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Tez (Doktora) -- Giresun Üniversitesi. Kaynakça var. viii, 44 s. : tbl. ; 28 cm. Demirbaş: 0059177 Bu çalışmada, genetiği değiştirilmiş MON810 mısır hatlarındaki genetik modifikasyonun çimlenme ve erken fide dönemlerinde olan muhtemel etkilerini belirlemek için; çimlenme döneminde mikro nükleus oluşumu, çimlenme başarısı ve morfolojik özellikler ile erken fide döneminde stoma sayıları, fide morfolojileri, pigment içerikleri, malondialdehit ve prolin içerikleri incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak genetik müdahale verimi etkileyebilecek gözle görülür değişikliklere yol açmamıştır. Bununla birlikte stres göstergesi ve koruyucu olarak çalışan prolin ile antosiyanin seviyeleri GD mısırın erken fide evresinde artmıştır. In this study, to determine possible effects of genetic modifications in genetically modified MON810 maize line on germination and early seedling the periods, micronucleus formation and morphological characteristics during germination, germination success, and stomata number, morphology of seedling, pigment content, malondialdehyde and proline contents during early seedling stage were examined. Consequently genetic modification did not lead to noticable changes which may affect the yield. However, anthocyanin and proline, which are known as indicator and protector against various stresses, increased in the early seedling stage of GM corn.

Günden güne artan çevresel ve ekonomik kaygılar, proses yoğunlaştırma ihtiyacını arttırmaktadır. Reaksiyon ve ayırma işlemlerinin aynı ünitede gerçekleşmesine ve dolayısıyla yatırım ve enerji maliyetlerinin düşmesine olanak sağlayan reaktif distilasyon kolonları da proses yoğunlaştırmanın kimya mühendisliği alanındaki en iyi örneklerinden birisidir. Literatüre bakıldığında, reaktif distilasyon kolonuyla ilgili tasarım ve kontrol çalışmalarının büyük çoğunluğunda tek kademeli reaksiyon sistemlerinin incelendiği görülmektedir. Ardışık iki reaksiyon içeren sistemlerin yatışkın hal tasarımının incelendiği çalışmaların sayısı ise çok az olup, bu çalışmaların tamamında tek reaktif bölgeli reaktif distilasyon kolonları kullanılmıştır. Yu ve arkadaşları, yakın tarihli bir çalışmalarında biri varsayımsal diğeri gerçek olmak üzere iki örnek için tek reaktif bölgeli ve çift reaktif bölgeli reaktif distilasyon kolonlarının yatışkın hal tasarımlarını incelemiş ve sonuç olarak çift reaktif bölgeli reaktif distilasyon kolonlarının ekonomik açıdan daha avantajlı olduğunu belirtmişlerdir [1]. Ancak çift reaktif bölgeli reaktif distilasyon kolonlarının tek reaktif bölgeli kolonlara göre daha üstün olup olmadığını söyleyebilmek için yatışkın hal tasarımlarıyla birlikte dinamik davranışları ve kontrol edilebilirlikleri de incelenmelidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yatışkın hal tasarımı Yu ve arkadaşları tarafından yapılmış olan, iki kademeli ardışık transesterifikasyon reaksiyonları yoluyla dietil karbonat üretiminin gerçekleştiği tek ve çift reaktif bölgeli reaktif distilasyon kolonlarının kontrol edilebilirliğinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Bu amaçla, Aspen Dynamics simülasyon programı kullanılarak, iki sıcaklığa dayalı, üç farklı kontrol yapısı tasarlanmıştır. Tüm kontrol yapıları önce tek reaktif bölgeli reaktif distilasyon kolonları için kurulmuş, bu kontrol yapıları besleme akımları arasına bir oran kontrolü ekleyerek çift reaktif bölgeli reaktif distilasyon kolonları için modifiye edilmiştir. Sıcaklık kontrolü için kullanılan rafların seçimi, yatışkın hal duyarlılık analizi ile yapılmıştır. Kontrol yapılarının gürbüzlüğünün incelenmesi için üretim hızına ±%20, reaktan saflıklarına da %10 oranında bozan etkenler verilmiştir. Sonuçlar, tasarım maliyeti bakımından avantajlı olan çift reaktif bölgeli reaktif distilasyon kolonlarının, uygun kontrol ediciler kullanıldığında tek reaktif bölgeli reaktif distilasyon kolonlarına alternatif olacak nitelikte olduğunu göstermiştir. The increasing environmental and economic concerns enhance the need of process intensification in chemical industry. Implementations of process intensification allow to improve process flexibility, safety, product quality and reduce capital and operating costs. Reactive distillation which combines reaction and separation in a single unit is one of the well-known examples of process intensification. This combination of two different operations in one unit reduces energy and operating costs. Reactive distillation columns offer several advantages to the conventional multi-unit reactor-column systems. The basic advantage of reactive distillation columns is reducing energy consumption. Owing to taking place reaction and separation in same zone, production and removal of products occur simultaneously, which means that conversion increases for reversible reactions. For exothermic reactions, the heat of reaction can be used for vaporization, which reduces the reboiler duty. Besides these, reducing catalyst requirements, avoidance of azeotropes, reducing by-product formation are the other significant advantages of reactive distillation systems. Nevertheless, having fewer valves and non-linear feature of the system make control of reactive distillation columns more complex. The literature review shows that the most of reaction systems for reactive distillation columns belong to two reactant-two product (A+B↔C+D) or two reactant-one product (A+B↔C) classes. Besides these, there are a limited number of studies on two-stage consecutive reaction systems as A+B↔C+D and C+B↔E+D. In all of these studies, reactive distillation columns with single reactive section have been investigated to separate two-stage consecutive reaction systems. Recently, Yu et al. (2014) compared the steady-state designs of reactive distillation columns with single and double reactive sections to separate two-stage consecutive reaction systems. In the case of reactive distillation column with double reactive section, common reactant, which is used in both reactions, is fed into both reactive sections. The other reactant is fed into only upper reactive section. So, it is predicted that while the first stage reaction takes place dominantly in the upper reactive section, the second stage reaction occurs principally in the lower reactive section. Adding one more reactive section provide more degrees of freedom such as number of stages for both reactive sections, number of stages between two reactive sections, splitting ratio of common reactant and the location