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Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccine is positively changing the health crises of this pandemic and is currently essential to overcome the COVID‐19 pandemic. The vaccine shows high efficacy against the infection and impairs the severity of symptoms. However, this vaccination is associated with concerns, such as vaccine‐associated adverse reactions, which are currently highlighted issues for clinicians. We experienced two cases of mild cutaneous adverse reaction following COVID‐19 vaccine administration, which was successfully controlled by prior administration of the antihistamine agent fexofenadine 3 days before COVID‐19 vaccination for 7 days.

Atypical lipomatous tumor (ALT) has been defined as a well-differentiated liposarcoma exhibiting a higher frequency of a local recurrence after surgical resection. ALT is mainly classified into deep type and superficial type. Compared with deep type ALT, superficial type ALT is rarely observed. One of the most important issues is that little has been known about superficial type ALT and it is not easy to predict the presence of superficial type ALT before surgical resection. To clarify the clinical manifestations of superficial type ALT, we examined 15 cases with superficial type ALT and 118 cases with benign lipoma, and analyzed their differences in clinical characteristics and the findings of MRI test. In clinical characteristics, the tumor size of superficial type ALT was significantly greater than that of benign lipoma, and superficial type ALT showed a significantly higher frequency of the tumor size of more than 4 cm. Superficial type ALT exhibited poor tumor mobility and hardness with elastic soft. In addition, a significantly higher frequency of tumor location of superficial type ALT was observed in extremities. Among tumor sites at the trunk, buttocks, and shoulder were high frequent location in superficial type ALT. In an MRI examination, superficial type ALT exhibited a significantly higher frequency of the septal structures compared with benign lipoma. The combinations of clinical characteristics, including physical examinations, MRI, and histological examinations, are helpful for the diagnosis of superficial type ALT.

Purpose. In this study, we developed various ternary complexes of encapsulated polyplexes and lipoplexes using chondroitin sulfate (CS) and investigated their universal usefulness for gene delivery. Methods. To prepare the cationic complexes, pDNA was mixed with some cationic vectors such as poly-L-arginine, poly-L-lysine, N-[1-(2, 3-dioleyloxy) propyl]-N, N, N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA)-cholesterol liposomes, and DOTMA- dioleylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) liposomes. CS was added to the cationic complexes for constructions of ternary complexes. We examined in vitro transfection efficiency, cytotoxicity, hematotoxicity, and in vivo transfection efficiency of the ternary complexes. Result. The cationic polymers and cationic liposomes bound to pDNA and formed stable cationic polyplexes and lipoplexes, respectively. Those cationic complexes showed high transgene efficiency in B16-F10 cells; however, they also had high cytotoxicity and strong agglutination with erythrocytes. CS could encapsulate the polyplexes and lipoplexes and form stable anionic particles without disrupting their structures. The ternary complexes encapsulated by CS showed high transgene efficiency in B16-F10 cells with low cytotoxicity and agglutination. As the result of animal experiments, the polyplexes had little transgene efficiency after intravenous administration in mice, whereas polyplexes encapsulated by CS showed specifically high transgene efficiency in the spleen. The capsulation of CS, however, reduced the high transgene efficiency of the lipoplexes. Conclusion. These results indicate that CS can contribute to polyplex-mediated gene delivery systems for effective and safe gene therapy.