252 results on '"Sports and Active Living"'
Search Results
2. Spatial Accuracy of Predictive Saccades Determines the Performance of Continuous Visuomotor Action
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Chisa Aoyama, Ryoma Goya, Naofumi Suematsu, Koji Kadota, Yuji Yamamoto, and Satoshi Shimegi
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visuomotor ,Sports and Active Living ,time constraint ,GV557-1198.995 ,continuous visuomotor action ,online control ,eye movement ,Original Research ,Sports - Abstract
In a table tennis rally, players perform interceptive actions on a moving ball continuously in a short time, such that the acquisition process of visual information is an important determinant of the performance of the action. However, because it is technically hard to measure gaze movement in a real game, little is known about how gaze behavior is conducted during the continuous visuomotor actions and contributes to the performance. To examine these points, we constructed a novel psychophysical experiment model enabling a continuous visuomotor task without spatial movement of any body parts, including the arm and head, and recorded the movement of the gaze and effector simultaneously at high spatiotemporal resolution. In the task, Gabor patches (target) moved one after another at a constant speed from right to left at random vertical positions on an LC display. Participants hit the target with a cursor moving vertically on the left side of the display by controlling their prehensile force on a force sensor. Participants hit the target with the cursor using a rapid-approaching movement (rapid cursor approach, RCA). Their gaze also showed rapid saccadic approaching movement (saccadic eye approach, SEA), reaching the predicted arrival point of the target earlier than the cursor. The RCA reached in or near the Hit zone in the successful (Hit) trial, but ended up away from it in the unsuccessful (Miss) trial, suggesting the spatial accuracy of the RCA determines the task's success. The SEA in the Hit trial ended nearer the target than the Miss trial. The spatial accuracy of the RCA diminished when the target disappeared 100 ms just after the end of the SEA, suggesting that visual information acquired after the saccade acted as feedback information to correct the cursor movement online for the cursor to reach the target. There was a target speed condition that the target disappearance did not compromise RCA's spatial accuracy, implying the possible RCA correction based on the post-saccadic gaze location information. These experiments clarified that gaze behavior conducted during fast continuous visuomotor actions enables online correction of the ongoing interceptive movement of an effector, improving visuomotor performance.
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- 2022
3. Editorial: The Future of Sport Business
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Hans Westerbeek, Rochelle Eime, Adam Karg, Veerle de Bosscher, Movement and Sport Sciences, Sport and Society, and Sports Policy factors Leading to International Sporting Success
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sport business insights ,future thinking ,value creation ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,industry innovation ,Editorial ,Sports and Active Living ,Anthropology ,Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management ,physiology ,GV557-1198.995 ,disruptive conditions ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Sports - Abstract
There has never been a better time to consider the future of sport business than during a global pandemic that has severely impacted both the community and professional sport communities. These disruptive impacts have been wide ranging, affecting the delivery of sport as well as the financial and social outcomes delivered by sport organizations. As noted by Smith and Westerbeek (2004), “we care about the future because we have to live in it, as will our children and their children. It is important that they have the opportunity to experience and enjoy sport… which requires a healthy global sport industry” (p. xi). The impact of COVID-19 continues to show that there is no returning to “business as usual” and as such, sport organizations (will) have (to) reinvent themselves and their underpinning business models. This is not only to survive, but thrive in continued disruptive conditions. To that end it is important to realize that the business of sport is not limited to the front office of those who run the management and marketing of sport organizations. Value is created (and hence business developed) across the whole of the value chain of sport – on and off the field, from sporting goods manufacturers to athlete management agencies, and by an army of millions of volunteers in community sport. From a number of perspectives, six teams of authors have provided various insights by contributing their work to this Research Topic. Westerbeek and Eime describe the changing social and policy context in which sport is produced, delivered, and consumed as context and foundation for an integrated framework that incorporates participation in sport with participation in leisure-time physical activity more broadly. In order to position sport in the broader context of leisure-time physical activity, the concept of physical literacy is reviewed and integrated into the theoretical foundations of a new lifespan framework—the Physical Activity and Sport Participation (PASP) framework. The authors express the hope that in recognition of the changing patterns of participation in physical activity and sport across the lifespan, the PASP framework can contribute to coordinated and integrated physical activity and sport policy development, which, in turn, can lead to holistic strategies that tackle the global physical inactivity crisis. The purpose of the study conducted by Jang et al. was to identify consumer groups through consumer segmentation in the exponentially growing esports industry. The study focused on “game experiences” in the context of esports gameplay consumption. They developed a matrix of esports gameplay based on high/low esports gameplay, viewing esports, and hardware enthusiasm leading to four esports gameplay consumer groups: all-around gamer, conventional player, observer, and recreational gamer. The proposed esports consumers' clustering is an example of research that will contribute to mapping and defining one of the world's fastest growing sport business sectors. Foster et al. have responded to the growing demand for data analytics talent in (elite) sport organizations. As hiring analytics talent is critical, applicants can command high levels of compensation, in part because they are attractive to companies in many other industries. One of the implications of this broader adoption of analytics across elite sports clubs, will be a greater emphasis on continued innovation across many areas such as player squad assembly, pre-game and within-game strategy, and health and fitness. A further implication is that executive talent from outside of professional sport is increasingly more relevant and valuable to the sport industry. In the near future, the demand (and hence competition) for off-the-field talent in sport business will increasingly intersect with other industries, opening opportunities for cross-pollination and innovation beyond the boundaries of the sport industry. In their contribution, Jackson and Dawson reflect on the meaning, value and significance of sport. They introduce the challenges facing the global business of sport and describe the privileged position of sport in society, as “sporting exceptionalism.” They then use the example of women's professional sport to illustrate three key steps for an alternative future, while also signaling risks associated with following a hegemonic male model of consumer capitalist sport. They conclude that the more dominant or hegemonic any existing social system is (including sport), the more difficult it is to consider alternative futures. However, there lies tremendous potential value in applying the concept of alternative futures to envisioning a direction for the sport industry. It allows necessary contemplation about new structures, policies, and programmes that will positively transform global sport business. Chmait and Westerbeek look at how artificial intelligence has transformed the way in which sport is consumed and analyzed. In this perspective paper, the authors present a high-level, non-technical, overview of the machine learning paradigm that motivates its potential for enhancing sports (performance and business) analytics. Founded on a summary of relevant research literature in areas where artificial intelligence and machine learning have been applied to the sport industry, they present some hypothetical scenarios of how artificial intelligence and machine learning could shape the future of sports. They conclude their work with ominous questions. Will artificial intelligence 1 day be shaping the spending behavior of sports fans by exploiting their fan infused emotional vulnerabilities? Or if indeed, artificial intelligence will sacrifice the health of some athletes in favor of the bigger team winning the championship? In the final article of the Research Topic, Jenkin et al. focus their attention on the rapidly growing, but largely ignored market segment of older adults as sport participants. They investigated how managers in Australian National and State Sporting Organizations perceive sport for older adults. Contextualized in the perspective of organizational change, a framework for marketing to the aging consumer was used to interpret the results. They found that older adults are not a high priority group for most sporting organizations, despite recognition of the benefits of engaging older adults. A lack of age-appropriate programmes was perceived to be a major barrier of engaging older adults. Across all sporting organizations there was broad agreement that increasing participation numbers and engaging the older fan base was important, but most sporting organizations are not (yet) ready to build “age friendly” sporting environments. The study provided insights into why this untapped market is not a priority target, and offers policy makers directions to better engage with this population group. Across the whole of the value chain, the future of sport business will be as much determined by advancements in artificial intelligence, machine learning and sophisticated (fan and performance) data analytics as it will be through application and sourcing of new business models, tapping new markets, creating alternative revenue streams, management approaches such as alternative futures scenarios, and developing strategic partnerships beyond the sport industry. With a focus on how it impacts the business of sport, in this Research Topic we have covered a number of issues that will strongly influence the future production and consumption of elite and community sport offerings.
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- 2022
4. Girls and Young Women in Community Sport: A South Australian Perspective
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Murray Drummond, Claire Drummond, Sam Elliott, Ivanka Prichard, Jamie-Lee Pennesi, Lucy K. Lewis, Christopher Bailey, and Nadia Bevan
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community sport ,Sports and Active Living ,girls ,GV557-1198.995 ,South Australia ,women ,qualitative and quantitative research ,human activities ,Sports ,Original Research - Abstract
Girls' and young women's engagement and disengagement in physical activity has been well documented in Western culture. Sport plays a pivotal role in the development of behaviours that promote physical activity, particularly through commitment to team and individual goal attainment, socialisation, and feelings of belonging and self-identity. Community sport in Australia is the dominant pathway into state, national, and elite international competition. The importance of community sport in the lives of girls and young women cannot be overstated, irrespective of individual long-term sporting goals. Indeed, the dropout rate of girls in sports, like many other western cultures is significant and is certainly disproportionate to the numbers of boys who drop out. The present study aims to examine the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental influences on community sporting pathways for girls and young women. Using a mixed-methods design, we include survey data from 2,189 high-school students (aged 12–18 years) and focus group and individual interview data from a subset of 37 high-school students, parents, and teachers, across metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. The study included an examination of sporting practises and insights of male sport participants from the same age groups to juxtapose the findings and provide a more comprehensive understanding of girls' and young women's community sporting involvement. Parents and teachers were also included within the participant cohort to provide a comprehensive perspective. The results highlight the challenges that girls face with respect to engagement and disengagement in sport and particular points throughout their adolescent years. Recommendations are provided to help mitigate potential attrition of girls in sport in the future.
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- 2022
5. Effect of Clothing Fabric on 20-km Cycling Performance in Endurance Athletes
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Jared Ferguson, Amir Hadid, Yoram Epstein, and Dennis Jensen
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thermoregulation ,natural fabrics ,20-km cycling time ,exercise ,Sports and Active Living ,GV557-1198.995 ,General Medicine ,synthetic fabrics ,Sports ,Original Research - Abstract
Purpose: Examine the effect of synthetic fabrics (SYN, 60% polyester: 40% nylon) vs. 100% cotton fabric (CTN) on the 20-km cycling time trial (20 kmCTT) performance of competitive cyclists and triathletes.Methods: In this randomized controlled crossover study, 15 adults (5 women) aged 29.6 ± 2.7 years (mean ± SE) with a peak rate of O2 consumption of 60.0 ± 2.0 ml/kg/min completed a 20 kmCTT under ambient laboratory conditions (24.3 ± 0.7°C and 17 ± 7% relative humidity) with a simulated wind of ~3 m/s while wearing SYN or CTN clothing ensembles. Both ensembles were of snowflake mesh bi-layer construction and consisted of a loose-fitting long-sleeved shirt with full-length trousers.Results: Participants maintained a significantly (p < 0.05) higher cycling speed and power output over the last 6-km of the 20 kmCTT while wearing the SYN vs. CTN ensemble (e.g., by 0.98 km/h and 18.4 watts at the 20-km mark). Consequently, 20 kmCTT duration was significantly reduced by 15.7 ± 6.8 sec or 0.8 ± 0.3% during SYN vs. CTN trials (p < 0.05). Improved 20 kmCTT performance with SYN vs. CTN clothing could not be explained by concurrent differences in esophageal temperature, sweat rate, ratings of perceived exertion and/or cardiometabolic responses to exercise. However, it was accompanied by significantly lower mean skin temperatures (~1°C) and more favorable ratings of perceived clothing comfort and thermal sensation during exercise.Conclusion: Under the experimental conditions of the current study, athletic clothing made of synthetic fabrics significantly improved the 20 kmCTT performance of endurance-trained athletes by optimizing selected thermoregulatory and perceptual responses to exercise.