of feed stages. More degrees of freedom result in not only consolidation of internal mass and energy integration between reaction and separation operations but also a better steady-state performance of reactive distillation column with double reactive section. They studied two different, one generic and one real, two-stage consecutive reaction systems. The real reaction system is the transesterification of dimethyl carbonate with ethanol to form diethyl carbonate. In both reaction systems, the distillation column with double reactive sections is designed to have the same number of stages and the same composition of products with the distillation column with single reactive section, which is designed to have the lowest total annual cost for the desired purity. Yu et al. reported that the reactive distillation columns with double reactive sections are more economic for both of the examples and can be a highly competitive alternative to conventional reactive columns for the separation of the two-stage consecutive reactions. However, in order to indicate that the reactive distillation column with double reactive sections is an alternative to reactive distillation column with single reactive section, dynamic performance of reactive distillation column with double reactive section must be investigated.The purpose of this thesis is to compare the control performance of reactive distillation columns with single and double reactive sections for transesterification of dimethyl carbonate with ethanol to form diethyl carbonate. In accordance with this purpose, three different two-point temperature control structures are designed by using commercial software Aspen Dynamics. Firstly, the control structures were designed for reactive distillation column with single reactive section and then they were modified for reactive distillation column with double reactive sections by adding a ratio control between two feed streams. The alternatives of every single control structure are formed by manipulating the ratios between feed streams instead of controlling them by manipulating the feed stream flowrates. It is anticipated that selection of feed ratio as manipulated variable for one of the temperature control loops provides required ratio of reactants in the case of feed composition disturbances.The dimethyl carbonate feed flow DMC, ethanol feed flow fed into top reactive section ETOH1 and vapor boilup VS, are flow controlled and used as production rate handle in control structures CS1, CS2 and CS3, respectively. In the all control structures, bottom and distillate flowrates are manipulated to control column base and reflux drum levels, respectively. Also reflux ratios are fixed and pressure is controlled by manipulating condenser heat duty. There are two and three valves left in the cases of reactive distillation column with single reactive section and reactive distillation column with double reactive sections, respectively. These manipulated variables are used to keep the product pruties on desired values.The selection of the tray locations for temperature control loops is made by using sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity analysis is based upon changes of controlled variables against the changes of potential manipulated variables. PI controllers are used in temperature control loops with a 60 sec time lag. Then, controller parameters are tuned using Tyreus-Luyben tuning method.The results of this thesis shows that CS1 is not a proper control structure for both reactive distillation columns with single and double reactive sections cases. It takes approximately fifteen hours to set new steady-state values for changes in both production rate and feed composition. The new steady-state values of product compositions in the case of CS2 and CS3 do not show significiant difference for changes in both production rate and feed composition. However, it is illustrated that CS2 has better performance based on ITAE values analyzed. Additionally, the results show that the manipulating the ratios between feed streams instead of manipulating the feed stream flowrates to control temperatures does not lead to an improvement in the control performances.The results also demonstrate that dynamic performance of reactive distillation column with double reactive sections is as good as reactive distillation column with single reactive section. Thus, the reactive distillation column with double reactive sections can be an alternative to conventional reactive distillation column with single reactive section for separation of the two-stage consecutive reversible reactions with regard to steady-state and dynamic performances. 85

Ayçiçeği (Helianthus annuus) ülkemizin en önemli yağ bitkisi olup, tohumunda ihtiva ettiği % 45'lik yağ oranı ile yağ sanayinin ana hammaddesi sayılmaktadır. Etmeni Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. & de Toni olan Ayçiçeği mildiyösü tüm dünyada ayçiçeğinin en önemli hastalığıdır. Şimdiye kadar etmenin dünyada 36 ırkı tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada ülkemizdeki ayçiçeği ekim alanlarındaki P. halstedii'nin mevcut ırklarının tespiti ve bu ırklara karşı bazı ticari ayçiçeği çeşitlerinin reaksiyonları belirlenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında 2010 yılında Türkiye'nin yoğun ayçiçeği tarımı yapılan Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli, Ankara, Kırşehir, Kırıkkale, Eskişehir, Bursa, Samsun, Tokat ve Adana illerinde sürveyler yapılmıştır. Sürveyler sonucunda 65 adet P. halstedii izolatı elde edilmiş ve saflaştırılmıştır. İzolatların tamamına PCR yapılarak 310 bp lik türe spesifik bant elde edilmiş ve sekans analizi yapılarak tanı doğrulanmıştır. Teşhis çalışmaları sonucunda P. halstedii türü tespit edilmiştir. Irk ayırıcı set kullanılarak P. halstedii izolatlarının ırk tespitleri yapılmış ve ülkemizde etmenin 9 faklı ırkı (100, 102, 110, 300, 500, 502, 510, 702, 712) tespit edilmiştir. Tespit edilen ırkların hepsi Türkiye için ilk kayıt niteliğindeyken ırk 102, 712, 510 ve 110 ise dünya için yeni kayıt niteliğindedir. Mildiyö ırklarının %69,2'si ırk 100 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ülkemizdeki bazı ticari ayçiçeği çeşitlerinin P. halstedii'nin ırklarına karşı durumlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla ırk tespiti yapılan ve farklı ırkları temsil eden P. halstedi izolatları kullanılarak yaygın olarak ekimi yapılan 20 adet ticari ayçiçeği çeşidinin reaksiyonları tespit edilmiştir. Hiçbir ticari çeşit etmenin 