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This article studies fluid dynamics and convection of the geothermal system. Earthquakes cause faults. Fault zones come up with the pathways for fluid convection. These paths have different characteristics and space distribution, causing the challenge to investigate the geothermal system. The cavity considered in the study is normally found in energy reservoirs. An unsteady, incompressible, and laminar flow along with convection is studied. The finite element method (FEM) is operated to study the flow and heat transfer governed by continuity equations, Navier-Stokes equations, and temperature equations. These equations are tackled with the finite element method. The streamlines and isothermal contours for the problem under discussion are displayed in the Results section. It is observed that the Nusselt number and velocity of the fluid increase with the increased Grashof number.

The current research is concerned with the mechanical characteristics of a Rabinowitsch fluid model that has been developed via an elliptic duct. If we study physiology or biomedicine, we will find that the Rabinowitsch fluid model in peristalsis is very useful because it is used to move blood around in the heart, lungs, sanitary fluid transport systems, transfer of corrosive fluids, and innovative pharmaceutical delivery systems. It is possible to get the elliptic domain for this duct model by using Cartesian coordinates, and in the boundary conditions for this duct, the equation of an ellipse is used to keep the elliptic cross-section for this duct in place. A mathematical model for an incompressible fluid is being created, and the mathematical issue is then transformed into its dimensionless form by using suitable transformations, including long-wavelength approximation. As soon as the problem is put into a dimensionless form, the partial differential equations for the velocity profile can be found. These partial differential equations are solved across elliptical cross-sections with the help of boundary conditions that are given, and accurate mathematical solutions are then found for them. This model is important because it shows three different types of flow: a dilatant fluid for γ0. The prime objective of our work is to obtain a novel solution to this problem as well. In the last section, we see and read about how the formulas for flow characteristics were made.

In this research, a mathematical model is disclosed that elucidates the peristaltic flow of carbon nanotubes in an elliptic duct with ciliated walls. This novel topic of nanofluid flow is addressed for an elliptic domain for the very first time. The practical applications of current analysis include the customization of the mechanical peristaltic pumps, artificial cilia and their role in flow control, drug delivery and prime biological applications etc. The dimensional mathematical problem is transformed into its non-dimensional form by utilizing appropriate transformations and dimensionless parameters. Exact mathematical solutions are computed over the elliptic domain for the partial differential equations appearing in this convection heat transfer problem. A thorough graphical assessment is performed to discuss the prime results. The graphical visualization of the flow in this elliptic duct is obtained by plotting streamlines. The viscous effects are playing a vital role in the heat enhancement as compared to the molecular conduction. Since the incrementing Brinkman number results in a declined conduction due to viscous dissipation that eventually results in an enhanced temperature profile. This research first time elucidates the impacts of nanofluid flow on the peristaltic pumping through an elliptic domain having ciliated walls. Considering water as base fluid with multi-wall Carbon nanotubes for this ciliated elliptic domain having sinusoidal boundaries.

The growth of carbon nanostructures from vegetable oils using a modified conventional approach is a simple and environmentally friendly technology with controllable features. The goal of this study is to develop a simple and environmentally friendly process for making carbon nanoparticles using commercially available, low-cost vegetable oils. The technique involves the controlled burning of “Mustard”, “Olive”, and “Linseed” oils using the traditional clay lamps and collecting the carbon soot on a ceramic plate. The prepared carbon nanoparticles were purified through sonication and subjected to characterization using powder X-ray diffraction, SEM, Fourier transformed infrared, Thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric analyses. The average particle size of carbon nanoparticles as investigated by powder X-Ray Diffraction analyses was found to be 18, 24, and 57 nm for mustard, olive and linseed oils respectively. SEM analyses revealed the surface morphology of these carbon nanostructures as spherical particles. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) providing knowledge about the thermal stability of these carbon nanoparticles. The synthesized carbon nanoparticles were screened for antibacterial activities against different species (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus haemolyticus, Proteus refrigere and Staphylococcus aureus) and fruitful results have been obtained.

Periodontal disease is a common complication, and conventional periodontal surgery can lead to severe bleeding. Different membranes have been used for periodontal treatment with limitations, such as improper biodegradation, poor mechanical property, and no effective hemostatic property. Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membranes favoring periodontal regeneration were prepared to overcome these shortcomings. The mucilage of the chia seed was extracted and utilized to prepare the guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membrane. Lignin having antibacterial properties was used to synthesize lignin-mediated ZnO nanoparticles (∼Lignin@ZnO) followed by characterization with analytical techniques like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). To fabricate the GTR membrane, extracted mucilage, Lignin@ZnO, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were mixed in different ratios to obtain a thin film. The fabricated GTR membrane was evaluated using a dynamic fatigue analyzer for mechanical properties. Appropriate degradation rates were approved by degradability analysis in water for different intervals of time. The fabricated GTR membrane showed excellent antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterial species.

