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The main objective of the paper is to address and explore a much-debated issue within the evaluation community: the idea of "democratic evaluation". What exactly is meant by this term? When can an evaluation be said to be democratic? Through the adoption of what behaviours should this ideal translate into concrete working practice? The essay aims to contribute to broadening the community's debate on these questions, which are central at a historical-political moment such as the post-emergence from Covid-19 and in the midst of an international crisis, that between Russia and Ukraine, which calls democratic evaluation into question in our country. On a general level, in fact, the situation of uncertainty due to the unpredictable effects of the pandemic, the social and economic crisis in the country and the consequent growing distrust of the citizens towards the administration seem to have increased the demand for accountability, leading to talk, as in the rest of Europe as well, of a "democratic deficit". On the other hand, recent administrative re-centralization, even assisted by current evaluative practices, only aggravates the inefficiency of public administration. Accountability, freedom and democracy are never given, they need to be defended, always regained: evaluation assumes a strategic role to this end; it can help bring citizens closer to public administration. The crisis between Russia and Ukraine is changing geopolitical balances; the effects of the war economy, inflation, the energy crisis, and the possible escalation of the conflict add to the uncertain situation due to the pandemic. New inequalities and an increase in poverty threaten to generate deep rifts in the country's socioeconomic fabric. Systemic shocks add to chronic problems: a demographic collapse, stagnation, job insecurity, and a lag in digitization. At the same time, the political system fails to represent and stabilize consensus over time. Governments also suffer from this instability, with the inability to design and implement structural reforms for the country, including that of the bureaucracy. Social complexity, chronic problems and systemic shocks, require the ability to apply effective public policies. State intervention and the ability of the bureaucracy to be efficient and responsive to social change are central issues for the health of democracy. Public policies move within a framework of very high complexity, in which the role of evaluation emerges, which should tend to the development of democratic accountability, illuminating decision-making choices through its methodological rigor, analytical capacity and scientific knowledge. The essay thus aims to address the potential of a democratic evaluation that can broaden the number of stakeholders, the field of values that are taken into account, the repertoire of research methods, the field of interest of policies, and the very definition of the objects of evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper elaborates the results of a research conducted on the use of the Development Contract by companies, an instrument that has become central to Italian industrial policy. What emerges is that the implementation of the contract tends to generate territorial differentiated networks of actors and interests. More specifically, the common thread concerns the role of individual companies in the formation and institutionalization of networks. The goal is to understand if and how the use of this tool has influenced the decision-making choices and competitive strategies of companies, triggering organizational modernization processes and facilitating development plans. Through the analysis of the investments made, it is therefore found that the Contract responds to three different functions, which in some cases are combined: an innovative function; a redistributive function, a containment function of industrial crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Italian participation in the Multinational Force in Lebanon (Mnf) marked the first deployment of Italian soldiers outside the UN since the Second World War. The importance of the issue lies not only in the participation in the peacekeeping mission, but also in how and why Italy was invited to take part in it. The purpose of this paper is therefore to analyze the evolution of the events that led Italy to take part in the Mnf within the framework of her natural propensity towards the Mediterranean. Although a literature on Italian participation in the Mnf already exists, Italy's decision-making process can be analyzed in the light of new archival materials now available. Sandro Pertini's files of the Historical Archive of the Presidency of the Italian Republic and those of the Central Archive of the State of Rome, the Archives du ministère des Affaires Étrangères in Paris, the National Archives in London and the Margaret Thatcher Foundation Archive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deficiencies of technocratic approaches to governing emergent risks and technologies in the face of radical uncertainty, political controversy and public distrust, has brought about increasing calls, and in some quarters concerted action, to democratise science across western democracies. This paper discusses some recent Uk examples of participation in contested science and technology decision-making, focusing on a number of high profile cases which are helping policy-political, business and civil society actors gain a better understanding of what precisely may be gained from bringing a much wider range of know ledges and values into the process. The Uk experience suggests that pressures are growing for more "upstream" (i.e. very early) engagement in opening up contentious issues to much wider societal framings than hitherto. The paper explores the contributions being made by an emerging epistemic community of academics and practitioners in the design, implementation and evaluation of participatory processes that are fit-for-purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Making space for the inclusion of individuals is the foundation of any participatory process. What is required is a willingness to give up some power of control over situations, understood in political, scientific or technical terms, and a recognition of the "access rights" of all stakeholders to decision-making. Accordingly, in participation processes, inclusion and exclusion assume special importance. In a debate that is essentially structured around possibilities, but also the critical issues that are closely related to participation experiences, analysis reflects on the merits of initiatives put in place to identify impact and evaluate outcomes. Seeking a correlation between inclusion and participation means trying to analyse the processes whereby participation possibilities are closely linked to the key questions of inclusion: What are the reasons and the opportunities for participation? Who are the subjects involved? Which relationships can be established? How and what should be assessed for similar patterns? In our paper, we will deepen this issue in a theoretical way and with an analysis of a project of participatory planning which highlight several categories of inclusive participation, the ways of promotion of educational alliances and some model risks identified in a specific context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the evolution of public performance evaluation from the early nineties to the present, age of the so-called spending review. It is a re-reading of facts with an operational dimension, also to orient future choices and the growth of the country, promoting policies for the development of productive public spending and acknowledging merit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rassegna Italiana di Valutazione is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rassegna Italiana di Valutazione is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rassegna Italiana di Valutazione is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

