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This paper will outline the Armenian tradition of the story of the Man of God who became known in Byzantium and the West as St Alexius (Alexis) the Man of God. The Armenian legend has been preserved in two main versions – as a short synaxaric text, such as the ones found in the synaxaries M1512, M1502 of the Matenadaran, and a fuller Life, preserved in fewer manuscripts (M789, M792). The article will also discuss some specific features of the Armenian text, such as its style, the conspicuous absence of personal names and other details that might allow us to trace the origins of this textual tradition, as well as the possible relations of the Armenian Life to the extant Syriac and Greek texts of the saint’s Life.

In Early Vedic, the particle iva primarily functions as a standard marker of similative constructions; in Middle Vedic, iva retains its function of marking comparison of equality but also behaves as an adaptor, i.e. an approximation marker which flags the semantically loose use of a lexical expression. Informed by cross-linguistic evidence in the domain of approximation, this paper traces iva’s development from standard marker to adaptor within the oldest layer of Vedic literature, represented by the R̥gveda. The analysis is carried out from a grammaticalization perspective, detecting the different steps that led to the emergence of the new function.

This paper examines the similarities and differences between actual motion (AM) and non-actual motion (NAM) expressions in Telugu via a qualitative approach. The findings revealed the following similarities: (a) the extensive use of generic deictic verbs, (b) the obligatory use of case markers for encoding Path, (c) the limited number of path verbs and their uses, and (d) the use of spatial nouns for expressing Region. In addition, the findings also revealed that AM had a reasonable number of Manner expressions, whereas NAM contained almost no information about Manner.

Creating a digital corpus enriched by full linguistic annotations is a work which classically integrates several manual steps of acquisition, processing, and data display. Processing presupposes the existence of dedicated and specialised analysis tools, adapted to the state of the language used in the corpus. This paper describes a semi-supervised process for building Armenian corpora from scanned documents. This method is based on a chain of applications pre-trained by Calfa and GREgORI and enabling the complete processing of texts, from their automated input to their linguistic analysis and data display. We provide an assessment of this methodology and benefits of model specialisation, based on digitised copies of a 17th-century manuscript of the Four Gospels (Walters MS W541 = BAL W541, Amida Gospels, ff. 113v-117r: Lk 1:1‑78).

The present paper is concerned with the most ancient layer of Armenian loanwords (armenisms) in the Kartvelian languages. Due to the relatively conservative historical phonology of Kartvelian, compared to Armenian, it appears that more archaic forms have occasionally been preserved. These forms can be identified on the basis of the comparative method. Here, six of the previously proposed armenisms and one new proposal, a word for ‘crane’, are discussed. It is proposed that this stratum of loans probably dates to the latter half of the 2nd millennium BC and prior to the breakup of Proto-Georgian-Zan.

This paper aims to show the preliminary results of the first excavation campaign at Dvin/Dabīl (Armenia), conducted by the Italian-Armenian research group in Autumn 2021. The excavations involved two areas in distinct sectors of the city. While the Armenian team re-opened the investigation in the so-called Market, the Italian group opened a new digging area in the south portion of the citadel, the South Tower area. Preliminary documentation of the material contexts and laboratory analysis of ceramic samples were included in this mission. Chemical analysis of pottery aims to define the origin of the raw materials used and, hopefully, provide some information about the places of production.

The publication in 1885 of the Raphaelesque monograph written by the Bolognese politician and statesman Marco Minghetti gave rise to a large number of negative or controversial reviews. The attention of some detractors certainly focused on the structure and contents of the volume, on the inaccuracies and naivety that characterized some pages, but in perspective it extended to a criticism against Giovanni Morelli, famous connoisseur and Minghetti's close friend, and his controversial experimental method. Some papers survive documenting Minghetti's ‘Morellian’ training, the making of his monograph, the connection with Raphaelesque celebrations in 1883 and with events and episodes in the art market. Today these archival materials allow to open a window on a not secondary conjuncture in late-19th-century Italian culture.

