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The article focuses on a single-cell multi-omics analysis of Natural Killer (NK) lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients, aiming to characterize the innate immunological response to infection and potentially identify novel biomarkers associated with patient reactions to SARS-CoV-2.

The article focuses on the development and potential of an autologous Leukocyte-Fibrin-Platelet membrane (LFPm) enriched with growth factors, cytokines, and stem cells for the treatment of cartilage lesions, with in vitro and in vivo studies supporting its regenerative potentials.

The article focuses on nanocomposite conductive nerve conduits for peripheral nerve injury recovery, demonstrating the potential of these conduits, particularly those incorporating multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT), to enhance nerve regeneration and function in preclinical studies.

The article offers information on cryopreserved versus decellularized trachea. Topics include information on treatment for patients with tracheal lesions; tracheal replacement in patients by the adoption of airway substitutes; and engineered substitutes based on decellularization are also intriguing but identification of an extracellular matrix (ECM).

The surgical approach to peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) with substance loss depends on injury severity. If end-to-end suture is not possible, interposition of autologous nerve grafts represents the current gold standard [1]; however, growing interest is arousing towards effective comorbidities-free alternatives: nerve conduits (NCs). In this study, different NCs based on the new oxidized polyvinyl alcohol (OxPVA) [2,3] were implanted in a rat model of sciatic nerve transection (gap=5mm). Briefly, 18 animals were randomized to 6 groups implanted with: Reverse Autograft (RA, control); Reaxon® (commercial device made of chitosan); OxPVA; OxPVA+EAK peptide; OxPVA+EAK-YIGSR peptide; OxPVA+Nerve Growth Factor (NGF). The end point considered was 6 weeks. After implantation, both functional recovery assessment (i.e., gait analysis, sciatic functional index, von Frey filaments assay for mechanical sensitivity) and histological (hematoxylin and eosin, toluidine blue staining) and immunohistochemical (CD3, F4/80, S100, ß-tubulin) analyses occurred on explants. Eventual fibroconnective infiltrate was also evaluated by Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy. All the NCs sustained nerve regeneration as demonstrated by functional studies; OxPVA+NGF distinguished for better functional outcomes, like RA. Upon explant, all grafts were clearly recognizable without severe formation of fibrous tissue outside the NC; presence of n=1 neuroma was observed in Reaxon®. Histological/immunohistochemical analyses proved presence of regenerated nerve fibers in the central portion of all grafts (S100, ß-tubulin) in absence of lymphomonocytic infiltration (CD3, F4/80). In the centre of the NCs, morphometric analysis showed a total axons number that followed this descending order: OxPVA+EAK-YIGSR> RA>OxPVA>Reaxon®>OxPVA+NGF>OxPVA+EAK; in the distal portion, a decreasing total axon number was progressively displayed by: RA>OxPVA>OxPVA+EAK-YIGSR>OxPVA+ NGF>OxPVA+EAK>Reaxon®. SHG microscopy, revealed a less intense signal for: Reaxon®< OxPVA+EAK

The article offers information about the biomimetic scaffolds based on oxidized polyvinyl alcohol and functionalized chitosan sponges for peripheral nerve regeneration . It explores the fabrication of biohybrid scaffolds made of chitosan sponges functionalized with the self-assembling peptide EAK +/- binding of laminin-derived adhesive sequences.

The article presents a study on development and preclinical investigation of human a cellular diaphragmatic matrices. Topics include information on anatomy-inspired scaff olds for skeletal muscle regeneration; information on volumetric muscle loss (VML) which is traumatic/surgical loss of skeletal muscle; and gold standard strategy on the transposition of autologous muscular grafts/flaps to the damage site.

The article presents a study on receptor-receptor interactions in the carotid body. Topics include information on how physiopathological\environmental stimuli trigger the carotid body's release of neurotransmitters; red clusters surrounding DAPI-stained nuclei; and D2R and H3R colocalization in the carotid body (CB).