9 farklı ırkına da dayanıklılık göstermemiştir. LG540HO, LG5580, Sanbro MR, Sanay MR, Sanbro ve Comfeta çeşitleri sırasıyla 2, 4, 3, 3, 1 ve 2'şer ırka karşı dayanıklı reaksiyonlar gözlenmiştir. Including 45 % of oil in its seed, sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is the most important oil crop plant of Turkey as well as being the the main raw material of the oil industry. Downy mildew of sunflower caused by Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. & de Toni, is the most important disease of sunflower throughout the world. Thirty six races of the disease have been detected until now. This study is to determine the present races of P. halstedii and the the reactions of some commercial sunflower varieties against these races. Within the scope of the study, surveys were performed in Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli, Ankara, Kırşehir, Kırıkkale, Eskişehir, Bursa, Samsun, Tokat and Adana provinces where sunflower is widely grown in 2010. During the surveys, 65 P. halstedii isolates were obtained and purified. PCR was performed to all of the isolates, a band of 310 bp spesific to the species is obtained and were validated by sequence analysis. Plasmopara halstedii was detected according to the identification studies. Using the race differential set, the races of P. halstedii were determined and nine different races of the pathogen (100, 102, 110, 300, 500, 502, 510, 702, 712) were detected. All the races detected are first records for Turkey, wheras the races 102, 712, 510, 110 are the first record for the world. Sixty nine percent of the downy mildew races was determined as race 100. The reaction of 20 commercial sunflower varieties against P. halstedii was determined by using isolates representing different races of downy mildew. None of the commercial sunflower varieties showed resistance against all the pathotypes of downy mildew at the same time. The cultivars; LG540HO, LG5580, Sanbro MR, Sanay MR, Sanbro and Comfeta were found resistant against 2, 4, 3, 3, 1 and 2 races respectively. 87

ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi KAVUN RİZOSFERİNDEN ELDE EDİLEN FLORESAN PSEUDOMONAS VE BACILLUS SPP.'NİN KAVUN FUSARIUM SOLGUNLUĞU ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ Erçin OKSAL Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Kudret ERZURUM Kavunda Fusarium oxysporum £sp. melonis'in neden olduğu Fusarium solgunluğuna karşı floresan Pseudomonas ve Bacillus spp. ile biyolojik mücadele olanaklarının araştırıldığı bu çalışmada, Ankara ili Kazan, Kalecik, Şereflikoçhisar, Beypazarı ve Ayaş ilçelerindeki kavun tarlalarındaki sağlıklı kavun bitkilerinin rizosferlerinden 141 Bacillus ve 46 floresan Pseudomonas spp. izolatı elde edilmiştir. Bu izolatlardan tesadüfi olarak seçilen 25 adet Bacillus ve 21 adet floresan Pseudomonas izol atının kavun Fusarium solgunluğuna etkileri kontrollü koşullarda araştırılmıştır. Bu izolatlardan 4 Bacillus (Bl 1-B, KZ31-B, B23-B, KZ26-B) ve 12 floresan Pseudomonas izolatı (B22-P, KZ46-P, A43-P, A44-P, KZ14-P, KZ44-P, A49-P, Ş35-P, KZ43-P, Ş13- P, Ş39-P, K10-P) etkili bulunmuştur (p>0.05). Aynı izolatlarla yapılan in vitro denemelerde ise, denemeye alman 46 izolatın tümü Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis' in koloni gelişmesini engellemiştir (p>0.05). 2005,74 sayfa ANAHTAR KELİMELER: Floresan Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis, kavun. ABSTRACT Master of Science Thesis EFFECTS OF FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONAS AND BACILLUS SPP. OBTAINED FROM MELON RHIZOSPHERE ON FUSARIUM WILT OF MELON ERCİN OKSAL Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science Department of Plant Protection Supervisor Asst. Prof. Dr. Kudret ERZURUM The aim of this research was to investigate biological control possibilities of Fusarium wilt of melon caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis with flourescent Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp. Totally 141 Bacillus spp. and 46 fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates were obtained from rhizospheres of healthy melon plants taken from fields in Kazan, Kalecik, Şereflikoçhisar, Beypazarı and Ayaş provinces of Ankara. Twenty five Bacillus and 21 fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates were selected randomly and their effects against Fusarium wilt of melon was investigated under controlled conditions. Among these isolates 4 Bacillus ((Bll-B, KZ31-B, B23-B, KZ26-B)) and 12 fluorescent Pseudomonas (B22-P, KZ46-P, A43-P, A44-P, KZ14-P, KZ44-P, A49-P, Ş35-P, KZ43-P, Ş13-P, Ş39-P, K10-P) were found to be effective (p>0.05). In in vitro studies were conducted with the same isolates, all of the 46 isolates inhibited colony growth of Fusarium oxysporum £sp. melonis. 2005, 74 pages Key Words: Fluorescent Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis, melon. 82

79 elucidated by the following observations: the dissapearence of the 2H singlet peaks appearing at 10.80 ppm in 'H-HMR spectrum of the ligand with D^O; the appearence of the specific 0-H stretching peak at 3220 cm``* in IR spectrum for oximes; as well as, other spectroscopic methods The absence of 0-H peaks corresponding to free oximes in the IR spectra of Hi^+- Cu^`1` complexes of the ligand, as well as, the presence of 0-H - 0 stretching vibrations at 1625, and 162? cm-* indicates intramolecular Hydrogen bonding. The fact that these compounds are vic-dioxime complexes having square-planer structure is supported by additional spectroscopic data The peak observed at 1630 c»`^ at IR spectrum of Fe^+ complex proves the presence of hydrogen bondings in the molecule. The peaks observed at 324Û, and 3400 cm--*- indicates the presence of OH group and HjO in the complex's structure. The vic-dioxime ligand Di-[N-(1, 1 '-asonaphthyl-4-amıno) glyoxime], [NANAGH2], formed fro» 4 -am i no- 1. 