Among the least investigated personalities of the milanese erudition between the 18th and 19th century, we find Carlo Amoretti (1741-1816): polygraph, naturalist, Winckelmann’s first Italian translator and Leonardo scholar as prefect of the Ambrosiana Library. Starting from the manuscripts kept at the Istituto Lombardo – Accademia di Scienze e Lettere in Milan, this paper aims to shed a first light on the observations of Amoretti around 14th and 15th century artworks in the Lombard territory. In particular, his travel diaries provide unpublished insights into the debate on medieval and proto-Renaissance art that involved some of the leading antiquarians of the 19th century, with whom Amoretti himself was in contact: from Giuseppe Bossi to Seroux d’Agincourt, from Tommaso degli Obizzi to Stefano Borgia.

The relationship between d’Annunzio and Pascoli, focused on Poemi conviviali and Alcyone, starts with the last lyric of d’Annunzio’s work, Il commiato, and the preface of Conviviali. The latter is a reply to d’Annunzio’s dedication and enunciates themes that, even if common to d’Annunzio, are developed with a different sensitivity and in a more direct comparison with classical sources. This is also reflected in lexical correspondences, for which it is difficult to identify debits and credits. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how Pascoli personally takes up and re-proposes d’Annunzio’s suggestions.

This essay analyses d’Annunzio’s sources in Rebora’s work – in one case, it is the other way around – showing the latter’s consciously argumentative use of the source author, whose words are borrowed to overturn their ethical value. Thus, from d’Annunzio’s precious aestheticism, these words move on to Clemente Rebora’s harsh, morally pregnant poetry, acquiring a whole new colour. Beside many examples of specific intertextual relations, concerning first Frammenti lirici and then Canti anonimi and Poesie sparse, this paper also includes in-depth analysis of the peculiar ideology underlying the two poets’ work. The results of this research, tapping also into the Concordance, are copious. The final part of the essay presents a reflection about the two authors’ mental and stylistic attitude with respect to the War, delineating unforgettable moral portraits.

This paper focuses on the artworks commissioned to Antonio Canova by Portuguese patrons in 1805: the monument to Alexandre de Sousa Holstein, ordered by his son, the young diplomat Pedro de Sousa Holstein (1784-1850), and the statue of the Genius of National Independence for the Portuguese Prince John VI. New information about these projects has been uncovered through the analysis of unpublished letters, highlighting the influence of the writer and art connoisseur Giovanni Gherardo De Rossi (1754-1827). Therefore, this article will explore the relationships between De Rossi, Canova, and Pedro de Sousa Holstein, which may play a significant role in understanding Portuguese commissions.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the events connected with the establishment of the Reale Galleria di Torino as a public museum in 1832 in relation to the training path of its first director, Roberto d'Azeglio, who was in voluntary exile in Paris, where he came into contact with artists from the entourage of David's pupils in the 1920s. The function of the museum for d'Azeglio is the same as that identified by Quatrémere de Quincy: an institution of high civic value strongly linked to the present. Contemporary art and ancient art can thus establish a close dialogue to consolidate the ethical and civic involvement of visitors.

This contribution describes, through letters and printed documents, the history of the Catalogo di antiche medaglie consolari e di famiglie romane (Naples, 1855) by the collector Gennaro Riccio, the connections with the training environment, the scientific choices and the printing techniques of the book. The illustrated plates of ancient coins were produced experimentally in relief with the galvanoplastic method and with a special metal hue simulating gold, silver and bronze, in order to obtain a very realistic view of these coins. This method of illustration was successful, but also suffered criticism; it gained fame and later it was forgotten. The spectroscopic investigations carried out on some papers for the identification of the material sand of the execution techniques (ft-ir, Raman and frx spectra) enable the reconstruction of the kind of paper used for the hollow printing, the layer of «white lead» and the composition of metal used in hues suggesting the presence of gold, silver and copper coins in relief, but reveal the absence of precious metals and especially the presence of copper particles (for gold and bronze coins) and tin (for silver coins).