The article discusses a study conducted to investigate the collagen I- based cell-free scaffold ability to promote cartilage repair after its in vivo orthotopic implantation promoting cartilaginous repair of articular cartilage defects.

In the last decades, the use of multipotent adult stem cells has paved way for the identification of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of acquired or degenerative pathologies. Monogenic diseases such as Haemophilia A are also ideal candidates for the treatment by these emerging therapies, which may success in correcting alterated protein expression resulting from genetic mutation. Recently, adipose tissue has proven to serve as an accessible and rich source of adult stem cells with multidifferentiative properties, suitable for regenerative medical applications. Although they have already been studied for these purposes, adipose-derived stem cells are still poorly considered for Haemophilia A cell therapy and few research work have focused on their capacity to produce coagulation factor VIII when properly stimulated. This work has studied the in vitro differentiation of an adipose-derived stem cell line towards the endothelial lineage, considered to be responsible for coagulation factor production. At this end, adipose-derived stem cells were cultured into differentiation medium enriched with endothelial growth factors up to 21 days. After the induction treatment, changes in cell morphology, migratory capacity and specific gene/protein expression were evaluated by optical microscopy, transwell migration assay and qPCR/Dot Blot analysis, respectively. Our data highlighted that, already after 7 days of induction treatment, cell cultures showed to change their fibroblastoid morphology, starting to form capillary-like structures. They significantly responded to the chemotactic stimuli of endothelial growth factors, and up-regulated the expression of specific endothelial markers (CD34, PDGFRa, VE-cadherin, CD31, vWF) as the time of induction increased. Most important, we gave the first evidence that adipose stem cells are capable of secreting factor VIII after specific endothelial stimulation and without any need for gene transfection. On the base of that, stem cells from adipose tissue seem to be promising candidate for Haemophila A cell therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extrasynovial adipose tissue Infrapatellar Fat Pad (IFP) is an emerging player in knee osteoarthritis (OA) [1,2]. While the role of constitutive adipocytes in secreting cytokines is known, little awareness on origin/function of the stem cells component exists. This study aims to isolate/characterize IFP-derived stem cells (IFP-dSCs) from OA patients investigating their role in disease development. IFP samples were processed to discard matrix and the adipocyte fraction. The resulting pellet was resuspended in proliferative medium and cultured routinely. IFP-dSCs morphology and ultrastructure were observed by optical microscope and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM); expansion potential of cells was assessed by a population doubling level assay. IFP-dSCs vitality was assessed using a Apoptotic/Necrotic/Healthy Cells Detection Kit, while the metabolic activity of cell cultures was analysed by MTT assay. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to identify the presence of specific markers; in particular, IFP-dSCs were stained with antibodies against CD73/105/90/44/34/106, IL-6R/1R, VEGFR2. At last, IFP-dSCs plasticity was also assessed, evaluating their commitment towards the adipogenic, chondrogenic and endothelial lineages. IFP-dSCs isolation required 14 h; cells were fibroblast-like and typically spindle shaped at low density, showing a greater polygonal nucleus at high density. Semithin-sections stained with toluidine blue revealed vesicles in the cytoplasm, as confirmed by TEM analysis. These rounded formations of electrondense material were in proximity of empty round vesicles and in some contact areas a partial fusion between the external membranes was appreciable. An exponential growth during the entire long-term expansion period was observed, with a replication time of 42.7 ± 3.8 h. From passage (P)8 to P20, cells performed 11.9 ± 0.9 population doublings. IFP-dSCs immunophenotype was positive for the investigated markers, suggesting a role in modulation of inflammation; interestingly, cells were 100% CD73+bright both at low and high P in colture. Preliminary data about plasticity revealed the ability in differentiating towards adipogenic and endothelial lineages. Further analysis will be required to assess chondrogenic commitment. Experimental evidence on IFP-dSCs seem to correlate histopathological features of IFP in OA (i.e. thickening of interlobular septa, increase in vascularization and innervation) with the stem cell component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]