1 ' -azonaphthyl were examined Similar to the previous investigation, the vic-dioxime character of the ligand was elucidated by the following observations' dissapearence of the 2H singlet peak appearing at 10.98 ppm in 'H-NHR spectrum of the ligand with D2O; the appearence of the specific 0-H stretching peak at 3220 cm~^ in IR spectrum for oximes; as well as, other spectroscopic methods The 0-H - 0 stretching vibrations observed at 1640 cm-* in the IR spectra of Hi^+, Cu^+ and Fe^+ complexes show the presence of intramolecular H bonding. The peak observed in the 'H-NMR spectrum at 11.62 ppm indicates the presence intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the Ni`*`' complex's structure. The peaks observed at 3230 cm-^ and 3405 cm-`'*- in the IR spectrum indicates the presence of OH group and H2Û in the Fe^+ complex's structure The powder pigment properties of all the synthesised dyestuif, ligand, and complexes were checked thoroughly. It was observed that solvent dyestuff and ligands don't posess pigment dyestuff properties The low degradation points, and the insufficient solubilities of these complexes in water, inorganic80 solutions, and organic solvents, porhibits their use as pigment dyestuff On the other hand, high degredation points. good dust pigment fastness, and high yields of the complexes allow their use as pigment dyestuff. The very high molar absorbtion coefficients of these complexes in UV-visible spectrum show good color depth quality High color depth is a desired property for all dyestuff. As a conclusion, all the synthesised complexes in this work can be used as pigment dyestuff in textile and similar industries79 elucidated by the following observations: the dissapearence of the 2H singlet peaks appearing at 10.80 ppm in 'H-HMR spectrum of the ligand with D^O; the appearence of the specific 0-H stretching peak at 3220 cm``* in IR spectrum for oximes; as well as, other spectroscopic methods The absence of 0-H peaks corresponding to free oximes in the IR spectra of Hi^+- Cu^`1` complexes of the ligand, as well as, the presence of 0-H - 0 stretching vibrations at 1625, and 162? cm-* indicates intramolecular Hydrogen bonding. The fact that these compounds are vic-dioxime complexes having square-planer structure is supported by additional spectroscopic data The peak observed at 1630 c»`^ at IR spectrum of Fe^+ complex proves the presence of hydrogen bondings in the molecule. The peaks observed at 324Û, and 3400 cm--*- indicates the presence of OH group and HjO in the complex's structure. The vic-dioxime ligand Di-[N-(1, 1 '-asonaphthyl-4-amıno) glyoxime], [NANAGH2], formed fro» 4 -am i no- 1. 1 ' -azonaphthyl were examined Similar to the previous investigation, the vic-dioxime character of the ligand was elucidated by the following observations' dissapearence of the 2H singlet peak appearing at 10.98 ppm in 'H-NHR spectrum of the ligand with D2O; the appearence of the specific 0-H stretching peak at 3220 cm~^ in IR spectrum for oximes; as well as, other spectroscopic methods The 0-H - 0 stretching vibrations observed at 1640 cm-* in the IR spectra of Hi^+, Cu^+ and Fe^+ complexes show the presence of intramolecular H bonding. The peak observed in the 'H-NMR spectrum at 11.62 ppm indicates the presence intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the Ni`*`' complex's structure. The peaks observed at 3230 cm-^ and 3405 cm-`'*- in the IR spectrum indicates the presence of OH group and H2Û in the Fe^+ complex's structure The powder pigment properties of all the synthesised dyestuif, ligand, and complexes were checked thoroughly. It was observed that solvent dyestuff and ligands don't posess pigment dyestuff properties The low degradation points, and the insufficient solubilities of these complexes in water, inorganic 78 SLMvftRY in this study. nev vic-dioxi» ligands and their Hi2+, Cu2*. and Fe^+ complenes vere synthesised. Ligands vere produced by the reactıon of primary arilamınes containing azo (-H=N-) groups. and anti-dichloroglyoxitte. The structures of the synthesised lıgands and their compleKes »ere elucidated by various analytical techniques. The pigment dyestuff properties of ali the products were investigated and it vas found that the co»plexes can be used as pigment dyestuff. The prıaary arilamines containing azo groups. used in this study are coapounds lısted in Colour In.dex, and used as solvent dyestuff. Vic-diosime ligands were produced by adding anti- dichloroglyoKİme to 4-aminobenzene, 2',3-diaethyl-4-â«dno azobenzene. ör 4-a*iJOTl, l'-azonaphthyl Tlıe Ni2+' Cu^+. and ¥&.*+ complexes of vic-dioKime Di-[N-(azabenzene-4-a«ino)glyoxitte], [DHABSH2Î forned f rom 4-aminoazobenzene were eHamıned. The vic-diojtime character of the ligand v&s elucidated by the follovıng observatıons. the dissapearence of the 2H singlet peaks appearing at 10.80 pp» in 'H-NMR spectrua of the ligand «ith D£Û the appearence of the specific 0-B stretching peak at 3220 ca~^ in ÎR spectrum f ör OKiaes: other spectroscopic aethods. as veli as, ele&ental analysis. The O-H-O stretching vibrations observed at 1630. 1640. and 1750 cm`1 in th© ÎR spectra of Nİ2+. Fe3+. and Cu2+ cx33uple3ies, respectively. shov the presence of intraaolecular H bonding. The coabined peaks observed at 3200. and 3400 cj»~l indıcates the presence of OH group and l^O in the coB.plex's structure. Tltese findings were supported further by results of elemental analysis and solubility tests. The vic-dioxitte ligand Bis[N-(2',3-dimethyl-4-amino azobenzene)glyoxiae], [DMABGH21. formed fro» 2'.3-dinethyl-4- amino azobenzene vere examined. Siailar to the previous in^estigation, the vic-dioxime character of the ligand was79 elucidated by the following observations: the dissapearence of the 2H singlet peaks appearing at 10.80 ppm in 'H-HMR spectrum of the ligand with D^O; the appearence of the specific 0-H stretching peak at 3220 cm``* in IR spectrum for oximes; as well as, other spectroscopic methods The absence of 0-H peaks corresponding to free oximes in the IR spectra of Hi^+- Cu^`1` complexes of the ligand, as well as, the presence of 0-H - 0 stretching vibrations at 1625, and 162? cm-* indicates intramolecular Hydrogen bonding. The fact that these compounds are vic-dioxime complexes having square-planer structure is supported by additional spectroscopic data The peak observed at 1630 c»`^ at IR spectrum of Fe^+ complex proves the presence of hydrogen bondings in the molecule. The peaks observed at 324Û, and 3400 cm--*- indicates the presence of OH group and HjO in the complex's structure. The vic-dioxime ligand Di-[N-(1, 1 '-asonaphthyl-4-amıno) glyoxime], [NANAGH2], formed fro» 4 -am i no- 1. 