This paper outlines the proposal for a new language teaching research area specifically devoted to the study of (native, foreign and second) language learning within the context of special needs. Particularly, the first part of the paper discusses the epistemological background and the theoretical necessity for such a branch of language teaching theory and methodology, whereas the second part sets the epistemological framework of reference for studies in this research field. For this reason, the paper also outlines the theoretical framework for all the papers collected in this special issue of EL.LE journal.

This paper outlines a possible methodological framework for teaching languages to special needs students. The paper is divided into three parts. The first section provides a definition of ‘language teaching accessibility’ and highlights the theoretical background that has led to this notion. Since it is impossible to achieve any kind of accessibility without knowing the student’s type of need, the second section introduces the notion of Functional Language Learning Profile, which is meant to be as an operational tool for the language teacher to get to know the student’s aptitude, learning style, linguistic background etc. in order to successfully design a personalized teaching plan for the special needs student. Finally, the third section discusses some teaching principles to achieve accessibility in the language classroom.

The starting point of this paper is the influence a handicap has in the process of knowing and in language development. For this reason it tries to provide insights on how to face visual impairments in the school environment. At the beginning, the paper focuses on some of the problems of a partially-sighted child, who is situated somewhere in the middle between a normal-sighted and a blind child. In order to help such students develop language skills, the teachers need to pay attention on two different aspects: on the one hand the development of knowledge, skills and abilities needed to provide answers to the student’s needs, on the other hand the student’s limitations. The first two paragraphs focus on low vision difficulties, whereas the third discusses the influence of the visual impairment on learning and provides suggestions for teaching action.

This paper starts from a reflection, and a further adjustment for special needs, on Balboni’s model for didactic action. In this way, it stands out the importance of the identification of the causes and consequences of deficits or difficulties of the student. This will help to identify the most appropriate teaching actions to reduce/surround/prevent barriers to language teaching. This will allow the teacher to identify not only the most suitable techniques for language teaching but also the most appropriate it systems to achieve the objective. In the second part of the paper, we propose a practical example, based on dyslexia, for the teaching/learning of prepositions with verbs of motion in Spanish. This is done by creating and using an interactive and multimedia book (iBook). For the creation of this material, we have only used free (or very low price) software and very easy to use (just need to know how to use a simple word processing and a presentations program).

The active role of the learner in the language learning process has been thoroughly acknowledged in the past fifty years. The discussion on the centrality of the learner in the acquisi- tion of a second (L2) or foreign language (FL) is essentially based on the postulate that the charac- teristics of the learner affect the way in which the second or foreign language is acquired and that successful learners appear to have common personal features. Research on the language learner has demonstrated that every person learning a language has his or her own peculiar features and considerable personal baggage which must be taken into account throughout the learning pro- cess. Individual differences in foreign and second language learning can be identified in character- istics such as age, gender and aptitude, and in factors such as motivation, styles and strategies. This paper will first focus on the development of research on the language learner and on the main issues concerning language learner’s aptitude, motivation, and, in particular, on learner strategies. Age, styles and gender will not be considered as research on these characteristics also involves a deep analysis of sociological and psychological issues which are beyond the aim of this paper. The second part will concentrate on language learner strategies involved in language testing situations and on how the use of these strategies affects the test, its quality and, namely, its validity.

This paper first provides a brief survey of the main aspects to take into account in order to design and carry out an effec- tive collaborative learning experience with a class in another country, integrating the lesson with web Videoconferencing. Secondly, it presents two case studies of telecollaboration projects in which Italian primary school pupils share common tasks with peers in the United Kingdom through Skype sessions. Finally, it analyses the motivational impact on the Italian pupils due to the emotional involvement experienced through such an innovative learning programme. All the information provided in this paper is based on data collected through the researcher’s observa- tion of the Italian pupils and lessons, focus group discussions with the pupils, administration of a semi-structured questionnaire to the two Italian teachers involved and other self-report tools (pupils and teachers).