All experts agree on that a good scientific level is a requisite to maintain a sustainable and healthy economic system in a country. It has been shown by many experts that the countries lacking of a good research system have a weak and unstable economic base. On the contrary, the instauration of quality research systems has been key factors to induce economic development. On the other hand, governments need to know the results of the funds invested in research and the efficiency of the scientific policies. All these facts prompt many politicians to afford the objective of improving the scientific research in their countries or regions, and often the first thing they request is an evaluation of the research system in order to have a complete overview, determine its efficacy and its accountability and take the best decisions (Kind, 2004). At a smaller scale, deans and directors of universities and research institutions are interested in evaluate their respective research programs and performance to be able to take decisions based on the evidences. In general, the administrators of these institutions have to deal with the following questions: what resources should I apply in scientific research, in which areas, fields or problems? And, how can I measure the efficacy and the outputs of the investment? The research evaluation is a controversial issue, there is not a universally accepted standard procedure able to fit all the needs, and nowadays is getting even more difficult as the methods to publish the results are rapidly evolving towards digital formats and internet dissemination (Abramo e D'Angelo, 2011, Rodriguez-Navarro, 2012). However, there are some common points in which one can find general consensus and some evaluation models that have shown to be efficient in many different types of scenery. In this short paper we would like to show some procedures that we consider could be used for scientific production evaluation. We also indicate some common misconceptions that should be avoided. We do not pretend to write an evaluation guideline, but rather our particular opinion from our experience, particularly in the Spanish context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article compares the concepts of social absorptive rationality and absorptive rationality by analyzing the institutional and relational structure of the employment relationship. Absorptive rationality as discussed in this article captures the real cognitive capacities of people and analyses the overall process by which people come to make choices. The concept of social absorptive rationality has been described as one that models the cognitive process of decision-makers more realistically and focuses on the real procedures used to choose actions to deal with uncertainties and complexities. It is stated that social absorptive managers consider the effect of traditional incentive contracts as well as attempt to apply new creative forms of governance to govern employment relationships.

Asylum decision-making and discretion: Types of room for maneuver in refugee status determination. By mobilizing ethnographic methods to study the Swiss asylum administration, this article analyzes the discretionary powers of Swiss asylum caseworkers in a context characterized by an important sophistication of law. Starting from the observation that the daily work of asylum caseworkers is strongly oriented and controlled by their superiors and colleagues, by institutional rules and guidelines, as well as by their socialization, the author identifies different types of discretionary powers, on which caseworkers’ discretion rests. Consequently, he discusses how caseworkers perceive and use it differently, depending on the situation in which they find themselves. Thus, the article argues that asylum caseworkers have different types of room for maneuver according to their tasks, to the situations they are faced with, to the conditions in which they operate, and to their own characteristics (capitals, attitudes, experience). Eventually, the present contribution shows the relational and collective dimensions of bureaucratic discretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of national context, i.e., cultural beliefs shared in a country and structural factors such as public policies, on individuals' family care decisions, such as the number of children in the family or the time spent with them. I argue that although family care decisions are intimate, they are not private, because they are bounded by what individuals perceive to be possible in their family, workplace, and country contexts. I analyze two interrelated dynamics. First, national culture influences the relative valuation of care compared with paid work, via work devotion schemas built upon a gendered distinction between the public sphere of work and the private sphere of care. Second, culture and structure foster gendered expectations regarding who is expected to engage in care, and the devaluation of care is intimately connected to this gendered division of labor. Altogether, culture and structure contribute to the social construction of care in a country, in which individuals work-family decisions are deeply embedded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing attention on research evaluation in universities has underlined the importance of having a data system of information able to both sustain the decision-making process, and allow its use for different and not always converging purposes. Promoting excellence does not always coincide with the need to guarantee high quality and availability in an increasingly competitive environment. The «system dimension» is not considered for what it actually signifies, both at an internal and external level of the university. The article underlines the «internal evaluation», the procedures and choices that are maturing in the Italian context, starting with the recognition of the phenomenon promoted by Crui, and taking into consideration three very different examples. These examples differ in organizational aspects, and are considered based on their development and their motivational drive. The conclusions underline how the scenario is constantly evolving and needs to take note of the changing forms and ways of communication. This includes a process that leads to the realization of the scientific results to disseminate. The hope is to avoid the risk of confining evaluation activity in a contradictory and partial environment, and open it to the progression of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rassegna Italiana di Valutazione is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociologia del Lavoro is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rassegna Italiana di Valutazione is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)