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The development of new therapeutic strategies is on the increase for prostate cancer stem cells, owing to current standardized therapies for prostate cancer, including chemotherapy, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), radiotherapy, and surgery, often failing because of tumor relapse ability. Ultimately, tumor relapse develops into advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which becomes an irreversible and systemic disease. Hence, early identification of the intracellular components and molecular networks that promote prostate cancer is crucial for disease management and therapeutic intervention. One of the potential therapeutic methods for aggressive prostate cancer is to target prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs), which appear to be a primary focal point of cancer metastasis and recurrence and are resistant to standardized therapies. PCSCs have also been documented to play a major role in regulating tumorigenesis, sphere formation, and the metastasis ability of prostate cancer with their stemness features. Therefore, the current review highlights the origin and identification of PCSCs and their role in anti-androgen resistance, as well as stemness-related signaling pathways. In addition, the review focuses on the current advanced therapeutic strategies for targeting PCSCs that are helping to prevent prostate cancer initiation and progression, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), nanotechnology, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) gene-editing system, and photothermal ablation (PTA) therapy.

The recovery of nutrients from livestock manure has generated a lot of interest in biosolids value-adding. There is now more research on manure with high solids content but less study on manure with lower solids content. This study used swine manure slurry as the research object and comprehensively examined the characteristics of organic matter conversion, nitrogen, phosphorus, and metals release during the catalytic-thermal hydrolysis (TH) process. It was found that ammonia nitrogen showed a continuous increase with increasing temperature while inorganic phosphorus showed a rising and then decreasing trend. The addition of HCl and H2O2 (TH-HCl-H2O2) promoted the hydrolysis of organic matter, showing the best nitrogen and phosphorus release performance, releasing 62.2% of inorganic phosphorus and 50.8% of nitrogen. The release characteristics of nutrients and metals from the TH process were significantly affected by the addition of HCl and H2O2, according to structural equation modelling study. The data analysis demonstrated that the liquid fertilizer produced by TH did not surpass the environmental risk associated with nutrients or the ecological risk associated with heavy metals. This study would offer theoretical justification for biowaste conversion for agricultural applications.