The Sámi people share their ancestral homeland (Sápmi, sub/Arctic Europe) not only with animals, plants, trees, rocks, colonial-settlers and more recent immigrants but also with other-than-human beings. For centuries, the Sámi have co-constructed Sápmi’s landscape with these entities through respect and reciprocity. Despite enforced conversion, elements of Sámi Indigenous worldviews persisted. Enshrined in placenames, collective memory of interactions with other-than-human beings has been passed down through generations. The paper highlights the importance that toponyms have in transmitting cultural values, identity, and a sense of belonging.

Historical research on One Health is offering interesting information about the development of this concept within human and animal health institutions and professions. In contrast, little is known about whether and how local communities have discussed – in their own terms – and managed One Health issues. This paper presents three examples of community-led debate and action on One Health in India: the eco-religion of Bishnois, the collapse of the vulture population, and plastic pollution in cows’ bodies. More research from the social sciences and the humanities is necessary to understand and learn from the dynamics of multispecies entanglements at the local level.

In this paper, I will focus on Nenets reindeer herders’ changing perception of their environment after conversion to evangelical Christianity. Until recently they regarded the landscape to be populated by numerous sentient beings with their own differing agendas. I suggest that conversion of Nenets families has led them to reinterpret much of the earlier intricate forms of agency into largely one kind of demonic agency in which more or less respectful reciprocity with spirits is discontinued. This shift informs directly how people navigate on the land and water, perceive their environment and talk about their relationship with it. I discuss these issues using a pair of notions, i.e. the practical mastery of one’s surroundings and the mental map-reading. My central argument is that conversion creates a certain shift in these perceptions and practices related to the environment and the spirit world.

This paper explores continuities in multispecies relationships, expressed through art. It delineates these continuities through the study of a nineteenth-century model of a Sakha Yhyakh celebration. The indigenous Siberian Sakha people have experienced considerable transformation since the advent of Russian settlers. The story of the Yhyakh model illustrates the alterations and continuities in Sakha experiences of multispecies community. It also shows how an interconnected community of human and non-human beings generates aesthetic expectations and affordances that contrast with those of a human-centric worldview.

This paper explores how Australian Indigenous people express their mutual life‑giving bonds with other‑than‑humans such as animals, plants, natural features, and land in terms of kinship relationships. I will describe an ‘ontology of connectivity’ and a ‘mutuality of being’ among living beings in terms of reciprocal responsibility, interdependence, cooperation and care. In reference to my ethnographic research in Northeast Arnhem Land, I insist on the priority of relating, and on the affective nature of multispecies relationships, and illustrate how these are celebrated, maintained and reactivated through ceremonial songs, as well as new forms of music.

This paper explores the multispecies relations that characterise a specific temporal conjuncture of the Fiemme Valley: the aftermath of Vaia, a storm that crossed Italy in 2018 and whose repercussions continue to affect this Alpine territory. The Vaia disaster resulted from the cultural remodelling of two landscapes: the forest one, implemented on a local scale through silvicultural practices; the atmospheric one, implemented on a global scale with the emission of greenhouse gases. I aim to demonstrate that the emergence of a new landscape through encounters between multiple forms of life and agencies is irreducible to the anthropocentric perspective.

Historic urban space with its formations, changes and dissolutions can be represented in various ways. This paper focuses on narrative spatial representations of the city of Graz in 19th-century guidebooks. In these texts the subjective in the individual accounts interweaves with historical reality. Two methods to reconstruct perceptions and experiences of historical spaces and spatial relationships in travel texts are presented, with the aim of making aspects of urban change measurable.

This paper aims to discuss the genealogical contents and structure of the opening verses of Aeschylus’ Eumenides. Considering genealogies as mythical digressions ideologically orientated, I will outline those elements that do not appear elsewhere in traditions concerning the foundation of the Delphic oracle. By analysing the connections between the poetic imagery and the audience’s ritual and mythological competence, I will demonstrate how Aeschylus enhances Athens’ positive cultural role in the establishment of a panhellenic sanctuary such as Delphi. Thus, these opening verses allow us to observe the mechanisms of identity construction through mythopoesis.