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- 2022
6. The Relation of Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity and Serum Uric Acid Using the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004
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Isaac D. Smith, Leanna M. Ross, Josi R. Gabaldon, Nicholas Holdgate, Carl F. Pieper, Tony C. Ning, William E. Kraus, and Kim M. Huffman
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accelerometer ,gout ,exercise ,uric acid ,Sports and Active Living ,GV557-1198.995 ,General Medicine ,hyperuricemia ,Brief Research Report ,Sports - Abstract
Objective: Gout is a crystal-induced inflammatory arthritis caused by elevated uric acid. Physical activity has the potential to reduce serum uric acid (SUA), thus improving the disease burden of gout. In this study, we examined the association of objectively-measured physical activity and SUA.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using survey, laboratory, and accelerometer data from the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). SUA concentrations (mg/dL) were obtained during an initial exam, and then physical activity (kCal/day) was measured with 7 days of ActiGraph accelerometry in participants (n = 3,475) representative of the ambulatory, non-institutionalized US civilian population. Regression, including restricted cubic splines, was used to assess the relation of physical activity and SUA in bivariate and adjusted models. Covariates included age, gender, race/ethnicity, alcohol use, body mass index, renal function, and urate-lowering therapy.Results: In the bivariate model, physical activity was correlated with SUA concentrations and included a non-linear component (p < 0.01). In the adjusted model, linear splines were employed with a node at the SUA nadir of 5.37mg/dL; this occurred at 703 kCal/day of physical activity. The association of physical activity and SUA was negative from 0 to 703 kCal/day (p = 0.07) and positive >703 kCal/day (p < 0.01 for the change in slope).Conclusion: Physical activity and SUA are associated in a non-linear fashion, with a minimum estimated SUA at 703 kCal/day of objectively-measured physical activity. These findings raise intriguing questions about the use of physical activity as a potential adjunctive therapy in patients with gout, and further interventional studies are needed to elucidate the effects of moderate intensity exercise on SUA concentrations.
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- 2022
7. Improvisational Movement to Improve Quality of Life in Older Adults With Early-Stage Dementia: A Pilot Study
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Deepthi Thumuluri, Robert Lyday, Phyllis Babcock, Edward H. Ip, Robert A. Kraft, Paul J. Laurienti, Rebecca Barnstaple, Christina T. Soriano, and Christina E. Hugenschmidt
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older adult ,Sports and Active Living ,brain ,aging ,GV557-1198.995 ,dance ,Alzheimer's disease ,caregiver ,Original Research ,Sports - Abstract
Alzheimer's disease has profound effects on quality of life, affecting not only cognition, but mobility and opportunities for social engagement. Dance is a form of movement that may be uniquely suited to help maintain quality of life for older adults, including those with dementia, because it inherently incorporates movement, social engagement, and cognitive stimulation. Here, we describe the methods and results of the pilot study for the IMOVE trial (NCT03333837, www.clinicaltrials.gov), a clinical trial designed to use improvisational dance classes to test the effects of movement and social engagement in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or early-stage dementia. The pilot study was an 8-week investigation into the feasibility and potential effects of an improvisational dance intervention on people with MCI or early-stage dementia (PWD/MCI) and their caregivers (CG). The pilot aimed to assess changes in quality of life, balance, mood, and functional brain networks in PWD/MCI and their CG. Participants were recruited as dyads (pairs) that included one PWD/MCI and one CG. Ten total dyads were enrolled in the pilot study with five dyads assigned to the usual care control group and five dyads participating in the dance intervention. The intervention arm met twice weekly for 60 min for 8 weeks. Attendance and quality of life assessed with the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's disease (QoL-AD) questionnaire were the primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes included balance, mood and brain network connectivity assessed through graph theory analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Class attendance was 96% and qualitative feedback reflected participants felt socially connected to the group. Increases in quality of life and balance were observed, but not mood. Brain imaging analysis showed increases in multiple brain network characteristics, including global efficiency and modularity. Further investigation into the positive effects of this dance intervention on both imaging and non-imaging metrics will be carried out on the full clinical trial data. Results from the trial are expected in the summer of 2022.
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- 2022
8. Benefits of Home-Based Exercise Training Following Critical SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Case Report
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Igor Longobardi, Danilo Marcelo Leite do Prado, Karla Fabiana Goessler, Gersiel Nascimento de Oliveira Júnior, Danieli Castro Oliveira de Andrade, Bruno Gualano, and Hamilton Roschel
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DOENÇAS RESPIRATÓRIAS ,Sports and Active Living ,GV557-1198.995 ,case report ,fatigue ,severe acute respiratory syndrome ,long COVID ,exercise training ,physical rehabilitation ,Sports - Abstract
In the current scenario, in which an elevated number of COVID-19 survivors present with severe physical deconditioning, exercise intolerance, persistent symptoms, and other post-acute consequences, effective rehabilitation strategies are of utmost relevance. In this study, we report for the first time the effect of home-based exercise training (HBET) in a survivor patient from critical COVID-19 illness. A 67-year-old woman who had critical COVID-19 disease [71 days of hospitalization, of which 49 days were in the intensive care unit (ICU) with invasive mechanical ventilation due to respiratory failure] underwent a 10-week HBET aiming to recovering overall physical condition. Before and after the intervention, we assessed cardiopulmonary parameters, skeletal muscle strength and functionality, fatigue severity, and self-reported persistent symptoms. At baseline (3 months after discharge), she presented with severe impairment in cardiorespiratory functional capacity (2peak). After the intervention, remarkable improvements in VO2peak (from 10.61 to 15.48 mL·kg−1·min−1, Δ: 45.9%), oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES; from 1.0 to 1.3 L·min−1, Δ: 30.1%), HR/VO2 slope (from 92 to 52 bpm·L−1, Δ: −43.5%), the lowest VE/VCO2 ratio (from 35.4 to 32.9 L·min−1, Δ: −7.1%), and exertional dyspnea were observed. In addition, handgrip strength (from 22 to 27 kg, Δ: 22.7%), 30-s Sit-to-Stand (30-STS; from 14 to 16 repetitions, Δ:14.3%), Timed-Up-and-Go (TUG; from 8.25 to 7.01 s, Δ: −15%) performance and post-COVID functional status (PCFS) score (from 4 to 2) were also improved from baseline to post-intervention. Self-reported persistent symptoms were also improved, and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) score decreased (from 4 to 2.7) from baseline to post-intervention. This is the first evidence that a semi-supervised, HBET program may be safe and potentially effective in improving cardiorespiratory and physical functionality in COVID-19 survivors. Controlled studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
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- 2022
9. The Relationship Between the Distribution of Training Intensity and Performance of Kayak and Canoe Sprinters: A Retrospective Observational Analysis of One Season of Competition
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Manuel Matzka, Robert Leppich, Hans-Christer Holmberg, Billy Sperlich, and Christoph Zinner
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kayaking ,Sports and Active Living ,training intensity distribution ,GV557-1198.995 ,training zones ,pyramidal intensity distribution ,water sport ,Original Research ,high-volume training ,Sports - Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate retrospectively the training intensity distribution (TID) among highly trained canoe sprinters during a single season and to relate TID to changes in performance.Methods: The heart rates during on-water training by 11 German sprint kayakers (7 women, 4 men) and one male canoeist were monitored during preparation periods (PP) 1 and 2, as well as during the period of competition (CP) (total monitoring period: 37 weeks). The zones of training intensity (Z) were defined as Z1 [2peak)], Z2 (81–87% VO2peak) and Z3 (>87% VO2peak), as determined by 4 × 1,500-m incremental testing on-water. Prior to and after each period, the time required to complete the last 1,500-m stage (all-out) of the incremental test (1,500-m time-trial), velocities associated with 2 and 4 mmol·L−1 blood lactate (v2[BLa], v4[BLa]) and VO2peak were determined.Results: During each period, the mean TID for the entire group was pyramidal (PP1: 84/12/4%, PP2: 80/12/8% and CP: 91/5/4% for Z1, Z2, Z3) and total training time on-water increased from 5.0 ± 0.9 h (PP1) to 6.1 ± 0.9 h (PP2) and 6.5 ± 1.0 h (CP). The individual ranges for Z1, Z2 and Z3 were 61–96, 2–26 and 0–19%. During PP2 VO2peak (25.5 ± 11.4%) markedly increased compared to PP1 and CP and during PP1 v2[bla] (3.6 ± 3.4%) showed greater improvement compared to PP2, but not to CP. All variables related to performance improved as the season progressed, but no other effects were observed. With respect to time-trial performance, the time spent in Z1 (r = 0.66, p = 0.01) and total time in all three zones (r = 0.66, p = 0.01) showed positive correlations, while the time spent in Z2 (r = −0.57, p = 0.04) was negatively correlated.Conclusions: This seasonal analysis of the effects of training revealed extensive inter-individual variability. Overall, TID was pyramidal during the entire period of observation, with a tendency toward improvement in VO2peak, v2[bla], v4[bla] and time-trial performance. During PP2, when the COVID-19 lockdown was in place, the proportion of time spent in Z3 doubled, while that spent in Z1 was lowered; the total time spent training on water increased; these changes may have accentuated the improvement in performance during this period. A further increase in total on-water training time during CP was made possible by reductions in the proportions of time spent in Z2 and Z3, so that more fractions of time was spent in Z1.
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- 2022
10. Characterizing Middle School Students' Physical Literacy Development: A Self-Determination Theory-Based Pilot Intervention in Physical Education
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Liu, Yang and Chen, Senlin
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curriculum and instruction ,canadian assessment of physical literacy ,learning ,Sports and Active Living ,self-determination theory ,GV557-1198.995 ,Original Research ,secondary physical education ,Sports - Abstract
Purpose: Positive youth development (PYD) can be achieved through effective and purposeful instructions in physical education (PE) and other relevant experiences both in and beyond schools. Students' PYD is associated with their physical literacy (PL) development, which has become a primary emphasis of PE, especially in the United States, in recent years. This study aimed to (a) characterize middle school students' physical literacy (PL) and (b) capture their PL developing trajectories in light of receiving a self-determination theory (SDT)-based pedagogical workshop, with the long-term vision on PYD.Methods: Participants (N = 226) completed the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy (CAPL-2) in physical education (PE). A subsample (n = 49) received four workshop sessions over 8 weeks; and completed the CAPL-2 and participated in focus group interviews before and after the workshop.Results: Both boys and girls' CAPL-2 scores were in the “progressing” stage. Significant differences in PL and PL domains were observed by gender, grade, socioeconomic status (SES), body mass index (BMI), and race/ethnicity. The low PL group showed improvements in PL and PL domains. Interview data delineated positive PL developing trajectories for physical activity (PA) type, frequency, and intensity; perceived motives; and participation barriers.Conclusion: PL is a dynamic state that can be improved through purposeful PE. Future work should examine the effect (and implementation) of opportunities in (e.g., PE) and beyond schools (e.g., youth sports programs) to ultimately advance PYD.
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- 2022
11. Exercise-Based Injury Prevention in High-Level and Professional Athletes: Narrative Review and Proposed Standard Operating Procedure for Future Lockdown-Like Contexts After COVID-19
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Géraldine Martens, François Delvaux, Bénédicte Forthomme, Jean-François Kaux, Axel Urhausen, François Bieuzen, Suzanne Leclerc, Laurent Winkler, Franck Brocherie, Mathieu Nedelec, Antonio J. Morales-Artacho, Alexis Ruffault, Anne-Claire Macquet, Gaël Guilhem, Didier Hannouche, Philippe M. Tscholl, Romain Seil, Pascal Edouard, and Jean-Louis Croisier
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athlete's health ,Sports and Active Living ,communication ,sports injury prevention ,injury risk ,GV557-1198.995 ,team work ,General Medicine ,Review ,Sports - Abstract
In regular times, implementing exercise-based injury prevention programs into the training routine of high-level and professional athletes represents a key and challenging aspect to decrease injury risk. Barriers to implementing such prevention programs have previously been identified such as lack of resources, logistic issues or motivation. The COVID-19 pandemic associated with restrictions on daily life dramatically impacted sports participation from training to competition. It is therefore reasonable to assume that such lockdown-like context has exacerbated the challenge to implement exercise-based injury prevention programs, potentially leading to a greater musculoskeletal injury risk. In this narrative review, recommendations are proposed for building an expertise- and evidence-based Standard Operating Procedure for injury prevention in lockdown-like contexts for high-level and professional athletes. The following recommendations can be provided: (1) assess the global and sport-specific risks in the light of the ongoing cause of isolation; (2) adapt remote training materials and programs; (3) ensure regular quality communication within the staff, between athletes and the staff as well as between athletes; (4) follow the athlete's mental well-being; and (5) plan for a safe return-to-sports as well as for an ongoing monitoring of the load-recovery balance. These key domains should further be addressed to comply with local policies, which are subject to change over time in each individual country. The use of these recommendations may improve the readiness of athletes, coaches, physicians and all sports stakeholders for future lockdown-like contexts.