1 ' -azonaphthyl were examined Similar to the previous investigation, the vic-dioxime character of the ligand was elucidated by the following observations' dissapearence of the 2H singlet peak appearing at 10.98 ppm in 'H-NHR spectrum of the ligand with D2O; the appearence of the specific 0-H stretching peak at 3220 cm~^ in IR spectrum for oximes; as well as, other spectroscopic methods The 0-H - 0 stretching vibrations observed at 1640 cm-* in the IR spectra of Hi^+, Cu^+ and Fe^+ complexes show the presence of intramolecular H bonding. The peak observed in the 'H-NMR spectrum at 11.62 ppm indicates the presence intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the Ni`*`' complex's structure. The peaks observed at 3230 cm-^ and 3405 cm-`'*- in the IR spectrum indicates the presence of OH group and H2Û in the Fe^+ complex's structure The powder pigment properties of all the synthesised dyestuif, ligand, and complexes were checked thoroughly. It was observed that solvent dyestuff and ligands don't posess pigment dyestuff properties The low degradation points, and the insufficient solubilities of these complexes in water, inorganic80 solutions, and organic solvents, porhibits their use as pigment dyestuff On the other hand, high degredation points. good dust pigment fastness, and high yields of the complexes allow their use as pigment dyestuff. The very high molar absorbtion coefficients of these complexes in UV-visible spectrum show good color depth quality High color depth is a desired property for all dyestuff. As a conclusion, all the synthesised complexes in this work can be used as pigment dyestuff in textile and similar industries 89

Ill öz Bu çalışmanın amacı, yeni vic-dioksim ve monooksim ligandlarının sentezlenerek, bunların bazı geçiş raetalleriyle ver dikleri kompleks bileşiklerin incelenmesi ve yapılarının aydınlatılmışıdır. Bu nedenle, vic-dioksim olarak N-(.2-tolil) amino çlioksim ve raonooksim olarak da l,4-benzoksazin-2-on- oksira ve l,4-ben7,otiyazin-2-onoksim sentezleri yapılmış, bu ligandlarm Wi+2, Cı.ı+2, Fe*3, Co+2 ile verdikleri komp leks bileşiklerin yapıları, elementel analiz, NMR, İR, EN tayini vs. gibi fiziksel yöntemlerle aydınlatılmaya çalışılmış tır. IV ABSTRACT The aim of this research work is to synthesize new vic-dioxime and monooxime ligands and to investigate the structural elucidation of the complexes of these ligands formed by some transition metals. For this reason I- (2- tolyl) amino glyoxime as vic-dioxime and 1,4-benzoxazine- 2-one-oxlme and 1,4- benzotiazine-2-one-oxime as monooxime were synthesized. The structures of the complex compounds these ligands form with Hi, Cu+, Fe+^ and Co+ have been elucidated by elementary analysis, melting points, HMR and IR spectroscopic techniques. 51

Metal alkoksitler hidrolize karşı oldukça dirençsizdir. Hidroliz olarak, hızlı çökelmelerini önlemek için çeşitli organik ligantlarla modifiye edilebilirler. Kelat oluşturucu ligantlarla modifiye edilen metal alkoksitlerin hidroliz reaksiyonları kimyasal olarak kontrol edilebilebilir.Bu çalışmada, kuvvetli kelat özelliğe sahip oksim ligantları ile metal alkoksitler kompleksleştirmiş ve elde edilen komplekslerin yapıları aydınlatılmıştır. Öncelikle anti-kloroglioksim ile farklı amin gruplarının reaksiyonlarından vic-dioksim ligantları elde edilmiştir. Sentezlenen vic-dioksim ligantlarının ve ticari olarak mevcut olan bazı pridil monoksim ligantlarının titanyum tetra n-bütoksit (Ti(OBun)4) ve zirkonyum tetra n-bütoksit (Zr(OBun)4) ile kompleksleşme reaksiyonları gerçekleştirilmiş, oluşan komplekslerin yapıları elementel analiz, FT-IR ve 1H-NMR ile aydınlatılmıştır.ANAHTAR KELİMELER: Metal alkoksit, pridil monoksim, vic-dioksim Metal alkoxides are considerably resistanceless against hydrolyzes and they are modified by various organic ligands to prevent rapid settlings. Hydrolysis reactions of the metal alkoxides modified by chelate composing ligands are chemically containable.In this study, oxime ligands having strong chelate functionality and metal alkoxides were comlexed and the structure of the complexes were clarified. First vic- dioxime ligands were obtained from the reaction of antikloroglioxime with different amine groups. Complexing reactions of these obtained vic- dioxime ligands and some commercially available pyridyl monoxime ligands with titanium tetra n-butoxide (Ti(OBun)4) and zirconium tetra n-butoxide (Zr(OBun)4) were performed and the structure of the consisted complexes were clarified with elementary analysis, FT-IR and 1H-NMR.KEYWORDS: Metal alkoxide, pyridyl monoxime, vic-dioxime 122

Bu çalışmada, sol-jel yöntemi ile silisyum bor oksikarbür (SiBOC) polimer jeller ve hidroborasyon reaksiyonu ile organoborosiloksan polimerleri sentezlenmiştir. Elde edilen polimerlerin inert atmosferde pirolizi ile SiBOC seramikleri elde edilmiştir. Farklı parametreler kullanarak sentezlenen ve literatürde yer almayan polimerler ve seramik tozların yapısı, termal özellikleri ve kristallenme davranışları Fourier Transform Infrared Spektroskopisi (FT-IR), Termogravimetrik Analiz (TGA) ve X-Işını Kırınımı (XRD) tekniği ile incelenmiştir.SiBOC polimer başlatıcı jel eldesinde farklı silanlar, farklı bor bileşikleri (bor kaynağı) ve değişen B/Si mol oranları kullanılmıştır. Reaksiyon esnasında gliserin ilavesinin ve reaksiyon sonunda ultrasonik ve mikro dalga uygulamasının, polimerlerin jelleşme zamanı, seramik tozlarının yapısı ve bozunma sıcaklığına etkisi incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, organoborosiloksan polimer eldesinde kullanılan siloksan yapısının ve siloksan/boran mol oranının seramik tozların yapısı ve bozunma sıcaklığına etkisi incelenmiştir.Sonuç olarak, organik gruplardaki dallanmanın azalmasının, yapıdaki bor oranının artmasının, bor kaynağı olarak trietilborat (TEB) kullanılmasının, gliserin ilavesinin ve ultrasonik ve mikrodalga uygulamasının jelleşme süresini kısaltıcı etmenler olduğu gözlenmiştir. XRD analizi sonucu, tüm seramik tozlarda 1400°C?de ß-SiC kristal oluşumunun gözlenmesi, termal açıdan kararlı amorf SiBOC seramiklerin elde edildiğini göstermiştir. In this study, silicon boron oksikarbür (SiBOC) precursor polymer gels were synthesized by sol-gel method and organoborosiloksan polymers were synthesized by hydroboration reaction. SiBOC ceramics were obtained by the pyrolysis of this polymers in an inert atmosphere. Polymers and ceramic powders that have not been in the literature were synthesized using different parameters. Structure, thermal properties and crystallization behavior of them were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique.To obtain SiBOC precursor polymer gels, different silanes, boron compounds and B/Si molar ratio were used. The effect of addition of glycerine during the reaction and ultrasonic and microwave application at the end of the reaction to the polymer gelation times and decomposition temperature of ceramic powders were investigated. In addition, structure of the used siloxane to produce the organoborosiloxane polymers and siloxane/borane molar ratio were investigated in terms of the effect to the structure and the decomposition temperature of ceramic powders.As a conclusion, the decrease in branching of the organic groups, the increase of the percentage of boron in the structure, the use of triethylborate (TEB) as boron sources, the addition of glycerin and the application of ultrasonic and microwave reduced the gelation time (tgel). XRD analysis results show that, ß-SiC crystal were observed in the all ceramic powders at 1400°C and amorphous SiBOC ceramics with stability at high temperatures were obtained. 101