This paper deals with the modern vulgata of Sophocles’ Oedipus rex 1025-6, where the conjecture τυχών (Markland) has replaced the transmitted text τεκών in almost all recent critical editions. On the basis of the dramatic context (particularly ll. 1016-46), I argue that the transmitted text is correct and that the ancient scholion on ll. 1025-6 provides evidence for this.

The prospect of breaking free from the confines of the printed page drives much of the interest in digital critical editions; yet the format of traditional editions in print remains an effective and efficient information visualization. This paper will argue that using the data from a digital edition to [re]present the traditional format of a printed edition can illuminate the strengths and weaknesses of both platforms. In addition to making the data available in a familiar format for offline reading, a print visualization is also a useful test of the digital edition’s data model. It can also promote a shift toward thinking about textual data and its visualization (in print or on a screen) as separate concerns.

This paper is concerned with allusions to Plato’s Phaedrus in Aelius Aristides’ first and last orations dedicated to Smyrna before and after the destructive earthquake of 177-178 CE (Orr. 17 and 21 Keil). It focuses on the intertextual connection between Plato’s description of the Phaedrus setting and its role in stimulating philosophical reflection and Aristides’ use of these passages in order to praise Smyrna. It is argued that the landscape of Smyrna inspires Aristides with oratorical creativity, in the same way that the landscape of the Phaedrus is presented as an inspiration to both oratory and philosophical conversation.

In the opening scene of Lucian’s Menippus, the protagonist, after citing some Euripidean trimeters, explains that his metrical delivery is due to his recent meeting with Euripides (and Homer) in Hades; in these self-explanatory words Harmon detected a comic iambic trimeter (αὐτόματά μοι τὰ μέτρα ἐπὶ τὸ στόμα ἔρχεται). The paper aims to demonstrate that this metrical segment, far from being incidental, is not even a comic quote, as Harmon himself suggests, but rather a slip by Menippus, metrically rough precisely because it is not intentional; the literary meaning of this Lucianic verse is then investigated.

When a scholar writes a Latin preface for his Teubner edition, he uses a specific, philological lexicon, dating from the humanistic age. But how did this lexicon grow, what are its main sources? And, above all, to what extent does the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae help us to reconstruct the history of its emergence and evolution? My paper arises from a reflection on these and other relevant questions: a marginal research on ancient and late antique Latin philological lexicon.

The existing studies on language uses and practices in Arab digital media mainly focus on few Mashreq countries and, as far as the Maghreb is concerned, mostly on Morocco and Algeria, while very limited attention has been devoted to other countries of the Arab West such as Tunisia. This paper will analyse some passages of news broadcasting taken from four Tunisian social media radio broadcasters, uploaded as videos on the Facebook pages of the selected radio stations, based in the Tunisian Sahel, i.e. Mahdia, Msaken, and Sousse. The data presented and analysed are taken from different information programmes. The aim is to try to describe and analyse the linguistic choices of the speakers, influenced by personal and contextual elements, such as the editorial line of a radio, in order to verify whether there is a general tendency among the radio stations or if some peculiarities can be identified. In particular, the role of Tunisian Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic will be highlighted, as well as that of any possible mixed varieties occurring in the examples offered.

Al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī is a hero of the Islamic history who stands against the oppressor for the sake of justice. His tragic death has been a major theme in Shiʿi literature, but he is highly esteemed also in Sunni Islam, especially in Egypt. This paper aims to present the other – less known – al-Ḥusayn through the literary representations made by Egyptian writers of the 20th and 21st centuries, who have read this transhistorical figure according to the political and social environment that they lived in. The martyr has become eternal symbol of resistance and struggle and a narrative lens to talk freely about the political events that upset Republican Egypt.