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- 2021
12. Editorial: Prevention of Abuse and Harassment in Athletics and Sports
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Bermon, Stéphane, Adami, Paolo Emilio, Timpka, Toomas, and Hartill, Mike
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Editorial ,governance ,Sports and Active Living ,harassment ,sports ,abuse ,perpetrators - Published
- 2021
13. Learning From Human Responses to Deconditioning Environments: Improved Understanding of the 'Use It or Lose It' Principle
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David A. Hart
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exercise and deconditioning ,obesity ,Sports and Active Living ,Mini Review ,GV557-1198.995 ,menopause ,General Medicine ,prolonged bedrest ,space flight ,ground reaction forces ,Sports - Abstract
Physical activity, mobility or patterned mobility (i.e., exercise) is intrinsic to the functioning of Homo sapiens, and required for maintenance of health. Thus, systems such as the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems appear to require constant reinforcement or conditioning to maintain integrity. Loss of conditioning or development of chronic deconditioning can have multiple consequences. The study of different types of deconditioning and their prevention or reversal can offer a number of clues to the regulation of these systems and point to how deconditioning poses risk for disease development and progression. From the study of deconditioning associated with spaceflight, a condition not predicted by evolution, prolonged bedrest, protracted sedentary behavior, as well as menopause and obesity and their consequences, provide a background to better understand human heterogeneity and how physical fitness may impact the risks for chronic conditions subsequent to the deconditioning. The effectiveness of optimized physical activity and exercise protocols likely depend on the nature of the deconditioning, the sex and genetics of the individual, whether one is addressing prevention of deconditioning-associated disease or disease-associated progression, and whether it is focused on acute or chronic deconditioning associated with different forms of deconditioning. While considerable research effort has gone into preventing deconditioning, the study of the process of deconditioning and its endpoints can provide clues to the regulation of the affected systems and their contributions to human heterogeneity that have been framed by the boundary conditions of Earth during evolution and the “use it or lose it” principle of regulation. Such information regarding heterogeneity that is elaborated by the study of deconditioning environments could enhance the effectiveness of individualized interventions to prevent deconditions or rescue those who have become deconditioned.
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- 2021
14. Efficient Ways to Combat Doping in a Sports Education Context!? A Systematic Review on Doping Prevention Measures Focusing on Young Age Groups
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Katharina Pöppel
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doping prevention ,learning ,systematic review ,Sports and Active Living ,GV557-1198.995 ,anti-doping education ,literacy ,athletic performance ,Sports - Abstract
Youth is characterized by testing and crossing natural boundaries, sometimes with the help of performance-enhancing substances. In this context, doping prevention measures play a crucial role to protect individuals both within and outside the context of elite sport. Based on the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in the databases ProQuest (ERIC), Scopus, PSYNDEX/PsychInfo, PubMed, and Web of Science Core Collection to provide an overview of the impact of doping prevention measures, with particular attention to the underlying understanding of learning. As a result of the screening process, 30 of the initial 5,591 articles met the previously defined and recorded eligibility criteria. The analysis led to heterogeneous results regarding content, implementation, target group, or outcome variables considered relevant. Two-thirds of the studies related to the competitive sports context. Nevertheless, there has been a growing interest in studying doping prevention and its effects on non-elite athlete target groups in recent years. In terms of effectiveness, many measures did not achieve long-term changes or did not collect any follow-up data. This contrasts with understanding learning as sustained change and reduces the intended long-term protection of prevention measures, especially for adolescent target groups. Even young age groups from 10 years upwards benefited from doping prevention measures, and almost all doping prevention measures enabled their participants to increase their physical and health literacy. No conclusion can be drawn as to whether doping prevention measures based on constructivist ideas are superior to cognitivist approaches or a combination of both. Nevertheless, programs that actively engage their participants appear superior to lecture-based knowledge transfer. Most of the prevention measures offered a benefit-orientation so that participants can achieve added value, besides trying to initiate health-promoting change through rejection. Because of the lack of sustained changes, a further modification in doping prevention seems necessary. The review results support the value of primary prevention. Doping prevention measures should enable tailored learning and development options in the sense of more meaningful differentiation to individual needs. The implementation in a school context or an online setting is promising and sees doping as a problem for society. The review highlights the importance of accompanying evaluation measures to identify efficient prevention components that promote health and protect young people.
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- 2021
15. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Sport Research: An Introduction for Non-data Scientists
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Nader Chmait and Hans Westerbeek
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sports analytics ,machine learning ,Sports and Active Living ,ComputerApplications_MISCELLANEOUS ,GV557-1198.995 ,Perspective ,General Medicine ,artificial intelligence ,future of sports ,sports business ,Sports ,sport research - Abstract
In the last two decades, artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed the way in which we consume and analyse sports. The role of AI in improving decision-making and forecasting in sports, amongst many other advantages, is rapidly expanding and gaining more attention in both the academic sector and the industry. Nonetheless, for many sports audiences, professionals and policy makers, who are not particularly au courant or experts in AI, the connexion between artificial intelligence and sports remains fuzzy. Likewise, for many, the motivations for adopting a machine learning (ML) paradigm in sports analytics are still either faint or unclear. In this perspective paper, we present a high-level, non-technical, overview of the machine learning paradigm that motivates its potential for enhancing sports (performance and business) analytics. We provide a summary of some relevant research literature on the areas in which artificial intelligence and machine learning have been applied to the sports industry and in sport research. Finally, we present some hypothetical scenarios of how AI and ML could shape the future of sports.
- Published
- 2021
16. World and European Rowing Medallists Pace With Smaller Variation Than Their Competitors
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Fredrik Mentzoni and Thomas Losnegard
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endurance ,pacing ,rowing ,Sports and Active Living ,performance level ,hydrodynamics ,GV557-1198.995 ,split times ,General Medicine ,strategy ,race analysis ,Original Research ,Sports - Abstract
Purpose: To establish the relation between pacing pattern and performance, within sex, and number of crew members, at the very highest performance level in World class rowing.Methods: Pacing profiles based on official 500 m split times in 106 A-finals with six contesting boat crews (n = 636 crews), in recent World (2017–2019) and European (2017–2021) championships, were analyzed. The coefficient of variation (CV) and sum of relative differences (SRD) of the split times, and normalized velocities in the four segments of the race, were compared between performance levels, that is, placement (1st–6th), and subgroups based on sex (female or male) and number of crew members (one, two, or four). Statistical tests and resulting p-values and effect sizes (Cohen's d) were used to assess differences between groups.Results: The pacing profiles of the medallists had smaller variation than those of the non-podium finishers (CV = 1.72% vs. CV = 2.00%; p = 4 × 10−7, d = 0.41). Compared to the non-podium finishers, the medallists had lower normalized velocities in the first and second segments of the race, slightly higher in the third segment and higher in the fourth segment. Female crews paced somewhat more evenly than male crews. No significant differences were found in the evenness of pacing profiles between singles, doubles/pairs and quads/fours. Analyses of SRD were overall consistent with analyses of CV.Conclusion: Medal winners in major rowing championships use a more even pacing strategy than their final competitors, which could imply that such a strategy is advantageous in rowing.
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- 2021
17. Editorial: Women's Professional Sport: Understanding Distinctiveness
- Author
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Pegoraro, Ann and Taylor, Tracy
- Subjects
Editorial ,Sports and Active Living ,professionalization ,women's sport ,women ,gender equity ,sport careers - Published
- 2021
18. Three-Dimensional Upper Body Kinematics and Inter-articular Kinematic Sequence During a Canoe Polo Throw
- Author
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Najoua Assila, Cyril Delavallade, Yoann Blache, Christian Berger-Vachon, Philippe Collotte, and Sonia Duprey
- Subjects
body regions ,overarm motion ,pelvis mobility ,Sports and Active Living ,education ,GV557-1198.995 ,proximal-to-distal sequence ,General Medicine ,overhead sport ,angular velocities ,human activities ,Original Research ,Sports - Abstract
Canoe polo is an increasingly popular discipline requiring both kayaking and ball-handling skills. While the kinematics of the upper body during throw has been investigated for several overhead sports, the canoe polo throw has still to be studied. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the canoe polo throw kinematics in terms of angles and inter-articular sequencing to understand its specificity. A secondary aim was to investigate whether adding pelvis mobility has an impact. Nineteen male players of canoe polo were equipped with reflective body markers for the throw analysis. They performed 5 throws with the pelvis fixed and 5 throws with additional pelvic mobility in rotation around a vertical axis. Inverse kinematics was performed with OpenSim providing pelvis, trunk, and glenohumeral rotations. Angular velocities were calculated to build the inter-articular sequences relative to these throws. Statistical parametric mapping was used to assess the effect of pelvis mobility on the throwing kinematics. Similar kinematics patterns as in other overhead sports were observed, however, a different inter-articular sequence was found for the canoe polo throw with a maximal angular velocity occurring sooner for the thorax in axial rotation than for the pelvis in rotation. While the limitation of rotation of the pelvis around a vertical axis has an influence on the pelvis and trunk kinematics, it did not modify the kinematic sequence.
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- 2021
19. Upper- vs. Lower-Body Exercise Performance in Female and Male Cross-Country Skiers
- Author
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Linda Marie, Hansen, Øyvind, Sandbakk, Gertjan, Ettema, and Julia Kathrin, Baumgart
- Subjects
oxygen uptake ,XC skiers ,Sports and Active Living ,blood lactate ,GV557-1198.995 ,heart rate ,running ,upper-body poling ,double poling ,Original Research ,XC skiing ,Sports - Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the interaction between exercise modality (i.e., upper- and lower-body exercise) and sex in physiological responses and power output (PO) across the entire intensity spectrum (i.e., from low to maximal intensity).Methods: Ten male and 10 female cross-country (XC) skiers performed a stepwise incremental test to exhaustion consisting of 5 min stages with increasing workload employing upper-body poling (UP) and running (RUN) on two separate days. Mixed measures ANOVA were performed to investigate the interactions between exercise modalities (i.e., UP and RUN) and sex in physiological responses and PO across the entire exercise intensity spectrum.Results: The difference between UP and RUN (ΔUP−RUN), was not different in the female compared with the male XC skiers for peak oxygen uptake (18 ± 6 vs. 18 ± 6 mL·kg−1·min−1, p = 0.843) and peak PO (84 ± 18 vs. 91 ± 22 W, p = 0.207). At most given blood lactate and rating of perceived exertion values, ΔUP−RUN was larger in the male compared with the female skiers for oxygen uptake and PO, but these differences disappeared when the responses were expressed as % of the modality-specific peak.Conclusion: Modality-differences (i.e., ΔUP−RUN) in peak physiological responses and PO did not differ between the female and male XC skiers. This indicates that increased focus on upper-body strength and endurance training in female skiers in recent years may have closed the gap between upper- and lower-body endurance capacity compared with male XC skiers. In addition, no sex-related considerations need to be made when using relative physiological responses for intensity regulation within a specific exercise modality.
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- 2021
20. Facemasks Block Lower Visual Field in Youth Ice Hockey
- Author
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Kyle Critelli, Victoria Demiris, Brooke N. Klatt, Benjamin Crane, and Eric R. Anson
- Subjects
safety ,ice hockey ,Sports and Active Living ,facemask ,GV557-1198.995 ,visual fields ,COVID-19 ,Sports ,Original Research - Abstract
Wearing a facemask (FM) reduces the spread of COVID-19, but it also blocks a person's lower visual field. Many new public safety rules were created in response to COVID-19, including mandated FM wearing in some youth sports like youth ice hockey. We hypothesized that FM wearing in youth hockey players obstructs the lower field of view and may impact safety. Youth hockey players (n = 33) aged 12.03 (1.6) years button press when they saw an LED on the floor turn on in two conditions (wearing FM or no FM) in random order. An interleaved one-up/one-down two-alternative-forced-choice adaptive staircase design was used. Visual thresholds were calculated for each condition and participant. The visual angle threshold (VAT) was determined using standing eye height and the linear distance from the tip of the skates to the visual threshold. Paired t-tests determined whether mask wearing changed the VAT. We modeled the probability a player could see the puck on their stick in four distinct scenarios to estimate the potential impact of FM wearing during hockey play. The average unmasked VAT (11.4 degrees) was significantly closer to the skates than the masked VAT (20.3 degrees) (p < 0.001). Our model indicated a significant reduction in ability to visualize the puck using peripheral vision when more upright while wearing a FM. FM wearing compromised their lower visual field, suggesting a downward head tilt may be necessary to see the puck. Playing ice hockey while wearing a FM may lead to unsafe on-ice playing conditions due to downward head tilt to see the puck.