Rapid methyl parathion detection was measured using a fabricated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) sensor designed using the layer-by-layer (LBL) method. Multilayer assemblies were developed on the glassy carbon electrode by alternating depositions of anions and cations in which a Dawson Type Polyoxometalate β-K6[(P2W18O62·H2O)]·14H2O (∼P2W18 POM) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) stabilized silver nanoparticles (∼PEI-AgNPs) acted as anions and cations, respectively. The redox behavior of P2W18 POM within LBL assembly was carried out via cyclic voltammetry. This LBL assembly was thoroughly characterized by UV-Visible, FT-IR, XRD, AFM, and SEM techniques. The fabricate GCE sensor was investigated for the electrocatalytic activity to detect methyl parathion. The results clearly showed that the fabricated GCE sensor was successfully synthesized. More interestingly, the current response for detecting methyl parathion was found to be less than 1 ppm, proving that this fabricated GCE sensor may exhibit potential applications in the detection of targeted pesticide.

Graphical Abstract

Despite considerable efforts to control bovine mastitis and explain its causes, it remains the most costly and common disease of dairy cattle worldwide. The role and impact of non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) in udder health are not entirely understood. These Gram-positive bacteria have become the most frequently isolated group of bacteria in milk samples of dairy cows and are associated with (mild) clinical and subclinical mastitis. Different species and strains of NAS differ in their epidemiology, pathogenicity, virulence, ecology and host adaptation, and antimicrobial resistance profiles. They have distinct relationships with the microbiome composition of the udder and may also have protective effects against other mastitis pathogens. Some appear to persist on the skin and in the teat canal and udder, while others seem to be transient residents of the udder from the environment. Analyzing genotypic and phenotypic differences in individual species may also hold clues to why some appear more successful than others in colonizing the udder. Understanding species-level interactions within the microbiome and its interactions with host genetics will clarify the role of NAS in bovine mastitis and udder health.

The rapid detection of foodborne microbial pathogens contaminating fresh fruits and vegetables during the intervening period between harvest and consumption could revolutionize microbial quality assurance of food usually consumed raw and those with a limited shelf life. We have developed a sensitive, shotgun whole genome sequencing protocol capable of detecting as few as 1 colony forming unit (cfu) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium spiked on 25 g of lettuce. The Ion Torrent sequencing platform was used to generate reads of globally amplified DNA from microbes recovered from the surface of lettuce followed by bioinformatic analyses of the nucleotide sequences to detect the presence of Salmonella. The test is rapid and sensitive, and appropriate for testing perishable foods, and those consumed raw, for Salmonella contamination. The test has the potential to be universally applicable to any microbial contaminant on lettuce as long as a suitable bioinformatics pipeline is available and validated. A universal test is expected to pave the way for preventive and precision food safety and the re-shaping of the entire spectrum of food safety investigations from the current disease-limiting, reactive procedure to a proactive, disease prevention process.

Emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance is a major concern for the dairy industry worldwide. Objectives were to determine: (1) phenotypic and genotypic prevalence of drug-specific resistance for 25 species of non-aureus staphylococci, and (2) associations between presence of resistance determinants and antimicrobial resistance. Broth micro-dilution was used to determine resistance profiles for 1,702 isolates from 89 dairy herds. Additionally, 405 isolates were sequenced to screen for resistance determinants. Antimicrobial resistance was clearly species-dependent. Resistance to quinupristin/dalfopristin was common in Staphylococcus gallinarum (prevalence of 98%), whereas S. cohnii and S. arlettae were frequently resistant to erythromycin (prevalence of 63 and 100%, respectively). Prevalence of resistance was 10% against β-lactams and tetracyclines. In contrast, resistance to antimicrobials critically important for human medicine, namely vancomycin, fluoroquinolones, linezolid and daptomycin, was uncommon (< 1%). Genes encoding multidrug-resistance efflux pumps and resistance-associated residues in deducted amino acid sequences of the folP gene were the most frequent mechanisms of resistance, regardless of species. The estimated prevalence of the mecA gene was 17% for S. epidermidis. Several genes, including blaZ, mecA, fexA, erm, mphC, msrA, and tet were associated with drug-specific resistance, whereas other elements were not. There were specific residues in gyrB for all isolates of species intrinsically resistant to novobiocin. This study provided consensus protein sequences of key elements previously associated with resistance for 25 species of non-aureus staphylococci from dairy cattle. These results will be important for evaluating effects of interventions in antimicrobial use in Canadian dairy herds.

Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), a heterogeneous group of a large number of species and subspecies, are the most frequently isolated pathogens from intramammary infections in dairy cattle. Phylogenetic relationships among bovine NAS species are controversial and have mostly been determined based on single-gene trees. Herein, we analyzed phylogeny of bovine NAS species using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 441 distinct isolates. In addition, evolutionary relationships among bovine NAS were estimated from multilocus data of 16S rRNA, hsp60, rpoB, sodA, and tuf genes and sequences from these and numerous other single genes/proteins. All phylogenies were created with FastTree, Maximum-Likelihood, Maximum-Parsimony and Neighbor-Joining methods. Regardless of methodology, WGS-trees clearly separated bovine NAS species into 5 monophyletic coherent clades. Furthermore, there were consistent interspecies relationships within clades in all WGS phylogenetic reconstructions. Except for the Maximum-Parsimony tree, multilocus data analysis similarly produced 5 clades. There were large variations in determining clades and interspecies relationships in single gene/protein trees, under different methods of tree constructions, highlighting limitations of using single genes for determining bovine NAS phylogeny. However, based on WGS data, we established a robust phylogeny of bovine NAS species, unaffected by method or model of evolutionary reconstructions. Therefore, it is now possible to determine associations between phylogeny and many biological traits, such as virulence, antimicrobial resistance, environmental niche, geographical distribution, and host specificity.