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Supplementary Figure 3. Effects of estrogen on IgG-Fc sialylation and IgG-Fc galactosylation in individual patients. Analysis of (a, b) IgG-Fc sialylation and (c, d) IgG-Fc galactosylation in postmenopausal women with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) randomized to receive hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (a, c) or no HRT (b, d) in a controlled trial. Each line represents one patient. (PDF 2784 kb)

Supplementary methods. (DOCX 131 kb)

Supplementary Figure 4. Correlation between IgG glycosylation and estrogen levels and disease activity. Correlation between (a) IgG-Fc sialylation and (b) IgG-Fc galactosylation (y-axis) and estrogen level (x-axis). Correlation between (c) IgG-Fc sialylation and (d) IgG-Fc galactosylation (y-axis) and Disease Activity Score (DAS) (x-axis). Spearman’s correlation coefficients (r) and p values are shown. (PDF 2188 kb)

Supplementary Figure 2. Estrogen treatment increases IgG-Fc sialylation and IgG-Fc galactosylation in postmenopausal patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Forty-nine postmenopausal women with active RA were included in a randomized controlled trial receiving either hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or no HRT. Serum samples were taken at baseline and after 1 year and 2 years of treatment. Mass spectrometry-based analysis of (a) sialic acids, (b) galactose, and (c) fucose of the Fc portion of IgG2/3 (n = 17–25). Statistical analysis was performed with t tests at selected time points, as well as in an investigation over time in individuals who received HRT. * p

Supplementary Figure 1. Estrogen effects on ovalbumin-specific IgG subclasses. Ovariectomized mice received slow-release treatment pellets with placebo (Pla) or estrogen (E2; 0.83 μg/day). Ten days after ovariectomy, the animals were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA), and 14 days later, they were boostered. On day 38, IgG subclasses of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific IgG were measured. A scatterplot with means indicated by lines is shown (n = 9–11 mice per group). Statistical analysis was performed with analysis of variance followed by the Bonferroni multiple-comparisons test. (PDF 1088 kb)