Search

Lycophytes and ferns represent one of the earliest-diverging lineages of vascular plants, with the Lycopodiaceae family constituting the basal clade among lycophytes. In this research, we successfully assembled and annotated the complete Lycopodium japonicum Thunb. (L. japonicum) mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) utilizing PacBio HiFi sequencing data, resulting in a single circular molecule with a size of 454,458 bp. 64 unique genes were annotated altogether, including 34 protein-coding genes, 27 tRNAs and 3 rRNAs. It also contains 32 group II introns, all of which undergo cis-splicing. We identified 195 simple sequence repeats, 1,948 dispersed repeats, and 92 tandem repeats in the L. japonicum mitogenome. Collinear analysis indicated that the mitogenomes of Lycopodiaceae are remarkably conserved compared to those of other vascular plants. We totally identified 326 RNA editing sites in 31 unique protein-coding genes with 299 sites converting cytosine to uracil and 27 sites the reverse. Notably, the L. japonicum mitogenome has small amounts foreign DNA from plastid or nuclear origin, accounting for only 2.81% of the mitogenome. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis based on 23 diverse land plant mitogenomes and plastid genomes supports the basal position of lycophytes within vascular plants and they form a sister clade to all other vascular lineages, which is consistent with the PPG I classification system. As the first reported mitogenome of Lycopodioideae subfamily, this study enriches our understanding of Lycopodium mitogenomes, and sets the stage for future research on mitochondrial diversity and evolution within the lycophytes and ferns.

Lilies are one of the most important ornamental flowers worldwide with approximately 100 wild species and numerous cultivars, but the phylogenetic relationships among wild species and their contributions to these cultivars are poorly resolved. We collected the major Lilium species and cultivars and assembled their plastome sequences. Our phylogenetic reconstruction using 114 plastid genomes, including 70 wild species representing all sections and 42 cultivars representing six hybrid divisions and two outgroups, uncovered well-supported genetic relationships within Lilium. The wild species were separated into two distinct groups (groups A and B) associated with geographical distribution, which further diversified into eight different clades that were phylogenetically well supported. Additional support was provided by the distributions of indels and single-nucleotide variants, which were consistent with the topology. The species of sections Archelirion, Sinomartagon III, and Leucolirion 6a and 6b were the maternal donors for Oriental hybrids, Asiatic hybrids, Trumpet hybrids, and Longiflorum hybrids, respectively. The maternal donors of the OT hybrids originated from the two sections Archelirion and Leucolirion 6a, and LA hybrids were derived from the two sections Leucolirion 6b and Sinomartagon. Our study provides an important basis for clarifying the infrageneric classification and the maternal origin of cultivars in Lilium.

Lilies are one of the most important ornamental flowers worldwide with approximately 100 wild species and numerous cultivars, but the phylogenetic relationships among wild species and their contributions to these cultivars are poorly resolved. We collected the major Lilium species and cultivars and assembled their plastome sequences. Our phylogenetic reconstruction using 114 plastid genomes, including 70 wild species representing all sections and 42 cultivars representing six hybrid divisions and two outgroups, uncovered well-supported genetic relationships within Lilium. The wild species were separated into two distinct groups (groups A and B) associated with geographical distribution, which further diversified into eight different clades that were phylogenetically well supported. Additional support was provided by the distributions of indels and single-nucleotide variants, which were consistent with the topology. The species of sections Archelirion, Sinomartagon III, and Leucolirion 6a and 6b were the maternal donors for Oriental hybrids, Asiatic hybrids, Trumpet hybrids, and Longiflorum hybrids, respectively. The maternal donors of the OT hybrids originated from the two sections Archelirion and Leucolirion 6a, and LA hybrids were derived from the two sections Leucolirion 6b and Sinomartagon. Our study provides an important basis for clarifying the infrageneric classification and the maternal origin of cultivars in Lilium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]