- Published
- 2021
21. The Impact of COVID-19 on Physical Performance and Mental Health—A Retrospective Case Series of Belgian Male Professional Football Players
- Author
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Wagemans, Jente, Catteeuw, Peter, Vandenhouten, Jan, Jansen, Jordi, De Corte, Xander, Ceusters, Ciesse, and Vissers, Dirk
- Subjects
football ,athletes ,Sports and Active Living ,GV557-1198.995 ,COVID-19 ,Human medicine ,mental health ,performance ,Sports ,Original Research - Abstract
Rationale: As every season, physical performance of players of Royal Antwerp FC's first team was regularly tested and mental well-being and mood were assessed during football season 2020–2021. Just like in the general population, several professional athletes were infected by SARS-CoV-2 during that season. COVID-19 is a complex disorder affecting multiple body systems, potentially damaging lungs, affecting the cardiovascular system or causing muscle weakness. Therefore, the impact of COVID-19 on performance was a major concern for the affected football players and their entourage.Objectives: To retrospectively examine the influence of COVID-19 on physical performance and mental health in professional football athletes during the season 2020–2021.Methods: Thirty-three professional athletes (age: 25.37 ± 4.11 years; height: 182.75 ± 7.62 cm; weight: 78.90 ± 8.97 kg) of a Belgian first division football club were assessed weekly during the 2020-2021 season. Weekly assessments comprised strength values of the hamstrings, hip abductors and hip adductors, jump performance, a modified Hooper questionnaire to assess mental status and nose swab PCR tests for COVID-19. Data analysis was performed from 2 weeks prior to COVID-19 contamination up to 8 weeks after the first positive test. Post-hoc Bonferroni correction was applied when performing statistical analysis.Results: Eleven players tested positive for COVID-19. Duration of contamination was 13 ± 7 days. There was no statistically significant difference before and after COVID-19 infection for jump performance, and adductor and abductor muscle strength (p > 0.05). Functional hamstring strength improved significantly 2 weeks (MD: 41.48; 95%CI: −3.79 to 86.75; p = 0.009) and 4 weeks (MD: 34.76; 95%CI: −8.91 to 78.42; p = 0.019) after COVID-19, whereas mood (MD: −0.60; 95%CI: −1.46 to 0.26; p = 0.041), stress levels (MD: −0.83; 95%CI: −1.85 to 0.20; p = 0.020) and total wellness (MD: −2.41; 95%CI: −5.25 to 0.43; p = 0.015) showed a significant reduction 8 weeks after confirmed COVID-19.Conclusion: Physical performance varied considerably across outcomes before and 8 weeks after COVID-19 contamination in a sample of first division football players. However, affected football players' overall well-being, stress levels and mood diminished after a positive COVID-19 test.
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- 2021
22. Trauma and Transgression in Nature-Based Leisure
- Author
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Alia M. Dietsch, Everly Jazi, Myron F. Floyd, Danielle Ross-Winslow, and Natalie R. Sexton
- Subjects
outdoor recreation ,trauma ,Sports and Active Living ,barriers ,leisure ,GV557-1198.995 ,constraints ,public lands management ,transgression ,nature–based activities ,Original Research ,Sports - Abstract
The following article contains language, including discussion of racialized trauma, violent oppression, and more, that could trigger strong emotions and other physiological reactions. Our intent is not to retraumatize anyone, but to instead center the voices and experiences of people who have transgressed significant historical trauma and long sought lasting change and equitable outcomes for all.
- Published
- 2021
23. Athletes' use of analgesics is related to doping attitudes, competitive anxiety, and situational opportunity
- Author
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Marcus Melzer, Anne-Marie Elbe, and Katharina Strahler
- Subjects
Physiology ,Sports and Active Living ,competitive anxiety ,doping attitudes ,NSAIDs ,situational opportunity ,deviance ,Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management ,Anthropology ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,ddc - Abstract
This study aimed to investigate athletes' hypothetical use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a behavior similar to doping, and its association with doping attitudes, competitive anxiety and situational opportunity. One hundred twenty-two sport science students completed an online survey assessing biographical information, doping attitudes, and competitive anxiety. Students' intention to use analgesics was measured via two different hypothetical situations using the vignette technique. The favorable situation included an absence of potential witnesses and presence of an attractive good whereas witnesses were present in the unfavorable situation and an attractive goal was absent. The results of two hierarchical multiple regression models showed that doping attitudes and competitive anxiety, especially worry, predicted the use of analgesics. In the situation featuring a favorable opportunity, worry was the strongest predictor, whereas in the situation of an unfavorable opportunity, doping attitudes was the strongest predictor for using NSAIDs. Results indicate that NSAID use is associated with positive attitudes toward doping and competitive anxiety, and that it is situationally dependent. Future research perspectives and practical implications are discussed.
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- 2021
24. Sitting for Too Long, Moving Too Little: Regular Muscle Contractions Can Reduce Muscle Stiffness During Prolonged Periods of Chair-Sitting
- Author
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Kett, Alexander R., Milani, Thomas L., and Sichting, Freddy
- Subjects
muscle contraction ,back muscles ,Sports and Active Living ,prolonged sitting ,sedentary behavior ,equipment and supplies ,electrical stimulation ,muscle stiffness ,biomechanics ,Original Research - Abstract
In modern Western societies, sedentary behavior has become a growing health concern. There is increasing evidence that prolonged sitting periods can be associated with musculoskeletal disorders. While it is generally recognized that back muscle activity is low during chair-sitting, little is known about the consequences of minor to no muscle activity on muscle stiffness. Muscle stiffness may play an important role in musculoskeletal health. This study investigated the effects of regular muscle contractions on muscle stiffness in a controlled experiment in which participants sat for 4.5 h. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the lumbar region of the back was applied to trigger regular muscle contractions. Using stiffness measurements and continuous motion capturing, we found that prolonged sitting periods without regular muscle contractions significantly increased back muscle stiffness. Moreover, we were able to show that regular muscle contractions can prevent those effects. Our results highlight the importance of consistent muscle activity throughout the day and may help explain why prolonged periods of chair-sitting increase the susceptibility to common pathological conditions such as low back pain.
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- 2021
25. Storm Clouds on the Horizon: On the Emerging Need to Tighten Selection Policies
- Author
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Kathryn Johnston, Joseph Baker, and Lou Farah
- Subjects
policy considerations ,elite sport ,biology ,Athletes ,Punitive damages ,athlete selection ,Storm ,decision-making ,biology.organism_classification ,talent selection ,Countermeasure ,Sports and Active Living ,Elite ,Perspective ,GV557-1198.995 ,Arbitration ,Business ,Marketing ,Selection (genetic algorithm) ,Sports - Abstract
Athlete selection is fundamental in elite sport, occurring regularly throughout an athlete's development. Research in this area reveals the accuracy of these decisions is questionable in even the most elite sport environments and athletes are increasingly disputing these decisions as unfair and punitive. As a countermeasure to these dispute and arbitration practices, many elite sport systems have created policies where coaches must outline and stand behind the criteria used for their selection decisions. Selection criteria policies have the potential to help encourage fair selection practices by holding selectors accountable to their selection criteria, but their implementation also has the potential to wrongfully nudge selectors toward developing more defendable, but less-accurate selection practices. The paper concludes with 10 suggestions to help support practitioners when implementing selection criteria.
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- 2021
26. Establishing the Role of Elbow Muscles by Evaluating Muscle Activation and Co-contraction Levels at Maximal External Rotation in Fastball Pitching
- Author
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Eva Galjee, DirkJan Veeger, Bart van Trigt, Frans C. T. van der Helm, Marco J.M. Hoozemans, Neuromechanics, AMS - Sports, and Human Movement Sciences
- Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases ,medicine.medical_specialty ,electromyography ,musculoskeletal injuries ,baseball ,injury prevention ,Elbow ,overhead sports ,Electromyography ,Biceps ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Forearm ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,medicine ,Original Research ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,biology ,business.industry ,Tommy John surgery ,ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) ,Muscle activation ,biology.organism_classification ,musculoskeletal system ,body regions ,Valgus ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Humeroulnar joint ,Sports and Active Living ,GV557-1198.995 ,Ligament ,business ,Sports - Abstract
Background: Baseball pitching is associated with a high prevalence of ulnar collateral ligament injuries, potentially due to the high external valgus load on the medial side of the elbow at the instant of maximal shoulder external rotation (MER). In-vitro studies show that external valgus torque is resisted by the ulnar collateral ligament but could also be compensated by elbow muscles. As the potential active contribution of these muscles in counteracting external valgus load during baseball pitching is unknown, the aim of this study is to determine whether and to what extent the elbow muscles are active at and around MER during a fastball pitch in baseball.Methods: Eleven uninjured pitchers threw 15 fastball pitches. Surface electromyography of six muscles crossing the elbow were measured at 2000 Hz. Electromyography signals were normalized to maximal activity values. Co-contraction index (CCI) was calculated between two pairs of the flexor and extensor elbow muscles. Confidence intervals were calculated at the instant of MER. Four ranges of muscle activity were considered; 0–20% was considered low; 21–40% moderate; 41–60% high and over 60% as very high. To determine MER, the pitching motion was captured with a highspeed camera at 240 Hz.Results: The flexor pronator mass, pronator teres, triceps brachii, biceps brachii, extensor supinator mass and anconeus show moderate activity at MER. Considerable variation between participants was found in all muscles. The CCI revealed co-contraction of the two flexor-extensor muscle pairs at MER.Interpretation: The muscle activation of the flexor and pronator muscles at MER indicates a direct contribution of forearm muscles crossing the medial side of the elbow in counteracting the external valgus load during fastball pitching. The activation of both flexor and extensor muscles indicates an in-direct contributory effect as the combined activity of these muscles counteract opening of the humeroulnar joint space. We believe that active muscular contributions counteracting the elbow valgus torque can be presumed to relieve the ulnar collateral ligament from maximal stress and are thus of importance in injury risk assessment in fastball pitching in baseball.
