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Inter-observer agreement (DOCX 15 kb)

11C-choline PET/CT (DOCX 16 kb)

Results optimal uptake time of tracer (DOCX 125 kb)

Corrected calcium (PDF 152 kb)

Cumulative APF at the different airway diameters per lung lobe. Table S2. Airway wall thickness per lobe. Table S3. Airway wall area per lobe. Table S4. Airway wall thickness according to smoking status. Table S5. Airway wall area according to smoking status. Table S6: Associations between airway wall thickness and age, gender and smoking status. Table S7. Associations between airway wall area and age, gender and smoking status. Table S8. Association between pulmonary function parameters and airway wall thickness, independent of age, gender, smoking status and height. Table S9. Association between pulmonary function parameters and airway wall area, independent of age, gender, smoking status and height. (DOCX 51 kb)

Supplement details on study design and additional results. (PDF 1068Â kb)

Supplementary methods. Sputum induction, bronchial biopsies, skin auto-fluorescence. Supplementary Table 1. AGE and RAGE expression in young and old never-smokers and smokers, and COPD GOLD stages. Supplementary Table 2. Correlations of AGEs and RAGE between different compartments. Supplementary Table 3. Expression QTL analysis of AGER. Supplementary Table 4. SNP association with AGE levels detected in the skin. Supplementary Figure 1. Quantitative analyses of AGEs (left panel) and RAGE (right panel) expression in A) intact epithelium, B) basal epithelium, C) smooth muscle, D) connective tissue of bronchial biopsies. Intensity of staining was scored by a 4-points scale: 0=negative staining, 1=weak positive, 2=positive, and 3=strong positive. Horizontal bars represent median values. Supplementary Figure 2. Representative immunohistological staining of AGEs (AGE 1/750, Cosmo Bio Clone 6D12) and RAGE (RAGE 1/1500, Abcam, ab7764) in young healthy controls, old healthy controls and COPD patients. Pictures are shown as 40x magnification, scans taken using the Hamamatsu Slide Scanner (Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu City, Japan). Supplementary Figure 3. Quantitative analyses of AGEs (left panel) and RAGE (right panel) expression in A) epithelium and B) smooth muscle of the peripheral airways. Intensity of staining was scored by a 4-points scale: 0=negative staining, 1=weak positive, 2=positive, and 3=strong positive. Horizontal bars represent median values.