Bu çalışmada, Adana yöresinden temin edilen yafa cinsi portakalların kabuklarından çözgensiz mikrodalga ekstraksiyonu (SFME) yöntemiyle esansiyel yağ elde edilmiş, elde edilen esansiyel yağın ekstraksiyon verimi hesaplanmış ve GC-MS yöntemi ile içerik (bileşen) analizi yapılmıştır. Esansiyel yağın kırılma indisi, optik çevirme açısı ve alkolde çözünürlüğü gibi fiziksel özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen esansiyel yağ, sol-jel yöntemiyle silika matris içine alınarak enkapsüle edilmiştir. Enkapsülasyon verimi Termogravimetrik analiz (TGA) yardımıyla bulunmuş, enkapsülasyondan sonra esansiyel yağ içeriği yine GC-MS yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. In this study, essential oil was obtained by solvent free microwave extraction (SFME) method from peel of yafa genus orange which provided from Adana region. Extraction yield of obtained essential oil was calculated, and content analysis of EO was done by GC-MS method. Physical properties like refractive index, optical rotation angle and solubility in alcohol were identified.Obtained essential oil was encapsulated by sol-gel method via taking into silica matrix. Encapsulation yield of essantial oil was found by thermogravimetric method, essential oil content after encapsulation was also determined by GC-MS method. 61

Malatya ili kavun yetiştiricilik alanlarında görülen virüs hastalıkları ve yaygınlık oranları moleküler yöntemler ile araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla Malatya ili önemli kavun üretim alanları olan Arapkir ve Arguvan'dan tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemine göre kavun numuneleri toplanmış, Battalgazi ilçesinden ise az sayıda Cucurbit türünden örneklemeler yapılmıştır. Toplanan örneklerde Hıyar mozaik (Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus, CMV), Kabak sarı mozaik (Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus, ZYMV), Karpuz mozaik (Watermelon mosaic potyvirus, WMV) ve Kabak mozaik (Squash mosaic comovirus, SqMV) virüslerinin varlığı ve yaygınlık oranları moleküler yöntemler ile araştırılmıştır. Yürütülen RT-PCR testleri sonucunda kavunlarda herhangi bir virüs infeksiyonuna rastlanmazken Battalgazi ilçesinden alınan hıyarda CMV, kabakta ZYMV ve karpuzda WMV virüsleri tespit edilmiştir. Moleküler olarak tespit edilen ZYMV ve WMV virüslerinin nükleotid dizilemesi yapılarak moleküler karakterizasyonları gerçekleştirilmiştir. ZYMV-Malatya izolatının kısmi kılıf protein geni dünyadaki diğer ZYMV izolatları ile %95-100 arasında benzerlik gösterirken tespit edilen gen dizisinde herhangi bir nükleotid mutasyonuna rastlanmamıştır. WMV-Malatya izolatının kısmi kılıf protein geni ise dünyadaki diğer WMV izolatları ile %94-99 arasında benzerlik göstermiş ve kılıf protein geni dizisisinde 1 nükleotid mutasyonu tespit edilmiştir. The presence and prevalence of virus diseases in melon cultivation areas in Malatya was investigated by molecular methods. For this purpose, melon samples were collected from Arapkir and Arguvan, which are important melon production areas of Malatya province, and samples of Cucurbit species were collected from Battalgazi district. Presence and prevalance rates of Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV), Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV), Watermelon mosaic potyvirus (WMV) and Squash mosaic comovirus (SqMV) were investigated by molecular methods. Nucleotide sequence analysis of molecularly determined ZYMV and WMV viruses and their molecular characterization was performed. As a result of the conducted RT-PCR tests no virus infection was found in melons. However, in Battalgazi district, CMV was found in cucumber, ZYMV in pumpkin and WMV in watermelon. Molecularly determined ZYMV and WMV were sequenced and their molecular characterization was performed. The partial coat protein gene of the ZYMV-Malatya isolate was found similar with other world ZYMV isolates with 95-100%. No nucleotide mutations were found in determined gene sequence. The similarity of the partial coat protein gene of WMV-Malatya isolate with other WMV world isolates was 94-99% and 1 nucleotide mutation was detected in the coat protein gene sequence. 50

Kontrollü ilaç salım teknolojisi kimyagerlerin ve kimya mühendislerinin sağlıkla ilgili araştırmalarında hızla ilerleyen bilim alanlarından biridir. Kontrollü ilaç salım sistemleri, ilaç etkinliğinin ve biyouyumluluğun arttırılması, toksisitenin ve dozajın azaltılması, hastaya uyumluluğu ve hastanın konforunun geliştirilmesi de dâhil olmak üzere geleneksel dozaj formlarına kıyasla sayısız avantajlar sunmaktadır. Mezogözenekli silika nanopartiküller (MSN), oldukça geniş yüzey alanı, büyük gözenek hacmi, termal kararlılıkları, biyouyumlulukları ve gözenek yüzeylerinin modifiye edilebilmesinden dolayı kontrollü ilaç salım sistemleri için uygun destek malzemeleri olarak büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada mezogözenekli malzemelerin en önemli üyeleri olan MCM-41 ve SBA-15 sentezlenmiş, ardından aşılama (grafting) yöntemi ile yüzeyi modifiye edilmiştir. Modifikasyon için 3-(aminopropil)-trietoksisilan (APTES), 3-(aminopropil)trimetoksisilan (APTMS) ve Bor triizopropoksit (B(OiPr)3) kullanılmıştır. Sentezlenen ve yüzey modifikasyonu yapılan MSN'ler; Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi Spektroskopisi (FTIR), Nükleer Manyetik Rezonans Spektroskopisi (NMR), Küçük Açılı X-ışını Saçılımı (SAXS), Yüksek Çözünürlüklü Geçirimli Elektron Mikroskobu (HRTEM) , N2 adsorpsiyon-desorpsiyon (BET) izotermleri ve elementel analiz teknikleri ile karakterize edilmiştir. Yalın ve modifiye MCM-41 ve SBA-15'in ilaç yükleme-salım kapasitesinin incelenmesi için model ilaç olarak ampisilin seçilmiştir. Ampisilin, genelde gram pozitif bakteriler gibi organizmaların sebep olduğu bakteriyel enfeksiyonların tedavisinde kullanılan amino penisilin beta-laktam antibiyotiktir. Yalın ve modifiye MSN'lere yüklenen ampisilin ve simüle vücut sıvısında salınan ampisilin miktarları Sıvı Kromatografisi-Kütle Spektrometrisi (LC-MS/MS) ile izlenerek belirlenmiştir. Modifikasyonların MCM-41 ve SBA-15'in ampisilin yükleme kapasitesini artırdığı, ampisilin salımında ani bir konsantrasyon piki (tepe-vadi) oluşumunu önlediği ve salımın 72 saat süresince kararlı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Controlled drug release technology is one of the rapidly advancing scientific areas of chemists and chemistry engineers' research on health. Controlled drug release systems offer numerous advantages over traditional dosage forms, including enhancing drug efficacy and biocompatibility, reducing toxicity and dosage, improving patient compliance and patient comfort. