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The Component Model of Parenting (CMP), from an evolutionary perspective, proposes a phylogenetically evolved repertoire of six systems (body contact, body stimulation, face-to-face exchange, object stimulation, and primary care) and two parenting styles (distal and proximal) by combining some of these systems. We developed the Inventory of Parenting Systems and Styles (ISEP) and applied it to hospitals and schools to analyze its psychometric properties. The parenting measure analysis we propose evolved 70 primary caregivers of young children with a mean age of 22.44 months. ISEP consists of 26 daily situations and assesses the most common parenting practices caregivers adopted in each one of them. Besides, we created a Coding Guide to Parenting Practice. It enabled us to classify each response according to the CMP systems. We found a variance of 84.67% and 95.55% in codification agreement between expert judges and a significant intraclass correlation coefficient for all parenting systems, which discloses validity evidence on the response process of the inventory. Our analyses indicated the occurrence of all parental systems, with a prevalence of narrative envelope and body stimulation. Cluster analysis revealed two clusters, one formed by proximal style and another by distal style, in accordance with the interactions of the system, representing a validity of evidence based on the internal structure of the instrument. ISEP provides reasonable measures for research and professional practice in Psychology. Further research with more extensive and diverse samples is necessary to refine the instrument and, especially its guide.

The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is currently used to the track cognitive status of older adults in Brazil. Studies on its psychometric properties are lacking, especially ones that use Item Response Theory. The objective was to assess the difficulty of the items in a Brazilian version of MMSE using the Rasch model and to identify possible differential item functioning (DIF), considering schooling, age and sex of the sample of Brazilian older adults. This study used the answers of 2.734 older adults to the 30 items of MMSE. It was found that four items in the seven series were the most difficult, and items nine, 13, 22 and 23 were the easiest. The skill of respondents was higher than the items’ difficulty level. DIF was observed for schooling, sex and age in, respectively, 27, 18 and 16 items. It is concluded that the use of MMSE in Brazilian older adults should be cautious due to the large number of biased items, mainly due to schooling. Resumo O Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM) tem sido utilizado para rastrear status cognitivo de idosos brasileiros. Há poucos estudos sobre suas propriedades psicométricas, especialmente com Teoria de Resposta ao Item. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a dificuldade dos itens de uma versão brasileira do MEEM por meio do modelo de Rasch e identificar possível funcionamento diferencial dos itens (DIF), considerando escolaridade, idade e sexo dos integrantes de amostra de idosos da comunidade. Foram utilizadas as respostas de 2.734 idosos aos 30 itens do MEEM. Constatou-se que quatro itens do sete seriado foram os mais difíceis e os itens nove, 13, 22 e 23, os mais fáceis. O nível de habilidade das pessoas foi maior do que o nível de dificuldade dos itens. Observou-se DIF para escolaridade, sexo e idade, respectivamente 27, 18 e 16 itens. Conclui-se que o uso do MEEM em idosos da comunidade deve ser cauteloso devido ao grande número de itens enviesados, principalmente pela escolaridade. Resumen El Miniexamen del Estado Mental (MMSE) se ha utilizado para rastrear el estado cognitivo de los ancianos brasileños. Sin embargo, no hay estudios sobre sus propiedades psicométricas, especialmente utilizando la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la dificultad de los ítems de una versión brasileña del MMSE utilizando el modelo de Rasch, así como identificar el posible funcionamiento diferencial de los ítems (DIF), considerando el nivel de estudios, la edad y el sexo de los ancianos participantes de la muestra. Se utilizaron las respuestas de 2.734 ancianos a los 30 ítems del MMSE. Se evidenció que cuatro ítems de siete series fueron los más difíciles, y los ítems 9, 13, 22 y 23 los más fáciles. El nivel de habilidad de las personas fue más alto que el nivel de dificultad de los ítems. Se observó que el DIF para nivel de estudios, sexo y edad fueron 27, 18 y 16 ítems, respectivamente. Se concluye que el uso del MMSE en los ancianos de la comunidad debe ser cauteloso debido a la gran cantidad de ítems sesgados, principalmente por el nivel de estudios.