The chapter on the ravī (the last ‘letter’ of the rhyme), from the work al-Muʿğam fī maʿāyīr ašʿār al-ʿağam by Šams-i Qays (13th century), is deemed the earliest and more prestigious extant text describing the rules concerning the rhyme (qāfiya) in Persian verses. It focuses on the identification of the pivotal rhyming letter (ravī), that is the last segment of the rhyming word, around which the rhyme of a poem is built. In discussing this topic, Šams-i Qays touches on linguistic issues and gives a list of Persian suffixed morphemes for the first time. The present paper offers a new annotated translation of the section on the ravī from al-Muʿğam; it aims to clarify difficult passages and examples, highlight text inconsistencies, and identify several lines of poetry occurring in the text.

In the light of several previous studies, this contribution aims to introduce the study of Neẓāmi’s poetics through the reading of his poems but specifically through the verses dedicated to his reflection on the soḵan. In this first essay, we start from the reading and analysis of two chapters from Maḵzan al-asrār explicitly dedicated to this subject. The paper proposes a brief introduction to place the two chapters in their more general context, the translation of the 93 verses and a brief thematic and rhetorical analysis of their development, which represents the theoretical-aesthetic premise for all his later works.

This paper aims to retrace a piece of the history of Oriental Studies in Rome and, more broadly, in Italy in the first years of the 20th century. Starting from unpublished documents, it chronicles the events related to the establishment of the Oriental School at the University of Rome (1904) and the subsequent reorganisation effort its professors – directed by I. Guidi – had hoped for. This attempt was the occasion for F.L. Pullé, in his role of member of the High Council for Public Education, to draw up a detailed report on Italian Oriental Studies which put forth a series of concrete proposals for a more general renewal of this field. In addition to allowing a better understanding of the history of Roman – and, more generally, Italian – Oriental Studies, the events recounted herein are emblematic of a broader effort, sustained by the same Orientalists since the mid-nineteenth century, to give a recognisable identity and a unitary orientation to a diverse group of disciplines.

The Mekong region presents a record incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer). Scientists identify correlations between the development of this aggressive disease and the consumption of raw fish in local dishes. While made aware of these correlations by comprehensive health campaigns, some villagers in Thailand’s notoriously neglected Northeast refuse to cook the fish before consumption: a phenomenon that puzzles medical experts and policy makers. Based on ethnographic data, this paper suggests that practices surrounding the consumption of raw food in the area have become taboo. Rather than disappearing, they now play a key role in bonding rituals where rural masculinities are expressed via spectacles of risk taking that transgress normative ideals of manhood as epitomised by urban men and Buddhist monks.

This paper examines the close relationship between alcoholic beverages and politics in the Tang dynasty (618‑907 AD), starting with the way in which Chinese people categorised various types of beverages. Through the terminology used to denote Chinese alcohol (jiǔ) and its two opposing physical and psychological effects, the Chinese realised that it could also have numerous beneficial and harmful effects on political life. As a result, jiǔ was an important player in the Chinese imperial political scene, playing a variety of roles there, examples of which were given in large numbers in the Zizhi tongjia.

Self-killing in late imperial and modern China called into play gender disparities, and secular and religious morals often at odds with each other. Scholarship has long focused on Confucian virtue ethics that led young widows to follow their husband to death, or take a chastity vow and disfigure themselves to avoid rape, but little effort has been made to examine suicide practices cross-culturally. This paper compares such practices among Han women from the southeast coast and indigenous Naxi and Lahu women of upland Yunnan, throwing light on the aesthetics behind their struggles for justice, free-choice marriage and beliefs in posthumous love.

In the Chinese linguistic tradition, the term ‘structural particle(s)’ (jiégòu zhùcí 结构助词) is used to refer to functional elements that mainly act as markers of adnominal modification, nominalisation, adverbial modification and in the so-called verb complement constructions. In Standard Mandarin, the three commonly used structural particles are all realised as /tə/, but they are written with different characters (的, 地 and 得), which somehow reflect their distinct origins. However, the same functions are mapped onto different markers in other Sinitic languages, and each of the functions listed above may be associated to more than one construction. In this paper, we provide an overview of the range of variation in the domain of structural particles in Sinitic, based on the analysis of a convenience sample of 77 Chinese dialects. We highlight some areal and genealogical trends in the distribution of these forms, and we discuss some hypotheses on their origins and on their evolution: specifically, we focus on the markers of adnominal and adverbial modification. We argue that markers of adnominal and adverbial modification may sometimes arise from different sources and undergo formal merger, due to structural analogy and/or to phonetic similarity.

