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Additional file 1: Table S1. The annotations of PGRP-SC1, PPAE-I and GST. Table S2:. The annotations of symbiotic bacteria in the transcriptomes of the Holotrichia parallela larvae postexposure to H. beicherriana LF for 72 h. Table S3. Summary of all species name, gene name, abbreviation and GenBank accession involved in phylogenetic analysis. Table S4. Oligonucleotides used for qRT-PCR and RNAi. The T7 promoter sequence is bolded in RNAi. Fig. S1. Rationality evaluation results of PGRP-SC1 (a), PPAE-I (b) and GST (c) 3D model. The red regions (A, B, L) represents the residues in most favoured regions; Bright yellow regions (a, b, l, p) represents the residues in additional allowed regions; Dark yellow regions (~a, ~b, ~l, ~p) represents the residues in generously allowed regions.

Additional file 5: Figure S3. Alignment (left) and phylogenetic analysis (right) of amino acids sequences of ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a from18 insects. The tree shown is an observed divergency tree inferred from alignment. Statistical support for each individual node on the tree is shown above the nodes. GreenBox stands for Coleoptera, BlueBox stands for Lepidoptera, YellowBox stands for Diptera and RedBox stands for Hemiptera. Al Agriotes lineatus (CAJ01876), Cg Carabus granulates (CAH04347), Md Micromalthus delibis (CAJ01880), Tc Tribolium castaneum (XP_969023), Tb Timarcha balearica (CAJ01881), Bm Byoxsm mori (ABM55591), Px Plutella xylostella (P68202), Pd Papilio dardanus (CAH04128), Sf Spodoptera frugiperda (P68203), Se Spodoptera exigua (Deduced), Dm Drosophila melanogaster (NP_476778), Aa Aedes aegypti(AAS79344), Dc Diaphorina citri (ABG81958) Ga Graphocephala atropunctata (DQ445503), Mh Maconellicoccus hirsutus(ABM55591), Of Oncopeltus fasciatus (ABN54483), AP Acyrthosiphon pisum (NP_001155610), Sa Sitobion avenae (Deduced).

Additional file 4: Table S2. Primers used for the amplification of RPS27a sequences.

Additional file 6: Table S3. Differentially expressed genes after aphid tethered migration.

Additional file 3: Figure S2. Gel visualization of differentially expressed genes before and after aphid migration. 6% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of PCR products from representative DDRT-PCR primer pairs. Arrowhead indicates genes that show different expressions before and after aphid migration.

Additional file 2: Table S1. DDRT-PCR primers.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Morphological and histological examinations of wing development in aphid nymphs. (A, a) The external and internal structures in the first instar nymphs under HD and LD conditions are similar. Wing primordia were observed in the internal structures of nymphs in both conditions. (B, b, b′) In the second instar stage, the external structures continued to be similar in nymphs under HD and LD conditions. However, the wing primordia (arrow) developed and enlarged in the winged line and the wing primordia disappeared in the wingless line. (C, C′, c, c′) Swollen structures were observed on the third instar nymphs under HD conditions, while not in the LD conditions. Swollen structures were identified as the wing bud in the future winged aphids. In the inner structures, the wing primordia continually developed and enlarged in the winged lines. Flight muscles fibers also differentiated. The primordia disappeared in the wingless line, and the area in which the flight muscle develops was occupied by fat bodies. (D, D′, d, d′) In the fourth instar stage, wing buds enlarged into the shape of a plate. There were no wing buds in the wingless line. The flight muscles of the winged line increased in size and occupied half of the thoracic area. The wing epithelia of the wing buds were folded in a complicated structure. The folding patterns were different between the forewings and hindwings. Fat bodies occupied the corresponding thoracic locations in the wingless aphids. (E) Wing hair sensilla were also seen in the winged line. (F) It shows the wing hair sensilla of the adult wing aphid.