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- 2021
27. Marketing Up the Wrong Tree? Organisational Perspectives on Attracting and/or Retaining Older Adults in Sport
- Author
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Claire Jenkin, Jack Harvey, Hans Westerbeek, Rochelle Eime, Jannique G. Z. van Uffelen, and Grant O’Sullivan
- Subjects
Age friendly ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population ,PARTICIPATION ,Context (language use) ,LEISURE ,age-active ,sports participation ,Organisational change ,Perception ,age-friendly ,Marketing ,sport policy ,education ,older adults ,media_common ,Original Research ,education.field_of_study ,Science & Technology ,Descriptive statistics ,Perspective (graphical) ,General Medicine ,HEALTH-PROMOTION ,Sports and Active Living ,GV557-1198.995 ,Psychology ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,human activities ,Sport Sciences ,Meaning (linguistics) ,Sports - Abstract
Community sport is seen as a suitable setting for physical activity for different population groups. Older adults (aged 50+ years) are a rapidly growing population group. Physical activity is critical for healthy ageing, however sport participation rates for older adults are very low. The aim of this study was to investigate how sporting organisations perceive sport for older adults. This cross-sectional study surveyed 171 representatives from Australian National and State Sporting Organisations. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the results and the three sporting organisation categories' (high, medium, and low participation) responses were compared using non-parametric statistics. Contextualised in the perspective of organisational change, a framework for marketing to the ageing consumer was used to interpret the results. Older adults are not a high priority group for most sporting organisations, however the benefits of engaging older adults were recognised, particularly in context of increasing participation numbers. A lack of age-appropriate programmes was perceived to be a major barrier of engaging older adults. This lack of programmes stems from older adults being deemed as a less attractive segment than other age groups for sporting organisations. Modifications that sports felt they could make to attract and/or retain older adults included specific marketing and age appropriate opportunities. There was widespread consensus across sporting organisations, suggesting that perceptions of older adult sport participation were comparable across the sector, such as increasing participation numbers and engaging their older fan base. In the context of attracting, and retaining, older adults in sport clubs, it was concluded that most sporting organisations are not (yet) ready to build "age friendly" sporting environments. There is very limited literature on the organisational perspective of older adults and sport, meaning this study is unique in the field. Although sport policy encourages organisations to grow their participation, most organisations do not actively and strategically engage older adults. This research provides an understanding of why this untapped market is not a priority target and provides comprehensive insights for policy makers to better engage with this population group. ispartof: FRONTIERS IN SPORTS AND ACTIVE LIVING vol:3 ispartof: location:Switzerland status: published
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- 2021
28. Brain Oxygenation in Post-concussion Combat Sport Athletes
- Author
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Paolo Tiberini, Giuseppe D'Antona, Antonio Cicchella, Paolo Tiberini, Giuseppe D'Antona, and Antonio Cicchella
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,CONCUSSION, COMBAT SPORT, MMA ,Traumatic brain injury ,brain concussion ,boxing athletes ,near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) ,Incremental exercise ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) ,Concussion ,medicine ,Aerobic exercise ,Balance (ability) ,biology ,Athletes ,business.industry ,combat sport athletes ,brain concussion [MeSH] ,VO2 max ,Oxygenation ,Brief Research Report ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Sports and Active Living ,GV557-1198.995 ,medio-lateral oscillation ,business ,sway analysis ,Sports - Abstract
Purpose: Investigate the feasibility of a non-invasive method to evaluate the physical and cognitive repercussions of long-lasting post-concussion effects in professional combat sports athletes. To help athletes return to professional combat, there is a need for unbiased objective tools and techniques used as a prognostic method of recovery after Sport Related Concussion (SRC).Methods: Six mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) athletes, age 20 ÷ 43 yr (1 female, 5 males) and 7 not concussed (NC) participants (amateur), age 24 ÷ 38 yr (3 females, 4 males), were tested Inspired/expired gas concentration, Cerebral changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (Δ[HbO2]) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Δ[HHb]) were measured using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with a 3-step protocol: rest before maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test, hypercapnia, and recovery after VO2max test. The brain oxygenation and respiratory parameters of both sample sets were calculated using a non-parametric test (Mann-Whitney U test). Aerobic fitness outcome was quantified through mean average using the Bruce test. Participants performed Fitt's test using a laptop and analysis of medio-lateral and anterior-posterior range of oscillation was carried out via a force platform Romberg test.Results: mTBI group showed statistically significant differences in saturated hemoglobin Δ[HbO2] (p < 0.001) during rest and recovery phase after maximal incremental exercise, in medio-lateral sway eyes open (p = 0.008, NC 25.35 ± 4.11 mm and mTBI 17.65 ± 4.79 mm). VO2max revealed no significant differences between the two groups: NC 47.47 ± 4.91 mTBI 49.58 ± 5.19 ml/kg/min−1. The 2 groups didn't differ for maximum power output (NC 220 ± 34, mTBI 255 ± 50 W). End-tidal fractional concentration of O2 (FetO2 NC15.20 ± 0.41, mTBI 16.09 ± 0.68) throughout hypercapnia, saturated blood hemoglobin (Δ[HbO2]) revealed significant differences with the mTBI group. No differences emerged from Fitt's test.Conclusions: It emerges that NIRS is able to reveal differences in long time outcomes of mTBI. The medio-lateral variations cannot be considered as a marker of long-term damage in athletes specifically trained for balance.
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- 2021
29. Evidence Around the Impact of Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Exercise on Redox Status in COPD: A Systematic Review
- Author
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Alastair Watson, Anna Freeman, and Tom Wilkinson
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Randomization ,medicine.medical_treatment ,redox status ,MEDLINE ,Review ,law.invention ,Randomized controlled trial ,systematic review ,law ,medicine ,Whole body vibration ,COPD ,oxidative stress ,Pulmonary rehabilitation ,Pathological ,exercise ,Mechanism (biology) ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,pulmonary rehabilitation ,Sports and Active Living ,GV557-1198.995 ,Physical therapy ,business ,Sports - Abstract
Introduction: Oxidative stress is increasingly recognized as a significant factor in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Pulmonary rehabilitation, a major component of which is prescribed exercise, is essential in COPD care. Regular exercise has been proposed to increase antioxidant defenses and overall enhance the ability of the body to counteract oxidative stress. However, the mechanisms through which it improves COPD outcomes remain unclear.Objectives: We aimed to appraise the current evidence around the impact of pulmonary rehabilitation on redox status, compared with other exercise interventions, to gain an understanding of optimal exercise interventions to modify this pathophysiological mechanism.Methods: We performed a systematic review through searching CENTRAL, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Results were independently reviewed and relevant studies were selected by two independent assessors. Studies were assessed by two independent people using the modified RoB 2 tool and discrepancies were resolved through discussion.Results: We identified 1,710 records and 1,117 records after duplicate removal. Six studies were included in the final analysis. The evidence available was low quality and four studies had high risk of bias and two studies had unclear risk of bias. Studies were small (15–56 participants); only two included details of randomization and patient cohorts were of varying ages and poorly described. Differences in smoking status and previous exercise levels, which are known to impact redox status, were not well documented. Studies were not standardized and used different exercise doses and measured different outcomes. One study reported lower malondialdehyde levels, a marker of lipid peroxidation, after pulmonary rehabilitation, compared with control. However, one study saw no difference following whole-body vibration training and another study showed higher malondialdehyde levels following supervised modified arm swing exercise compared with control.Conclusion: Understanding the impact of exercise on oxidative stress in COPD could lead to tailored exercise programs and modification of pathological mechanisms. However, we identify a lack of high-quality evidence to determine this. Larger, standardized, and high quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are essential, which use carefully clinically characterized and controlled cohorts to determine the relative impact of different exercise interventions on redox status to guide COPD management. We propose an idealized RCT design, which could be used to try and meet this need.
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- 2021
30. COVID-19 Lockdown 2020 Changed Patterns of Alcohol and Cannabis Use in Swiss Elite Athletes and Bodybuilders: Results From an Online Survey
- Author
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Christian Imboden, Malte Christian Claussen, Samuel Iff, Boris B. Quednow, Erich Seifritz, Jörg Spörri, Johannes Scherr, Stefan Fröhlich, and University of Zurich
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Sports medicine ,Population ,substance use ,610 Medicine & health ,Alcohol ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,competitive sport ,Medicine ,General Medicine / COVID ,education ,Psychiatry ,sports psychiatry ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Original Research ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,sports medicine ,business.industry ,Athletes ,biology.organism_classification ,Mental health ,chemistry ,Sports and Active Living ,10054 Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics ,GV557-1198.995 ,Anxiety ,10046 Balgrist University Hospital, Swiss Spinal Cord Injury Center ,Cannabis ,medicine.symptom ,business ,mental health ,Sports - Abstract
Objectives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased patterns of substance use have been reported in the general population. However, whether this also applies to athletes is not yet clear. This study aimed to detect changes in alcohol consumption and cannabis use in elite athletes and bodybuilders during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Switzerland.Methods: Between April 25 and May 25, 2020, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted among bodybuilders and Swiss elite athletes who were active in Olympic sports and disciplines approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on at least the national level. The collected data included information on alcohol and cannabis use during the last month (lockdown) and in the year before COVID-19 lockdown (pre-lockdown), daily training times, existential fears on a scale from 1 to 100, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depression (PHQ-9), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).Results:N = 275 athletes (elite athletes: n = 193; bodybuilders: n = 82) was included in this study. Both pre-lockdown and during lockdown, more bodybuilders used cannabis (both time points: p < 0.001) than elite athletes, and more elite athletes drank alcohol (pre-lockdown: p = 0.005, lockdown: p = 0.002) compared to bodybuilders. During lockdown, fewer athletes drank alcohol compared to before, but those who continued drinking did so on more days per week (p < 0.001, Eta2 = 0.13). Elite athletes were more likely to increase their drinking with 17.7 vs. 8.2% in bodybuilders. When compared to pre-lockdown measures, the number of athletes using cannabis did not change during lockdown. Only three of 203 elite athletes reported using cannabis during lockdown; this contrasts with 16 of 85 bodybuilders. In a multivariate regression model, existential fears and a lower ISI score were significant predictors for increased alcohol consumption during the lockdown in the entire sample. In a model based on elite athletes only, male sex and a lower ISI score predicted increased alcohol consumption. In a bodybuilder-based model, predictors of increased alcohol consumption were existential fears and trait anxiety.Conclusion: We suggest identifying athletes who are at risk for increased alcohol and cannabis use; we suggest this to be able to professionally support them during stressful times, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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- 2021
31. Development of a Machine-Learning-Based Classifier for the Identification of Head and Body Impacts in Elite Level Australian Rules Football Players
- Author
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Peter Goodin, Andrew J. Gardner, Nasim Dokani, Ben Nizette, Saeed Ahmadizadeh, Suzi Edwards, and Grant L. Iverson
- Subjects
Ground truth ,Computer science ,business.industry ,brain concussion ,instrumented mouthguard ,Machine learning ,computer.software_genre ,Identification (information) ,Statistical classification ,machine learning ,Sports and Active Living ,Australian football ,kinematics ,Kernel (statistics) ,Test set ,GV557-1198.995 ,Classifier (linguistics) ,Artificial intelligence ,Time series ,business ,Set (psychology) ,impacts ,computer ,Sports ,Original Research - Abstract
Background: Exposure to thousands of head and body impacts during a career in contact and collision sports may contribute to current or later life issues related to brain health. Wearable technology enables the measurement of impact exposure. The validation of impact detection is required for accurate exposure monitoring. In this study, we present a method of automatic identification (classification) of head and body impacts using an instrumented mouthguard, video-verified impacts, and machine-learning algorithms.Methods: Time series data were collected via the Nexus A9 mouthguard from 60 elite level men (mean age = 26.33; SD = 3.79) and four women (mean age = 25.50; SD = 5.91) from the Australian Rules Football players from eight clubs, participating in 119 games during the 2020 season. Ground truth data labeling on the captures used in this machine learning study was performed through the analysis of game footage by two expert video reviewers using SportCode and Catapult Vision. The visual labeling process occurred independently of the mouthguard time series data. True positive captures (captures where the reviewer directly observed contact between the mouthguard wearer and another player, the ball, or the ground) were defined as hits. Spectral and convolutional kernel based features were extracted from time series data. Performances of untuned classification algorithms from scikit-learn in addition to XGBoost were assessed to select the best performing baseline method for tuning.Results: Based on performance, XGBoost was selected as the classifier algorithm for tuning. A total of 13,712 video verified captures were collected and used to train and validate the classifier. True positive detection ranged from 94.67% in the Test set to 100% in the hold out set. True negatives ranged from 95.65 to 96.83% in the test and rest sets, respectively.Discussion and conclusion: This study suggests the potential for high performing impact classification models to be used for Australian Rules Football and highlights the importance of frequencies
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- 2021
32. Relevance of Frequency-Domain Analyses to Relate Shoe Cushioning, Ground Impact Forces and Running Injury Risk: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial With 800+ Recreational Runners
- Author
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Nicolas Delattre, Anne Backes, Paul Gette, Jan Cabri, D. Theisen, and Laurent Malisoux
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,injury prevention ,biomechanics ,law.invention ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,medicine ,business.industry ,Hazard ratio ,Biomechanics ,Cushioning ,General Medicine ,Clinical Trial ,Confidence interval ,frequency-domain analysis ,Sports and Active Living ,kinetics ,Frequency domain ,GV557-1198.995 ,footwear ,Analysis of variance ,Impact ,business ,Sports ,prospective study - Abstract
Cushioning systems in running shoes are used assuming that ground impact forces relate to injury risk and that cushioning materials reduce these impact forces. In our recent trial, the more cushioned shoe version was associated with lower injury risk. However, vertical impact peak force was higher in participants with the Soft shoe version. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the effect of shoe cushioning on the time, magnitude and frequency characteristics of peak forces using frequency-domain analysis by comparing the two study groups from our recent trial (Hard and Soft shoe group, respectively). The secondary objective was to investigate if force characteristics are prospectively associated with the risk of running-related injury. This is a secondary analysis of a double-blinded randomized trial on shoe cushioning with a biomechanical running analysis at baseline and a 6-month follow-up on running exposure and injury. Participants (n = 848) were tested on an instrumented treadmill at their preferred running speed in their randomly allocated shoe condition. The vertical ground reaction force signal for each stance phase was decomposed into the frequency domain using the discrete Fourier transform. Both components were recomposed into the time domain using the inverse Fourier transform. An analysis of variance was used to compare force characteristics between the two study groups. Cox regression analysis was used to investigate the association between force characteristics and injury risk. Participants using the Soft shoes displayed lower impact peak force (p < 0.001, d = 0.23), longer time to peak force (p < 0.001, d = 0.25), and lower average loading rate (p < 0.001, d = 0.18) of the high frequency signal compared to those using the Hard shoes. Participants with low average and instantaneous loading rate of the high frequency signal had lower injury risk [Sub hazard rate ratio (SHR) = 0.49 and 0.55; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.25–0.97 and 0.30–0.99, respectively], and those with early occurrence of impact peak force (high frequency signal) had greater injury risk (SHR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.05–2.53). Our findings may explain the protective effect of the Soft shoe version previously observed. The present study also demonstrates that frequency-domain analyses may provide clinically relevant impact force characteristics.Clinical Trial Registration:https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier: 9NCT03115437.