In the mid‑nineteenth century, the missionaries of the London Missionary Society founded the journal Liuhe congtan 六合叢談. Its varied contents included a recurring column titled “Western Literature” in English and Xixue shuo 西學說 (Explanations on Western learning) in Chinese. The section’s editor, Joseph Edkins, used it to inform Chinese readers about Greco‑Roman antiquity and its most important thinkers and writers. The role of literature in the spread of Western learning to China has not yet received much attention. This paper will analyse Edkins’ columns, his motives for writing them, and the topics he considered worthy of publication. This will give us insight into the cultural strategies the missionaries adopted in the era between the Opium Wars and also shed some light on the development of terms like Western Learning, philosophy and literature.

Established in 1933 during the Japanese occupation of Taiwan (1895‑1945) and rediscovered only in the 1980s, Le Moulin poetry society marked the beginning of Modernism in Taiwan. Drawing from Nishiwaki Junzaburō’s Surrealist poetry and the Japanese School of the New Sensibilities, the group, led by the poet Yang Chichang 楊熾昌, fostered a new poetic style to depict the solitude of modern life as well as the hardship of colonialism. The paper aims to analyse the emergence of Taiwan Modernism in the 1930s through the rediscovery of Le Moulin’s poetry and the translation of some of Yang Chichang’s most representative poems.

The literary relations, publishing and translation activity between Romania and China have been heavily influenced by the international exchange between the countries. The overall objective of the present research is to analyse literary translations from China to Romania between 1950-2018 from the point of view of cultural reception and to explore what this strategy involves at a larger scale. The first section of the paper will present a concise mapping of the Romanian publishing activity related to China, highlighting the influence of socio-political-economic relations between the countries which emerges from both quantitative and qualitative research results. The second section will present the results of a series of interviews with intermediary agents focusing on the cultural reflections of Chinese literature in Romania.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the syntactic status of Korean GenPs and the thematic hierarchy according to the linear order of arguments realised by them in the noun phrases. First, I tried to examine the argument structure and the linearity represented by the Korean GenPs after clarifying some restrictions for the optional and obligatory realisation of Korean genitive Case marker -uy and the linearity of their thematic roles. Second, after critically reviewing the previous analyses of the syntactic status of the Korean genitive Case marker -uy, I analysed it as an element that can be placed in specifier position of functional structure FP which is postulated between NP and DP. Finally, through this analysis, I tried to explain the thematic hierarchy of the Korean GenPs along with the semantic ambiguities caused by structural differences within a well-articulated syntactic structure of DP proposed by Cinque (2010).

In the literary convention of ‘Blessed Virgin’, female purity and spirituality are most often emphasized, as represented by the Virgin Mary in the Middle Ages and by the Angel in the House in the more secular nineteenth century. The patriarchal idealization of womanhood has deprived it of bodily desires and free will; the Blessed-Virgin women are praised and worshipped at the cost of individuality and sexuality. The Victorian conception of the ‘Angel in the House’ was the manifestation of the dominant patriarchal ideology of the nineteenth century, and was reflected in the works of a great number of male writers. As the heir apparent to the Victorian cultural heritage and the progeny of the Victorian literary forefathers, is James Joyce capable of transcending his own time? Or does Joyce actually expose the workings of ideology and desire in order to subvert such conventions, as some critics have argued? This article aims to rethink the issue of the centuries-old representation of the Blessed-Virgin and to reread James Joyce’s representation of Blessed-Virgin women in his works. The central argument of this paper is to demonstrate the Blessed-Virgin women’s individuality as thinking and desiring subjects, and their agency to influence the male consciousness and to challenge the patriarchal dominance, as exemplified by the feminine characters Gretta (“The Dead”), the Bird-Girl (A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man), and Gerty (Ulysses), in Joyce’s works.