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Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular malignancy, and currently, there is no standard treatment regimen for this disease and existing treatment options have limited efficacy. In this case report, we present a patient with lung and lymph node metastases from prostate epithelioid hemangioendothelioma who achieved a significant partial response. This was accomplished through alternating nivolumab therapy with ipilimumab and liposomal doxorubicin, resulting in a progression-free-survival more than 6 months to date. The treatment was well-tolerated throughout. Our report suggests that dual immunotherapy alternating with anti-PD-1antibody plus doxorubicin may be a potential treatment modality for epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. However, larger sample studies are necessary to ascertain the effectiveness of this treatment strategy and it is essential to continue monitoring this patient to sustain progression-free survival and overall survival.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive interstitial lung disease (ILD) without an identifiable cause. If not treated after diagnosis, the average life expectancy is 3–5 years. Currently approved drugs for the treatment of IPF are Pirfenidone and Nintedanib, as antifibrotic drugs, which can reduce the decline rate of forced vital capacity (FVC) and reduce the risk of acute exacerbation of IPF. However these drugs can not relieve the symptoms associated with IPF, nor improve the overall survival rate of IPF patients. We need to develop new, safe and effective drugs to treat pulmonary fibrosis. Previous studies have shown that cyclic nucleotides participate in the pathway and play an essential role in the process of pulmonary fibrosis. Phosphodiesterase (PDEs) is involved in cyclic nucleotide metabolism, so PDE inhibitors are candidates for pulmonary fibrosis. This paper reviews the research progress of PDE inhibitors related to pulmonary fibrosis, so as to provide ideas for the development of anti-pulmonary fibrosis drugs.

A case of hypoglycemic coma caused by a giant borderline phyllodes tumor of the breast has been described. The patient, a 63-year-old woman, was admitted with recurrent unconsciousness. She had a giant breast tumor with decreased blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide. The patient’s hypoglycemia resolved rapidly after resection of the breast tumor. Pathological examination indicated a borderline phyllodes tumor of the breast, and immunohistochemistry suggested high expression of insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) in the tumor tissue. A literature review is also included to summarize the clinical characteristics of such patients and to serve as a unique resource for clinical diagnosis and treatment of similar cases.