- Published
- 2021
33. Structural Discrimination in Physical Education. The 'Encounter' Between the (White) Norwegian Teaching Content in Physical Education Lessons and Female Students of Color's Movements and Expressions
- Author
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Gunn Helene Engelsrud and Erik Aasland
- Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject ,Physical fitness ,Ethnic group ,Racism ,Physical education ,Feminist theory ,Pedagogy ,critical whiteness ,class ,race ,Original Research ,media_common ,embodiment ,business.industry ,Perspective (graphical) ,General Medicine ,VDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Idrettsmedisinske fag: 850 ,physical education ,Sports and Active Living ,GV557-1198.995 ,ethnicity ,Norm (social) ,business ,Psychology ,Privilege (social inequality) ,Sports - Abstract
Background: Throughout society, including in the field of sports and physical education (PE), there are extensive debates on racism and structural racism. Researchers have found that students of color experience racial stereotyping and discrimination in PE. Studies also show that PE teaching practices reflect a masculine culture, emphasizing traditional (Western) competitive male sports and physical fitness practices, while marginalizing female students of color. Simultaneously these students also negotiate, resist, and operate as visible agents within these practices. While previous research has tended toward focusing on the experiences (of discrimination) from the perspective of students of color, numerous scholars today argue for a shift in research focus from the inadequacies of the racialized “others” toward how (white) everyday pedagogical practices privilege some people, and conversely, marginalize and discriminate against students of color. We believe, however, that it is crucial to examine and direct attention toward the students who “encounter” discriminatory practices in PE.The Purpose of the Paper is Twofold: (i) To investigate what kind of movements, knowledge/skills and bodies are valued and privileged, or ignored/discriminated in teaching practices in PE. (ii) To depict the “encounter” between the teaching content in physical education lessons and the female students of color's movements and expressions.Research Design and Production of Empirical Material: Our sample consisted of institutionalized pedagogical practices enacted by four white PE teachers in an upper secondary school located in eastern Oslo, Norway. The empirical material consisted of observations and informal conversations extracted from 42 teaching lessons. Students from a great diversity of backgrounds participated in the lessons during our study. We chose a critical whiteness perspective and critical feminist theory as analytical lenses for the analyses.Findings: Strenuous exercise as a means of becoming physically fit and “healthy” was central during the PE lessons under observation. The teacher's instructions draw on healthism discourses influenced by knowledge from exercise physiology and biomechanics, which produce a normative ideal for the body and movements in PE teaching practice. The movements and expressions of female students of color did not meet the expected norm of intensity, activity and exercises from the health and sport discourses. However, we identified female students of color as competent movers when performing “their own” movements, with which they had more of a cultural connection. These students also expressed vitality, joy and social interaction. Thus, they created new movements and expressions that contrasted with the norm of working out with a high intensity level in PE lessons.Conclusion: Hegemonic “truths” about the body, physical exercise and health make teachers “blind” to the ways that institutionalized pedagogical practices in PE privilege majority ethnic white (male) students. Refusing to adhere to the institutionalized movement/exercise practices enacted by the teachers, the female students of color are competent dancers and express liveliness, spontaneity, and joy. In the future, incorporating these types of expressions to teaching practices can add value to PE.
- Published
- 2021
34. Generic Pharmaceuticals as a Source of Diuretic Contamination in Athletes Subject to Sport Drug Testing
- Author
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Daniel Eichner, Amy Eichner, Matthew Fedoruk, Laura A. Lewis, Bridget Leonard, and Ryan M. Van Wagoner
- Subjects
Drug ,medicine.medical_specialty ,prescription medication ,biology ,business.industry ,Athletes ,media_common.quotation_subject ,medicine.medical_treatment ,anti-doping ,minimum reporting level ,biology.organism_classification ,humanities ,rule violation ,Sports and Active Living ,GV557-1198.995 ,Perspective ,Medicine ,Medical prescription ,Diuretic ,business ,Intensive care medicine ,adverse analytical finding ,Sports ,media_common - Abstract
This paper describes nine instances of positive anti-doping tests that could be accounted for by the use of permitted generic prescription drugs contaminated with diuretics, which are prohibited in sport at all times under the WADA Prohibited List. The contamination levels found in the medications are reported and were below FDA limits for manufacturers that are based primarily on safety considerations. These cases demonstrate that great care must be taken to identify the source of low-level anti-doping positives for diuretics reported by WADA-accredited laboratories, and possibly other prohibited substances as well, in order to avoid sanctioning innocent athletes. An evaluation of the cases in this paper supports an approach which establishes a laboratory minimum reporting level (MRL) for diuretics found most commonly in medications. A global consensus after extensive review of similar anti-doping cases has resulted in implementation of a recently announced solution regarding potential diuretic contamination cases.
- Published
- 2021
35. A Method for Conducting Preliminary Analysis of the Nature and Context of Sport for Development and Peace Projects in Fieldwork Research: An Illustration With a Malagasy Non-Governmental Organization
- Author
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Tegwen Gadais, Laurie Décarpentrie, Andrew Webb, Marie-Belle Ayoub, Mariann Bardocz-Bencsik, and Claude Bélanger
- Subjects
Sustainable development ,annual report ,Process (engineering) ,Management science ,Context (language use) ,General Medicine ,sport for development and peace (SDP) ,non-governmental organizations (NGOs) ,decision making ,Identification (information) ,Empirical research ,Sports and Active Living ,General partnership ,Actantial model ,Political science ,Africa ,GV557-1198.995 ,Field research ,actantial model ,Original Research ,Sports - Abstract
More research on Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) organizations is needed to better understand their actual contributions to the United Nations (UN) sustainable development goals. Yet, the unstable, restricted or even risky contexts in which many Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and SDP agencies sometimes operate often leave researchers to face important challenges in order to develop effective or feasible methods to work with such organizations. The purpose of this study is to address ontological and epistemological questions about what should be known about a given context in an organization before setting off on fieldwork. We propose a methodology, based on the Actantial Model, as a method to analyze the nature and context of a project, to assess the actors involved in the project, and to establish if the global cost (i.e., material, temporal, financial, and physical) for conducting a fieldwork is realistic and feasible of all parties involved in the potential project. In order to illustrate this process, we analyzed the nature and context of a SDP project in Madagascar as a first step for a potential collaborative research. As researchers, we do not want to invest time and energy to build up a fully developed field research project with an NGO in a context where it would not be realistic or feasible to conduct such a research. Actually, in this context, to develop a research protocol without an implementation strategy might not only be detrimental to the researchers, but also to the NGO itself, where resources are often limited. Accordingly, results from this preliminary field research demonstrate that the Actantial Model is a relevant analysis tool for obtaining insights about the context, the actors, and their relationships within a NGO. In conclusion, this model might be a useful instrument for conducting an initial analysis for the preliminary identification of the necessary conditions for the construction of a sustainable empirical research partnership with a given SDP project.
- Published
- 2021
36. Gymnasts' Ability to Modulate Sensorimotor Rhythms During Kinesthetic Motor Imagery of Sports Non-specific Movements Superior to Non-gymnasts
- Author
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Hirotaka Sugino and Junichi Ushiyama
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Population ,education ,Scalp electroencephalogram ,Electroencephalography ,kinesthetic motor imagery (KMI) ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Motor imagery ,Rhythm ,Non specific ,medicine ,Original Research ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Athletes ,electroencephalogram (EEG) ,Kinesthetic learning ,biology.organism_classification ,the Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ) ,event-related desynchronization (ERD) ,athletes ,Sports and Active Living ,GV557-1198.995 ,Psychology ,human activities ,Sports - Abstract
Previous psychological studies using questionnaires have consistently reported that athletes have superior motor imagery ability, both for sports-specific and for sports-non-specific movements. However, regarding motor imagery of sports-non-specific movements, no physiological studies have demonstrated differences in neural activity between athletes and non-athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in sensorimotor rhythms during kinesthetic motor imagery (KMI) of sports-non-specific movements between gymnasts and non-gymnasts. We selected gymnasts as an example population because they are likely to have particularly superior motor imagery ability due to frequent usage of motor imagery, including KMI as part of daily practice. Healthy young participants (16 gymnasts and 16 non-gymnasts) performed repeated motor execution and KMI of sports-non-specific movements (wrist dorsiflexion and shoulder abduction of the dominant hand). Scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded over the contralateral sensorimotor cortex. During motor execution and KMI, sensorimotor EEG power is known to decrease in the α- (8–15 Hz) and β-bands (16–35 Hz), referred to as event-related desynchronization (ERD). We calculated the maximal peak of ERD both in the α- (αERDmax) and β-bands (βERDmax) as a measure of changes in corticospinal excitability. αERDmax was significantly greater in gymnasts, who subjectively evaluated their KMI as being more vivid in the psychological questionnaire. On the other hand, βERDmax was greater in gymnasts only for shoulder abduction KMI. These findings suggest gymnasts' signature of flexibly modulating sensorimotor rhythms with no movements, which may be the basis of their superior ability of KMI for sports-non-specific movements.
- Published
- 2021
37. Reactive Task Performance Under Varying Loads in Division I Collegiate Soccer Athletes
- Author
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Lauren E. Rentz, Cheryl L. Brandmeir, Bobby G. Rawls, and Scott M. Galster
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Population ,choice reaction time ,load-bearing ,training demands ,Task (project management) ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,medicine ,Association (psychology) ,Reactivity (psychology) ,education ,Balance (ability) ,Original Research ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,Athletes ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,soccer ,simple reaction time ,Motor task ,athletes ,Sports and Active Living ,GV557-1198.995 ,Analysis of variance ,Psychology ,psychological phenomena and processes ,performance ,Sports - Abstract
This study was conducted to identify whether team-wide or positional differences exist in simple or choice reactivity of collegiate soccer athletes when completed under various loads. Much research exists surrounding the assessment of reaction time in the general population, but given variations in training, little insight exists surrounding how unique and elite populations may differ based upon performance demands and task translatability to training. Reactive performance was assessed using the Dynavision D2 in 24 female soccer players (19.73 ± 1.05 years old) from a team within a power five conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Evaluated loads included two conditions of simple reactivity (no additional load and with a concurrent lower body motor task) and three conditions of choice reactivity (no additional load, with a concurrent lower body motor task, and prolonged durations). Paired t-tests and ANOVAs were used to identify differences in task performance based upon load and positional group. No significant load-based or positional differences existed in measured simple reaction times. Performances in choice reaction tasks across the team were found to be slower when completed across extended durations (p < 0.0001) and faster when completed concurrent with an added balance task (p = 0.0108), as compared to performance under normal conditions. By assessment of positional differences, goalkeepers tended to be slower than other positions in reactivity during choice tasks, despite no differences existing in simple task performance. Given the unique population utilized herein, measured reactivity in different tasks suggests a strong relation to the training demands of soccer, as well as those of goalkeepers as compared to field positions. Findings suggest that sport and positional demands may be substantial contributors to population- and individual-based reactivity performance.
