 15% of the cases. Halo sign, acinar nodules, air-bubble sign, pleural thickening and effusion, mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy were seen rarely (2%-12.9%). Pericardial effusion, pneumothorax, cavitation, and tree-in-bud pattern were not detected in our study group., Conclusion: Multifocal and bilateral GGO infiltration predominantly distributed in peripheral, posterior, and lower lung areas was the most common infiltration pattern.

Vascular lesions of the head and neck include vascular neoplasms, vascular malformations, and hypervascular lesions, derived from nonvascular soft-tissue elements. We retrospectively evaluated magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography images of vascular lesions located in the head and neck. Twelve patients (seven males, five females) aged 1-68 years (mean age, 35.25 years) were included in this study. Most of the vascular lesions in our study were histologically diagnosed. The lesions were as follows: a hemangioma located in the parotid space (n=1); a hemangioendothelioma located in the parotid space (n=1); a hemangiopericytoma located in the larynx (n=1); a juvenile angiofibroma located in the nasopharynx (n=1); a glomus tumor located in the carotid bifurcation (n=1); venous malformations located in the parapharyngeal space, the pterygoid area, the orbital space, and the larynx (n=4); lymphatic malformations located in the parotid space and the supraclavicular area (n=2); and an arteriovenous malformation located in the infratemporal fossa (n=1). We present rare vascular lesions of the head and neck, which have typical radiological findings.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness of integrated positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) in comparison with contrast enhanced CT (CE-CT) in pre-operative staging of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by using surgical and pathological findings as the reference standard., Materials and Methods: From August 2008 to August 2009, 57 consecutive patients (50 males and 7 females; mean age, 59 years; range, 38-79 years) with NSCLC underwent conventional pre-operative lung cancer staging using clinical data and CE-CT of the chest, and integrated whole-body fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT studies. Histopathological results served as the reference standard., Results: Forty-eight of the 57 patients (84%) had no lymph node involvement (N0), five (9%) were found to have N1 disease, and four (7%) had N2 disease. There was a significant difference between CE-CT and PET-CT for nodal staging of N0 disease (P < 0.05). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of hilar and mediastinal lymph node staging were 56%, 73%, 28%, 90%, and 70%, with CE-CT, respectively; and 78%, 92%, 64%, 96%, and 89% with PET-CT, respectively., Conclusion: Integrated PET-CT is more accurate than CE-CT for lymph node staging in NSCLC.

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to determine whether gadolinium is necessary in follow-up MRIs for evaluating vestibular schwannomas., Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 49 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations of 20 vestibular schwannoma patients was performed. Patients received between 1 and 4 follow-up scans, and the mean follow-up period was 15.3 months. Two radiologists independently reviewed the initial and follow-up MRI examinations. Tumor measurements obtained using the constructive interference in steady state (CISS) and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted (T1W) sequences were compared. Both radiologists used both of the sequences to analyze any differences in the tumor sizes measured in consecutive MRI scans., Results: The linear anteroposterior and transverse tumor diameter measurements obtained by the two observers using both sequences were strongly correlated (r = 0.962-0.987, P < 0.001). The observers agreed to a very high degree when detecting changes in the tumor size using the CISS sequence (κ = 0.902, P = 0.0001), whereas the agreement with the contrast-enhanced T1W sequence was good but not as good (κ = 0.706, P = 0.001)., Conclusion: CISS, as a contrast-free sequence, may be an option in regular follow-up MRIs of vestibular schwannomas.