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Several bathyal cold-water coral provinces, characterized by a lush growth of habitat-forming scleractinians, have been recognized in the Mediterranean Sea. However, the search for this biogenic habitat only marginally targeted the Italian coast of the Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean basin) despite historical and a few recent local studies in the region reporting the presence of corals. This study used bathymetry maps, side-scan sonar profiles, historical charts, and trawling routes to identify sites that could potentially host coral habitats in the eastern sector of the Ligurian Sea. Remotely operated vehicle video footage from various projects (2015-2021, 20 dives) was then used to characterize four sub-areas (Genoa Plateau, Portofino, Deiva Marina, and Monterosso) where corals were detected between 450 m and 750 m depth. Radiocarbon dating was used to trace back the geological history of the coral structures. A small coral mound, impacted by trawling activities, was found on the Genoa Plateau, while four massive coral structures were found in the other sub-areas, mainly located in a morphologically complex and highly energetic canyon region. High levels of megafaunal biodiversity, including rarely reported alcyonaceans as Placogorgia coronata, were observed together with moderate fishing impact. Overall, the identified coral areas potentially account for 9 km2 of both subfossil mounds (as old as 13300 years BP), dominated by Desmophyllum pertusum, and living reefs, dominated by Madrepora oculata, the latter representing up to 23% of the substrate coverage. The few living colonies of D. pertusum in the area represent the first documented records for the Ligurian Sea. These data support the presence of a distinct eastern Ligurian cold-water coral province.

The precious coral Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758) is a charismatic Mediterranean species. A recent large-scale investigation along the Italian coast highlighted its widespread occurrence at mesophotic and upper bathyal depths, especially on coralligenous and bathyal vertical hardgrounds. The lack of morphometric data limited the considerations on the structure and health status of the populations, fundamental to identify the most vulnerable sites and the correct management actions. For this reason, a ROV dataset, consisting of 624 dives carried out between 40 m and 1825 m in the Ligurian Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, and Sicily Channel, was analysed to extrapolate quantitative data to describe the populations. Ten random frames were obtained from each of the 170 sites hosting red coral. Density, height, and entanglement were evaluated for about 15700 colonies counted in the frames. The densest populations were mainly found between 40 m and 80 m, with a clear latitudinal density decrease. The mesophotic populations were characterized by both scattered and densely aggregated colonies, while the bathyal ones were dominated by sparse colonies. This study identified 17 major coral areas based on the geographic proximity of the sites hosting red coral and their topographic and oceanographic affinity. The size-frequency distribution of the heights was skewed towards the smaller classes in almost all populations, with a modal class between 2 cm and 4 cm. This study depicted a stress situation of the populations throughout the entire study area, which could be correlated also to the long-term harvesting pressure carried out in the basins. Two additional sources of direct mortality were pointed out in this study. Entanglement to artisanal and recreational fishing gear interested about 18% of the recorded colonies, mainly at mesophotic depths. Almost all populations suffered from mechanical entanglement, with the highest percentages in the Ligurian Sea and Sicilian areas. This study also highlighted a massive occurrence of recent deep mortality events, mainly along the eastern and southern coast of Sardinia and in the Campanian Archipelago. Thirty sites with extensive patches of dead colonies still in place were reported from 70 m to around 200 m, but their formation remains unclear.

Chilean Patagonia hosts one of the extensive fjord systems in the world, spanning more than 1,600 km between 41 and 55°S, and with a complex geomorphology and hydrography that supports rich and unique assemblages of marine fauna. The biodiversity of benthic organisms is possibly further enhanced by the geographic position of the region that extends far south into subantarctic waters. However, we currently lack an exhaustive picture of the zonation and ecological functioning of the benthic communities within Chilean fjords. The present study provides a detailed examination of the hard substrata megabenthic communities inhabiting the Puyuhuapi and Jacaf fjord system, in the Aysén Region of Chile. Fifty-nine stations scattered along these fjords were explored through SCUBA diving surveys, at depths between 5 and 30 m, and 16 stations were characterized in terms of benthic cover and diversity using replicated underwater photography. Ten hard bottom megabenthic communities were identified within the fjords, with some communities newly described for this region. Community composition varied both along-fjord, and with depth, and was apparently driven by variation in environmental properties. Our characterization of these fjord communities improves overall knowledge of the functioning of the fjords, and provides a useful baseline against which future anthropogenic pressures can be assessed. Future shifts in bathymetric and geographical distributions might indicate detrimental effects of climate changes, and we therefore propose that characteristic communities could be adopted as “sentinels” for overall environmental status of these unique fjord ecosystems. In this regard, detailed mapping of the distribution of megabenthic communities can provide a fundamental tool that assists in best management practices for these ecosystems.

Black corals are important habitat-forming species in the mesophotic and deep-sea zones of the world’s oceans because of their arborescent colony structure and tendency to form animal forests. Although we have started unraveling the ecology of mesophotic black corals, the importance of the associated microbes to their health has remained unexplored. Here, we provide in-depth assessments of black coral-microbe symbioses by investigating the spatial and temporal stability of these associations, and make comparisons with a sympatric octocoral with similar colony structure. To this end, we collected samples of Antipathella subpinnata colonies from three mesophotic shoals situated along the Ligurian Coast of the Mediterranean Sea (Bordighera, Portofino, Savona) in the spring of 2017. At the Portofino shoal, samples of A. subpinnata and the gorgonian Eunicella cavolini were collected in November 2016 and May 2017. Bacterial communities were profiled using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The bacterial community of E. cavolini was consistently dominated by Endozoicomonas. Contrastingly, the black coral microbiome was more diverse, and was primarily composed of numerous Bacteroidetes, Alpha- and Gammaproteobacterial taxa, putatively involved in all steps of the nitrogen and sulfur cycles. Compositional differences in the A. subpinnata microbiome existed between all locations and both time points, and no phylotypes were consistently associated with A. subpinnata. This highlights that local conditions may influence the bacterial community structure and potentially nutrient cycling within the A. subpinnata holobiont. But it also suggests that this coral holobiont possesses a high degree of microbiome flexibility, which may be a mechanism to acclimate to environmental change.

AimThe primary aim of this study was to assess insulin requirements and carbohydrate to insulin ratio (CHO/IR) in normal weight, overweight, and obese pregnant women with type 1 diabetes across early, middle, and late pregnancy.MethodsIn this multicenter, retrospective, observational study we evaluated 86 of 101 pregnant Caucasian women with type 1 diabetes under pump treatment. The women were trained to calculate CHO/IR daily by dividing CHO grams of every single meal by insulin units injected. Since the purpose of the study was to identify the CHO/IR able to reach the glycemic target, we only selected the CHO/IR obtained when glycemic values were at target. Statistics: SPSS 20.ResultsWe studied 45 normal weight, 31 overweight, and 10 obese women. Insulin requirements increased throughout pregnancy (p < 0.0001 and