- Published
- 2021
38. Seasonal Changes and Relationships in Training Loads, Neuromuscular Performance, and Recovery and Stress State in Competitive Female Soccer Players
- Author
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Ai Ishida, Caleb D. Bazyler, Adam L. Sayers, Michael H. Stone, and Jeremy A. Gentles
- Subjects
Team sport ,General Medicine ,Brief Research Report ,athlete monitoring ,power ,Animal science ,Sports and Active Living ,Match play ,GV557-1198.995 ,Jump ,Countermovement jump ,fatigue ,team sport ,Training load ,performance ,Mathematics ,Sports - Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to examine seasonal changes in training load (TL), neuromuscular performance, subjective recovery, and stress state, and to investigate the relationships between acute and chronic TL and neuromuscular performance in competitive female soccer players.Methods: Nine competitive female soccer players (20.0 ± 1.7 years; 60.3 ± 6.3 kg; 164.0 ± 5.8 cm) completed the Short Recovery and Stress Scale and the countermovement jump (CMJ) with polyvinyl chloride pipe (CMJ0) and 20 kg barbell (CMJ20) at 2–3 h before 1st match (NC1), 6th match (NC2), 9th match (C1), and 15th match (C2) of the competitive season. TL included total distance, high-speed running, and PlayerLoad. Acute and chronic TL was calculated by using the average of 2 days (D2), 7 days (D7), and 21 days (D21) prior to four different match play.Results: Significant decreases were found from NC1 to C1 in D7 total distance [p = 0.03, Cohen's effect size (dz) = 1.40]. D7 total distance and PlayerLoad significantly decreased from NC to C1 and C2 (p = 0.001–0.01, dz = 1.40–1.72). Significant increases were observed from NC1 to C1 in CMJ0 jump height (p = 0.03, dz = 1.40), (p = 0.021, dz = 1.44), and peak power (p = 0.03, dz = 1.32). Significant negative correlations were observed for D7 total distance and CMJ0 jump height (p = 0.02, r = 0.79) and peak power (p = 0.03, r = 0.71) at C2, while significant positive correlations were observed at C1 for D7 PlayerLoad and CMJ0 jump height (p = 0.02, r = 0.80).Conclusion: Polyvinyl chloride pipe (CMJ0) jump height and peak power may increase from preseason to the midcompetitive season. Seasonal variations may affect the relationships between D7 TL and CMJ0 performance.
- Published
- 2021
39. Hydration Is More Important Than Exogenous Carbohydrate Intake During Push-to-the-Finish Cycle Exercise in the Heat
- Author
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Craig W. Berry, S. Tony Wolf, Rachel M. Cottle, and W. Larry Kenney
- Subjects
Core (anatomy) ,cycling ,Chemistry ,sports drink ,carbohydrates ,electrolytes ,Carbohydrate ,medicine.disease ,Sports drink ,Animal science ,Time trial ,Sports and Active Living ,time-trial ,GV557-1198.995 ,medicine ,dairy ,Cycle exercise ,Dehydration ,heat ,hydration ,Hydration status ,Carbohydrate intake ,Original Research ,Sports - Abstract
Dehydration ≥2% loss of body mass is associated with reductions in performance capacity, and carbohydrate (CHO)-electrolyte solutions (CES) are often recommended to prevent dehydration and provide a source of exogenous carbohydrate during exercise. It is also well established that performance capacity in the heat is diminished compared to cooler conditions, a response attributable to greater cardiovascular strain caused by high skin and core temperatures. Because hydration status, environmental conditions, and carbohydrate availability interact to influence performance capacity, we sought to determine how these factors affect push-to-the-finish cycling performance. Ten young trained cyclists exercised at a moderate intensity (2.5 W·kg−1) in a hot-dry condition [40°C, 20% relative humidity (RH)] until dehydration of ~2% body mass. Subjects then consumed either no fluid (NF) or enough fluid (water, WAT; Gatorade®, GAT; or GoodSport™, GS) to replace 75% of lost body mass over 30 min. After a 30-min light-intensity warm-up (1.5 W·kg−1) in a 35°C, 20% RH environment, subjects then completed a 120-kJ time trial (TT). TT time-to-completion, absolute power, and relative power were significantly improved in WAT (535 ± 214 s, 259 ± 99 W, 3.3 ± 0.9 W·kg−1), GAT (539 ± 226 s, 260 ± 110 W, 3.3 ± 1.0 W·kg−1), and GS (534 ± 238 s, 262 ± 105 W, 3.4 ± 1.0 W·kg−1) compared to NF (631 ± 310 s, 229 ± 96 W, 3.0 ± 0.9 W·kg−1) all (p < 0.01) with no differences between WAT, GAT, and GS, suggesting that hydration is more important than carbohydrate availability during exercise in the heat. A subset of four subjects returned to the laboratory to repeat the WAT, GAT, and GS treatments to determine if between-beverage differences in time-trial performance were evident with a longer TT in thermoneutral conditions. Following dehydration, the ambient conditions in the environmental chamber were reduced to 21°C and 20% RH and subjects completed a 250-kJ TT. All four subjects improved TT performance in the GS trial (919 ± 353 s, 300 ± 100 W, 3.61 ± 0.86 W·kg−1) compared to WAT (960 ± 376 s, 283 ± 91 W, 3.43 ± 0.83 W·kg−1), while three subjects improved TT performance in the GAT trial (946 ± 365 s, 293 ± 103 W, 3.60 ± 0.97 W·kg−1) compared to WAT, highlighting the importance of carbohydrate availability in cooler conditions as the length of a push-to-the-finish cycling task increases.
- Published
- 2021
40. Empirical Support for the Tenets of Sport Participation and Physical Activity-Based Models: A Scoping Review
- Author
-
François Gallant and Mathieu Bélanger
- Subjects
Physiology ,Applied psychology ,Population ,Physical activity ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Review ,Scientific evidence ,Empirical research ,sport participation ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,education ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,Athletes ,tenet evaluation ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,biology.organism_classification ,athlete development models ,Sports and Active Living ,Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management ,Anthropology ,GV557-1198.995 ,sport participation and physical activity-based model ,scoping review ,Psychology ,human activities ,Sports - Abstract
Notwithstanding their wide-spread use, it is unclear what level of empirical evidence exists to support sport participation and physical activity-based models. Sport participation and physical activity-based models characterize different stages of sport involvement based on sport activities (organized and unorganized) individuals take part in throughout their lifespan. The objectives of this scoping review was to explore the nature of empirical support for tenets of sport participation and physical activity-based models describing the evolution of an individuals' sport participation. Seventeen different sport participation models were identified through an iterative literature review, using a snowball search strategy and expert (n= 8) consultation. Of the identified models, three described the evolution of an individual's sport participation based on their participation in different activities at various stages of sport involvement and were retained for the review. A second literature review identified peer-reviewed publications supporting at least one tenet of these three models. Many tenets of retained models received some empirical support from some of the 38 publications identified, but some tenets were not tested. Most of the evidence supporting tenets originated from studies among elite-level athletes. Whereas some evidence exists to support current sport participation and physical activity models, more research is warranted, particularly among the general population of non-elite athletes, for the models to be used in full confidence to guide sport policies, programs, and practices.
- Published
- 2021
41. Editorial: From Physiological Adaptations to Endurance Performance: It Is Time to Bridge the Gap
- Author
-
Brocherie, Franck, Goto, Kazushige, Dupuy, Olivier, Gruet, Mathieu, Vercruyssen, Fabrice, and Louis, Julien
- Subjects
endurance ,cycling ,Editorial ,performance testing ,Sports and Active Living ,running ,sport performance ,exercise physiology - Published
- 2021
42. Humanitarian Athletic Participation and Identity Work
- Author
-
Sarah A. Schnitker, Rachel Falco, Benjamin J Houltberg Dr., Amanda Terrell, and Sarah Brown
- Subjects
marathon athletes ,biology ,Athletes ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Identity (social science) ,Gender studies ,biology.organism_classification ,Faith ,Identity development ,athletes ,Work (electrical) ,Sports and Active Living ,GV557-1198.995 ,Thematic analysis ,purpose ,Psychology ,identity ,media_common ,Theme (narrative) ,Original Research ,adolescent and youth ,Sports - Abstract
Numerous studies examine youth purpose and volunteerism, but only few investigate how altruistic activities shape identity development within athletic contexts. Endurance-based humanitarian fundraising teams are becoming increasingly popular forms of volunteerism among adolescents and young adults in the United States, but little is known about their developmental role. Twenty-four participants (15–21 years of age; M = 17.42) were interviewed to identify the prominent themes that arose from their experiences while training for and participating in a marathon. A thematic analysis was used to determine the dominant themes that characterized the intersection of humanitarian marathon training and running with aspects of identity work. The majority of the comments of the participants were directly tied to their experiences in running the marathon. Four themes were identified including identity work, faith, purpose, and social connection. More so than exploring their possible selves, a consistent theme throughout the interview with the participants was what they learned about their current selves and the capacities they already possessed during their marathon experience.
- Published
- 2021
43. Personality and Team Identification Predict Violent Intentions Among Soccer Supporters
- Author
-
Joanna Lindström
- Subjects
soccer violence ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Psychological intervention ,Global problem ,General Medicine ,Supporter ,Brief Research Report ,team identification ,Collective narcissism ,violent intentions ,Sports and Active Living ,honesty-humility ,GV557-1198.995 ,hooliganism ,Personality ,Identification (psychology) ,Big Five personality traits ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,human activities ,media_common ,Sports - Abstract
Soccer supporter violence remains a persistent global problem. The majority of research examining the psychological underpinnings of soccer supporter violence have focused primarily on the role of team identification. Relatively little research has examined the role of basic personality traits and willingness to engage in violence amongst soccer supporters. In a study amongst Swedish soccer supporters (N = 247), we examined whether honesty-humility and team identification predict violent behavioral intentions; examining if collective narcissism mediates these associations. Honesty-humility negatively predicted violent intentions, and team identification predicted violent intentions. Collective narcissism partially mediated these associations. When both Honesty-humility and team identification are accounted for though, collective narcissism did not predict violent intentions. Such findings have implications for the design of violence prevention interventions amongst soccer supporters.
- Published
- 2021
44. Identification of Neuromuscular Performance Parameters as Risk Factors of Non-contact Injuries in Male Elite Youth Soccer Players: A Preliminary Study on 62 Players With 25 Non-contact Injuries
- Author
-
Mathias Kolodziej, Kevin Nolte, Marcus Schmidt, Tobias Alt, and Thomas Jaitner
- Subjects
Risk profiling ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Trunk flexion ,injury prevention ,Isometric exercise ,youth elite soccer players ,Thigh ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Injury prevention ,Medicine ,Eccentric ,risk factors ,biomechanical screening ,Original Research ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Sports and Active Living ,Relative risk ,GV557-1198.995 ,Elite ,neuromuscular ,business ,human activities ,performance ,Sports - Abstract
Introduction: Elite youth soccer players suffer increasing numbers of injuries owing to constantly increasing physical demands. Deficits in neuromuscular performance may increase the risk of injury. Injury risk factors need to be identified and practical cut-off scores defined. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess neuromuscular performance parameters within a laboratory-based injury risk screening, to investigate their association with the risk of non-contact lower extremity injuries in elite youth soccer players, and to provide practice-relevant cut-off scores.Methods: Sixty-two elite youth soccer players (age: 17.2 ± 1.1 years) performed unilateral postural control exercises in different conditions, isokinetic tests of concentric and eccentric knee extension and knee flexion (60°/s), isometric tests of hip adduction and abduction, and isometric tests of trunk flexion, extension, lateral flexion and transversal rotation during the preseason period. Non-contact lower extremities injuries were documented throughout 10 months. Risk profiling was assessed using a multivariate approach utilizing a Decision Tree model [Classification and Regression Tree (CART) method].Results: Twenty-five non-contact injuries were registered. The Decision Tree model selected the COP sway, the peak torque for knee flexion concentric, the functional knee ratio and the path of the platform in that hierarchical order as important neuromuscular performance parameters to discriminate between injured and non-injured players. The classification showed a sensitivity of 0.73 and a specificity of 0.91. The relative risk was calculated at 4.2, meaning that the risk of suffering an injury is four times greater for a player, who has been classified as injured by the Decision Tree model.Conclusion: Measuring static postural control, postural control under unstable condition and the strength of the thigh seem to enable a good indication of injury risk in elite youth soccer players. However, this finding has to be taken with caution due to a small number of injury cases. Nonetheless, these preliminary results may have practical implications for future directions in injury risk screening and in planning and developing customized training programs to counteract intrinsic injury risk factors in elite youth soccer players.