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) are of great importance as support materials for controlled drug release systems because of their large surface area, large pore volume, thermal stability, bio-compatibility and the ability to modify pore surfaces. In this study, MCM-41 and SBA-15, which are the most important members of mesoporous materials, were synthesized and surface modified by grafting method. 3- (Aminopropyl) –triethoxysilane (APTES), 3-(aminopropyl)-trimethoxysilane (APTMS) and Bortriisopropoxide [B(OiPr)3] were used for modification. Synthesized and surface modified MSNs were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR), Small Angular X-Ray Scattering (SAXS), High Resolution Transparent Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), N2 adsorption-desorption (BET) isotherms and elemental analysis techniques. Ampicillin was chosen as the model drug for the examination of drug loading-release capacity of bare and modified MCM-41 and SBA15. Ampicillin is an amino penicillin beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections that usually caused by organisms such as gram-positive bacteria. Quantities of ampicillin both loaded to bare and modified MSNs and released in simulated body fluid were determined by fallowing Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). It was determined that surface modification of MCM-41 and SBA-15 enhanced the ampicillin loading capacity, prevented the sharp concentration peak (peak-valley) formation in ampicillin release and the releasing was stable for 72 hours. 94

Bu çalışmada, metal alkoksitlerin koordinasyon kimyasında kuvvetli bir kelat özelliğe sahip oksim ligantlarıyla kompleksleşme reaksiyonları incelenmiştir. Oluşan kompleslerin yapısı aydınlatılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda bazı oksim ligantlarının zirkonyum tetra n-bütoksit (Zr(OBun)4) ve titanyum tetra n-bütoksit (Ti (OBun)4 ) ile kompleksleşme reaksiyonları gerçekleştirilmiş, oluşan komplekslerin yapıları elementel analiz, FT-IR ve 1H-NMR teknikleri ile aydınlatılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Sol-jel, metal alkoksit, Zr(OBun)4, Ti(OBun)4, diphenyl glyoxime (benzyl dioxime), α-benzoinoxime ve syn-2-pyridinealdoxime. In this study, complexation reaction of metal alkoxides with oxime ligands that have strong chelating property in coordination chemistry were investigated. Structures of the formed complexes were clarified.In these terms complexation reactions of titanium tetra n-butoxide and zirconium tetra n-butoxide with diphenyl glyoxime (benzyl dioxime), α-benzoinoxime and syn-2-pyridinealdoxime have been examined and structure of the complexes formed have been determined by elementel analysis, FT-IR and 1H-NMR techniques.Keywords: Sol-gel, metal alkoxide, Zr(OBun)4, Ti (OBun)4, diphenyl glyoxime (benzyl dioxime), α-benzoinoxime and syn-2-pyridinealdoxime. 83

Uçucu yağlar sahip oldukları koku tat ve biyolojik etkilerinden dolayı gıda, ilaç, kozmetik ve ev temizlik ürünleri gibi endüstrilerde kullanılmaktadırlar. Son zamanlarda alternatif tıbba duyulan ilginin artmasıyla insanlar arasında kullanımı da artmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında Origanum minutiflorum (kekik), Eugenia caryophyllata (karanfil), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (okaliptus) ve Cymbopogon citratus (limon otu) bitkilerinden uçucu yağlar hidrodestilasyon yöntemiyle elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen yağlardan sırasıyla karvakrol, öjenol, ve 1,8-sineol etken maddeleri izole edilmiştir. İzole edilen etken maddeler Gaz Kromatografisi-Kütle Spektrometrisi (GC-MS) ve Gaz Kromatografisi (GC-FID), Nükleer Manyetik Rezonans Spektroskopisi (NMR) ve Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi Spektroskopisi (FTIR) ile karakterize edilmiştir. İzole edilen etken maddeler, standart etken maddeler ve uçucu yağlar sol-jel ve dondurarak kurutma (freeze drying) yöntemleriyle enkapsüle edilmiştir. Toz haldeki enkapsüle uçucu yağların ve etken maddelerin yapısı ve termal özellikleri, Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM), FTIR, Yüzey Alanı ve Porozite (Gözeneklilik) Analizi (BET), Termogravimetrik Analizi (TGA) ve 29Si-NMR Analizi ile karakterize edilmiştir. Etken maddelerin izolasyonunda kimyasal ekstraksiyon ve kimyasal türevlendirme yöntemleri uygulanmıştır. Sol-jel yöntemiyle enkapsülasyon prosesinde uçucu yağlar, izole edilen etken maddeler ve standart etken maddeler Tween 20 sürfektantı kullanılarak disperse edilmiştir. Sol-jel reaksiyonu için başlangıç maddesi olarak kolloidal silika (Ludox 40) kullanılmıştır. Tween 20 ve kolloidal silika miktarları enkapsüle edilecek her bir materyale göre ayrı ayrı optimize edilmiştir. Dondurarak kurutma yönteminde ise Arabik gam uygulaması ve arabik gam:jelatin:sukroz (1:1:1) oranlarındaki karışım uygulaması ile enkapsülasyon gerçekleştirilmiştir.