- Published
- 2021
45. The COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Away and Home Victories in Soccer and Rugby Union
- Author
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Adrien Sedeaud, Quentin De Larochelambert, Julien Schipman, and Jean-Francois Toussaint
- Subjects
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,History ,Celtic languages ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,home advantage ,Victory ,General Medicine ,rugby union ,COVID-19 impact ,empty stadium ,League ,Sports and Active Living ,GV557-1198.995 ,Home advantage ,soccer (football) ,Championship ,Demography ,Original Research ,Sports - Abstract
Objective: To measure the impact of restrictions due to COVID on the proportion of matches won at home, away and draw in professional soccer and rugby union.Materials and Methods: Two samples of professional soccer and rugby union matches were collected from 2012–13 to 2020–21 seasons. For soccer, data involved first and second division matches of the England, Spain, Germany, Italy, France, Belgium, Scotland, Greece, Portugal, and Turkey championships. For rugby union, championships concerned are Premiership Rugby, Celtic League, Top 14, and Pro D2. The proportions of home, away wins and draw were calculated and compared. A chi-square test of independence between years and types of result was realized to identify an overall inhomogeneity.Results: The proportion of away matches won between the 2012–13 and 2020–21 seasons increased significantly from 28.5 ± 1.2% to 32.5 ± 1.5% in soccer and from 38.0 ± 3.6% to 42.8 ± 5.0% in rugby union. In Premiership Rugby championship, the victory percentage at home dropped from 55.8 ± 3.1% when tifosi were present to 45.8 ± 12.8% when they were not.Conclusion: The home advantage was drastically reduced in empty stadiums for several European soccer and rugby union professional championships. It vanished in the Premiership Rugby and Celtic League during the 2020–21 season.
- Published
- 2021
46. Whole-Body Reactive Agility Metrics to Identify Football Players With a Core and Lower Extremity Injury Risk
- Author
-
Gary B. Wilkerson and Scott L. Bruce
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Population ,American football ,Logistic regression ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Medicine ,Risk factor ,education ,Original Research ,reaction time ,education.field_of_study ,prediction modeling ,Receiver operating characteristic ,whole-body reactive agility ,business.industry ,speed ,Odds ratio ,acceleration ,deceleration ,Sports and Active Living ,Cohort ,GV557-1198.995 ,performance assessment ,business ,asymmetry ,Cohort study ,Sports - Abstract
Clinical prediction models are useful in addressing several orthopedic conditions with various cohorts. American football provides a good population for attempting to predict injuries due to their relatively high injury rate. Physical performance can be assessed a variety of ways using an assortment of different tests to assess a diverse set of metrics, which may include reaction time, speed, acceleration, and deceleration. Asymmetry, the difference between right and left performance has been identified as a possible risk factor for injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the whole-body reactive agility metrics that would identify Division I football players who were at elevated risk for core, and lower extremity injuries (CLEI). This cohort study utilized 177 Division I football players with a total of 57 CLEI suffered who were baseline tested prior to the season. Single-task and dual-task whole-body reactive agility movements in lateral and diagonal direction reacting to virtual reality targets were analyzed separately. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses narrowed the 34 original predictor variables to five variables. Logistic regression analysis determined the three strongest predictors of CLEI for this cohort to be: lateral agility acceleration asymmetry, lateral flanker deceleration asymmetry, and diagonal agility reaction time average. Univariable analysis found odds ratios to range from 1.98 to 2.75 for these predictors of CLEI. ROC analysis had an area under the curve of 0.702 for any combination of two or more risk factors produced an odds ratio of 5.5 for risk of CLEI. These results suggest an asymmetry of 8–15% on two of the identified metrics or a slowed reaction time of ≥0.787 s places someone at increased risk of injury. Sixty-three percent (36/57) of the players who sustained an injury had ≥2 positive predictors In spite of the recognized limitation, these finding support the belief that whole-body reactive agility performance can identify Division I football players who are at elevated risk for CLEI.
- Published
- 2021
47. Estrogen to Progesterone Ratio and Fluid Regulatory Responses to Varying Degrees and Methods of Dehydration
- Author
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Gabrielle E.W. Giersch, Stavros A. Kavouras, Douglas J. Casa, Aaron R. Caldwell, Nisha Charkoudian, Cody R. Butler, Margaret C. Morrissey, and Abigail T. Colburn
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.drug_class ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Luteal phase ,exercise heat stress ,Copeptin ,Internal medicine ,Statistical significance ,Follicular phase ,medicine ,Dehydration ,female sex hormones ,Menstrual cycle ,media_common ,Original Research ,Chemistry ,copeptin ,medicine.disease ,fluid balance ,Plasma osmolality ,fluid restriction ,Endocrinology ,Estrogen ,Sports and Active Living ,GV557-1198.995 ,Sports - Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between volume regulatory biomarkers and the estrogen to progesterone ratio (E:P) prior to and following varying methods and degrees of dehydration. Ten women (20 ± 1 year, 56.98 ± 7.25 kg, 164 ± 6 cm, 39.59 ± 2.96 mL•kg•min−1) completed four intermittent exercise trials (1.5 h, 33.8 ± 1.3°C, 49.5 ± 4.3% relative humidity). Testing took place in two hydration conditions, dehydrated via 24-h fluid restriction (Dehy, USG > 1.020) and euhydrated (Euhy, USG ≤ 1.020), and in two phases of the menstrual cycle, the late follicular phase (days 10–13) and midluteal phase (days 18–22). Change in body mass (%BMΔ), serum copeptin concentration, and plasma osmolality (Posm) were assessed before and after both dehydration stimuli (24-h fluid restriction and exercise heat stress). Serum estrogen and progesterone were analyzed pre-exercise only. Estrogen concentration did not differ between phases or hydration conditions. Progesterone was significantly elevated in luteal compared to follicular in both hydration conditions (Dehy—follicular: 1.156 ± 0.31, luteal: 5.190 ± 1.56 ng•mL−1, P < 0.05; Euhy—follicular: 0.915 ± 0.18, luteal: 4.498 ± 1.38 ng·mL−1, P < 0.05). As expected, E:P was significantly greater in the follicular phase compared to luteal in both hydration conditions (Dehy—F:138.94 ± 89.59, L: 64.22 ± 84.55, P < 0.01; Euhy—F:158.13 ± 70.15, L: 50.98 ± 39.69, P < 0.01, [all •103]). Copeptin concentration was increased following 24-h fluid restriction and exercise heat stress (mean change: 18 ± 9.4, P < 0.01). We observed a possible relationship of lower E:P and higher copeptin concentration following 24-h fluid restriction (r = −0.35, P = 0.054). While these results did not reach the level of statistical significance, these data suggest that the differing E:P ratio may alter fluid volume regulation during low levels of dehydration but have no apparent impact after dehydrating exercise in the heat.
- Published
- 2021
48. Not Just for Dancing? A Content Analysis of Concussion and Head Injury Videos on TikTok
- Author
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Peyton N. Carter, Eric E. Hall, Caroline J. Ketcham, and Osman H. Ahmed
- Subjects
business.industry ,social media ,Applied psychology ,public health ,Exploratory research ,healthcare education ,medicine.disease ,Popularity ,Content analysis ,Sports and Active Living ,Gauge (instrument) ,Concussion ,Health care ,GV557-1198.995 ,medicine ,concussion ,Social media ,Health education ,business ,Psychology ,head injury ,Original Research ,Sports - Abstract
Social media platforms are an accessible and increasingly used way for the public to gather healthcare-related information, including on sports injuries. “TikTok” is currently one of the fastest-growing social media platforms worldwide, and it is especially popular amongst adolescents and young adults. The widespread use and popularity of TikTok suggests that this platform has potential to be a source for healthcare information for younger individuals. The aim of this study was to gain a preliminary understanding of the concussion/head injury-related information on TikTok, and to gauge if TikTok could serve as a platform for concussion education. This exploratory study used a systematic search strategy to understand more about how concussion is being portrayed through TikTok videos. Using the keywords “concussion” and “head injury,” 200 videos were downloaded from TikTok and 43 videos were excluded. Of the 92 videos retrieved using the keyword “concussion,” 95% (n = 88) had more than 100,000 views and 6% (n = 10) had been viewed more than 10 million times. Over half, 54% (n = 50) of the “concussion” videos depicted individuals “playing around” and getting hit in the head, whilst only 1% (n = 1) of the TikTok videos were categorized as “explaining concussion facts.” The large numbers of views of concussion-related TikTok videos demonstrates the popularity of this platform and indicates that healthcare organizations should consider TikTok as a potential means for concussion education amongst younger individuals.
- Published
- 2021
49. 'This Is Not Gym': Enacting Student Voice Pedagogies to Promote Social and Emotional Learning and Meaningful Physical Education
- Author
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Seunghyun Baek, Yanhua Shen, Judy Fowler, Ben Dyson, and Donal Howley
- Subjects
social and emotional learning (SEL) ,alternative education ,Physiology ,student voice and participation ,Participatory action research ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Youth voice ,Physical education ,Pedagogy ,Photovoice ,Learning theory ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Original Research ,pedagogy ,Professional development ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Teacher education ,physical education ,Sports and Active Living ,Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management ,Anthropology ,GV557-1198.995 ,youth voice ,Thematic analysis ,Psychology ,meaningful physical education ,Sports - Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore learners' experiences enacting youth/student voice pedagogies (SVP) to promote Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) and meaningful physical education (MPE) in an alternative education setting. Drawing on social constructivist learning theory in understanding and implementing a MPE approach, and a systemic framework for SEL, two research questions guided the research process: (1) How did students interpret and enact these pedagogies? (2) What contribution did the enactment of these pedagogies have in promoting SEL and MPE? This study implemented a qualitative case study design framed by a participatory action research (PAR) approach spanning 12 weeks from February to May 2021. Participants in this study included 16 ninth grade alternative high school students (eight girls/eight boys) aged 14–15 who had just returned to face-to-face learning in January 2021 for the first time following COVID-19. A range of traditional and innovative participatory qualitative research methods including focus group interviews, students' personal biographies, timelines, digital and written reflections, photovoice, and class artifacts were utilized. TheMiles, Huberman, and Saldana Framework for Qualitative Data Analysiswas implemented involving both deductive and inductive combinations of comparative and thematic analysis. The following themes were constructed:Making responsible decisions; unearthing and sharing mixed emotions; picturing physical activity beyond the classroom; recognizing the role of relationships; considering challenge and competence;and,pursuing meaning. Findings demonstrate how enacting SVP can lead to the development of students' SEL and MPE experiences complimenting multiple learning domains. We call for further embedding of SVP capturing students' physical activity and movement experiences inside and outside of PE in teacher education and professional development that helps teachers and their students make sense of, shape, influence, and enact more MPE and physical activity learning experiences.
- Published
- 2021
50. Clarifying the Biomechanical Concept of Coordination Through Comparison With Coordination in Motor Control
- Author
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Arata Kimura, Toshiharu Yokozawa, and Hiroki Ozaki
- Subjects
coordination ,Physiology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Review ,Development theory ,biomechanics ,Multidisciplinary approach ,motor control ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Meaning (existential) ,media_common ,Cognitive science ,Field (Bourdieu) ,Interpretation (philosophy) ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Motor control ,performance enhancement ,conceptual analysis ,Term (time) ,Sports and Active Living ,Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management ,Anthropology ,GV557-1198.995 ,Psychology ,Sports ,Diversity (politics) - Abstract
Coordination is a multidisciplinary concept in human movement science, particularly in the field of biomechanics and motor control. However, the term is not used synonymously by researchers and has substantially different meanings depending on the studies. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the meaning of coordination to avoid confusion. The meaning of coordination in motor control from computational and ecological perspectives has been clarified, and the meanings differed between them. However, in biomechanics, each study has defined the meaning of the term and the meanings are diverse, and no study has attempted to bring together the diversity of the meanings of the term. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a summary of the different meanings of coordination across the theoretical landscape and clarify the meaning of coordination in biomechanics. We showed that in biomechanics, coordination generally means the relation between elements that act toward the achievement of a motor task, which we call biomechanical coordination. We also showed that the term coordination used in computational and ecological perspectives has two different meanings, respectively. Each one had some similarities with biomechanical coordination. The findings of this study lead to an accurate understanding of the concept of coordination, which would help researchers formulate their empirical arguments for coordination in a more transparent manner. It would allow for accurate interpretation of data and theory development. By comprehensively providing multiple perspectives on coordination, this study intends to promote coordination studies in biomechanics.
- Published
- 2021
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