Çalışma sonucunda Origanum minutiflorum yağından karvakrol % 99.37, Eugenia caryophyllata yağından öjenol % 99.86 ve Eucalyptus camaldulensis yağından 1,8-sineol % 97.78 saflıkta izole edilmiştir. Sol-jel enkapsülasyonda kapsüllerin çapı 7.85-21.50 nm arasında değişirken enkapsülasyon verimi ise % 5.22-77.76 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Dondurarak kurutma prosesinde ise arabik gam uygulamasında gözenek çapları 12.73-30.29 nm arasında değişirken enkapsülasyon verimi % 9.40-85.72 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Karışım uygulamasında gözenek çapları 2.99-55.66 nm arasında değişirken enkapsülasyon verimi % 16.27-98.66 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Essential oils are being used in the food, medicine, cosmetic and household cleaners industries because of their odour, flavour and biological effects. In the recent years, the usage of essential oils by people is increasing with the increasing interest to alternative medicine. Within the scope of this study, essential oils were obtained by the hydrodistillation method from the Origanum minutiflorum (origanum), Eugenia caryophyllata (clove), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (eucalyptus) and Cymbopogon citratus (lemon balm) plants. The active substances carvacrol, eugenol and 1,8-cineole were isolated from the obtained essential oils. Isolated active substances were characterized by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Isolated active substances, standard active substances and essential oils were encapsulated with sol-gel and freeze drying methods. The structure and thermal characteristics of encapsulated essential oils and active substances which were in powdery form were characterized with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), FT-IR, Surface Area and Porosity Analysis (BET), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and 29Si-NMR Analysis. Chemical extraction and chemical derivatization methods were practised for isolation of the active substances. Essential oils, isolated active substances and standard active substances were dispersed by using Tween 20 surfactant in the sol-gel encapsulation process. Colloidal silica (Ludox 40) were used as a starting material for the sol-gel reaction. Tween 20 and colloidal silica amounts were optimized individually according to each material which will be encapsulated. Arabic gum and arabic gum:gelatine:sucrose (1:1:1) processes were realized with the freeze drying method. As a result of the study, carvacrol was isolated from Origanum minutiflorum oil with a purity of 99.37 %, eugenol was isolated from Eugenia caryophyllata oil with a purity of 99.86 %, 1,8-cineole was isolated from Eucalyptus camaldulensis oil with a purity of 97.78 %. In the sol-gel encapsulation, capsule diameters varied between 7.85 nm and 21.50 nm, encapsulation efficiency varied between 5.22 % and 77.76 %. In the freeze drying process pore diameters varied between 12.73 nm and 30.29 nm, encapsulation efficiency varied between 9.40 % and 85.72 % in the arabic gum implementation. In the mixture implementation pore diameters varied between 2.99 nm and 55.66 nm, encapsulation efficiency varied between 16.27 % and 98.66 %. 163

Bu çalışmada, Zn(II) varlığında kendiliğinden bir araya gelen multikomponent metallo supramoleküler yapılar elde etmek üzere terpiridin BODIPY ve fenantrolin BODIPY türevleri sentezlenmiştir. Terpiridin BODIPY ve fenantrolin BODIPY türevlerinin, HETTAP yaklaşımı yoluyla, heteroleptik olarak kendiliğinden bir araya gelen agregasyonları için, fenantrolin BODIPY türevi sterik olarak engellenmiştir. Metallosupramoleküler kompleks mimarilerin sentezlenmesi için, ilk önce fenantrolin BODIPY türevi (26), Zn(OTf)2 ile aynı stokiyometride kompleksleştirilmiştir. Daha sonra metallosupramoleküler kompleks yapılar, bu kompleksin, terpiridin BODIPY türevleri ile ((15), (17), (31)) reaksiyonundan sentezlenmiştir. Bu agregatlar hazırlandıktan sonra bunların enerji transfer özellikleri floresans ve absorbans ölçümleri ile incelenmiştir. Sentezlenen bütün metallosupramoleküler agregatlar donör molekülden akseptör molekülüne etkili enerji transferini göstermiştir. In this study, terpyridine BODIPY and phenantroline BODIPY derivatives were synthesized for the preparation of their multicomponent metallosupramolecular Zn(II) self assemblies. For heteroleptic self agregation of the terpyridine BODIPY and phenantroline BODIPY derivatives along with the HETTAP approach, a sterically hindered phenantroline BODIPY derivative was made. In order for the metallosupramolecular complex architecture synthesis, phenantroline BODIPY derivate (26) was first complexed with Zn(OTf)2 at the same stoichiometry. Then, the metallosupramolecular complex structures were synthesized with the reaction of terpyridine BODIPY derivates ((15), (17), (31)) with this complex. After preparation of these aggregates, energy transfer properties were investigated by fluorescence and absorbance measurements. All synthesized metallosupramolecular aggregates showed efficient energy transfer from donor molecule to the acceptor molecule. 161

Primer ve sekonder alkoller farklı indirgenler vasıtasıyla, tekabül eden karbonil bileşiklerinin indirgenmesiyle sentezlenebilirler. Çoğu zaman moleküldeki bir grubu, diğer indirgenebilen grupları etkilemeden indirgemek zordur. Bu nedenle indirgen maddelerin seçimliliği önemlidir. Bu çalışmada; bazı bor alkoksitlerin, çeşitli aldehit ve ketonların Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley indirgeme mekanizmasıyla indirgenmesi üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla bor triizopropoksit varlığında 2-pentanon, 2-butanon, 1-hekzanal, 1-pentanal, siklopentanon, benzaldehit, 2-kloro benzaldehit ve asetofenon'un; bor trisekonder bütoksit varlığında benzaldehit ve valeraldehit'in indirgenme reaksiyonları incelenmiştir. İndirgenme ürünü olan alkoller gaz kromatografisi ve kütle spektrometresi ile analiz edilmiştir. Bor alkoksitler varlığında alifatik karbonil bileşiklerinin indirgendiği, aromatik karbonil bileşiklerinin ise indirgenmediği gözlenmiştir.ANAHTAR KELİMELER : Bor alkoksitler, karbonil bileşiklerinin indirgenmesi, MPV İndirgemesi Primary and secondary alcohols can be synthesized by the reduction of the corresponding carbonyl compounds by a great variety of reagents. Usually difficult to reduct a group in the molecule without effecting the other reducible groups. Therefore the selectivity of the reducing agents is important. In this study, the effects of some boron alkoxides on reduction of various aldehydes and ketones using MPV reduction mechanism were examined. For this purpose, reduction reactions of 2-pentanone, 2-butanone, capronaldehyde, valeraldehyde, cyclopentanone, benzaldehyde, 2-chloro benzaldehyde and acetophenone in the presence of boron tri-isopropoxide; reduction reactions of benzaldehyde and valeraldehyde in the presence of boron tri-secondary butoxide were studied. The alcohols which is the production of the reduction reactions were analysed using Gaseous Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy. It was observed that, in the presence of boron alkoxides aliphatic carbonyl compounds were reduced but aromatic compounds was not reduced..KEY WORDS : Boron alkoxides, MPV Reduction, Reduction of carbonyl compounds 93