ResumoEste estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver uma medida de sobre-excitabilidade (SE) - tendência para reagir intensa e sensivelmente a estímulos - e obter evidências de validade baseadas no conteúdo e na estrutura interna dessa medida. Para tanto, foram necessárias duas etapas de pesquisa. Na primeira, que detalha a construção das Escalas de Sobre-Excitabilidade (ESE), foram realizadas análises por juízes (N = 9) e aplicação piloto (N = 18). Estudantes do Ensino Fundamental (N =263) participaram da segunda etapa para verificação das propriedades psicométricas do instrumento. Obteve-se um conjunto de cinco escalas que avaliam cinco padrões de SE (Psicomotor, Sensorial, Imaginativo, Intelectual e Emocional). Observou-se alta concordância entre os juízes e a aplicação piloto foi bem sucedida. Os valores de consistência interna das escalas foram considerados adequados. A maioria dos itens apresentou correlação item-total aceitável. Estruturas multidimensionais foram observadas nos padrões Psicomotor, Sensorial e Emocional nas análises fatoriais confirmatórias. Bons índices de ajustes para os modelos testados foram obtidos. Esses resultados constituem evidências de validade baseadas no conteúdo e na estrutura interna para as ESE. Portanto, a medida possui propriedades psicométricas iniciais adequadas. AbstractThis study aimed to develop a measure of overexcitability (OE) - tendency to react intensely and sensitively to stimuli - and obtain validity evidences based on the content and internal structure of this measure. For this, two phases of research were necessary. In the first phase, which details the construction of Overexcitability Scales (OS), analysis by judges (N=9) and pilot application (N=18) were performed. Elementary school students (N=263) participated in the second phase to verify the psychometric properties of the instrument. A set of five scales that assess five OE patterns (Psychomotor, Sensual, Imaginative, Intellectual and Emotional) was obtained. There was high correlation among the judges and the pilot application was successful. The internal consistency values of the scales were considered adequate. Most items showed acceptable item-total correlation. Multidimensional structures were observed in Psychomotor, Sensual, and Emotional patterns in the confirmatory factor analyzes. Good indexes of adjustment to the models tested were obtained. These results constitute validity evidence based on content and internal structure to the OS. Therefore, the measure has appropriate initial psychometric properties.

Resumo O Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) é o teste de rastreio cognitivo mais utilizado no mundo. No Brasil, diferentes versões e pontos de corte do MEEM têm sido usados. Para analisar seu uso em estudos empíricos brasileiros com idosos, efetuou-se uma revisão sistemática de artigos indexados na SciELO. Foram utilizados o nome completo do instrumento e sua abreviação para recuperar os textos. Observou-se uma tendência de crescimento da produção científica analisada, no período de 1998 a 2013. Foram mencionadas 11 versões do MEEM, destacando-se a de Bertolucci et al. Mais da metade das investigações fizeram uso da escolaridade como critério para estabelecer pontos de corte. Os estudos têm sido realizados predominantemente com amostras recrutadas em grandes cidades da região Sudeste e na comunidade. Não obstante a tendência de crescimento de pesquisas com idosos que utilizam o MEEM, as propriedades psicométricas dessa medida têm sido pouco investigadas. Apesar da ampla utilização do MEEM no Brasil, faltam padronização e evidências de validade para essa medida. Abstract The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is the most widely used cognitive screening test around the world. In Brazil, different MMSE versions and many cut-off points have been used. A systematic review of papers indexed in Scielo was conducted in order to analyze use of the MMSE in Brazilian empirical studies with elderly people. To search for these texts, the complete name of the instrument and its abbreviation were used. A growth trend in the scientific production during the 1998 to 2013 period was observed. Eleven versions of the MMSE were identified and the Bertolucci et al. version was the most cited. Over half of the studies used schooling as the criteria to establish cut-off points. The studies were predominantly conducted using samples recruited from large cities in the Southeastern region and in the community. Despite the growing trend of research with the elderly using the MMSE, the psychometric properties of this scale of measurement have been the subject of little investigation. Despite the widespread use of the MMSE in Brazil, there is a lack of standardization and evidence of validity for this this scale of measurement.

A teorização e a prática em orientação profissional (OP) desenvolveram-se significativamente nas últimas décadas. Porém, parcela significativa das aplicações desse conhecimento na escola não tem acompanhado os desenvolvimentos atuais. Para analisar um projeto de OP transversal ao currículo escolar, avaliou-se a participação dos docentes e as implicações da OP no comportamento vocacional de alunos do segundo ano do ensino médio. Todos os professores foram convidados a participar. A avaliação do projeto foi feita por 69 alunos que responderam a um questionário e a uma escala de atitudes pré e pós-OP. Nem todos os docentes transversalizaram os temas propostos, mas a quantidade dos que fizeram isso aumentou significativamente. Quanto ao comportamento vocacional, constatou-se redução do número de dúvidas sobre profissões a seguir pós-OP. Houve manutenção das demais variáveis analisadas. A OP transversal ao currículo é uma atividade viável, capaz de promover o desenvolvimento dos adolescentes. Estudos adicionais são recomendados. The theory and practice on occupational guidance (OG) have developed significantly in recent decades. However, a significant portion of the applications of this knowledge in school has not followed the current developments. In order to analyze the cross-curricular school OG project, the participation of teachers and the implications of the OG in the vocational behavior of the second year High School students were evaluated. All teachers were invited to participate. The project assessment was made by 69 students who answered a questionnaire and an attitude scale pre and post OG. Not all teachers transversalized the proposed themes, but the amount of who did this has increased significantly. As for the vocational behavior, a reduction in the number of uncertainties about what profession to follow was noted post-test. Other variables were maintained. The cross-curricular school OG is a viable activity, capable of promoting the development of adolescents. Further studies are recommended.

A perspectiva Life-Span é um importante marco teórico no estudo do envelhecimento, uma vez que colaborou para mudar a concepção de que o idoso é um ser passivo e doente, ressaltando a possibilidade de desenvolvimento durante todo o curso da vida. Também destacou a heterogeneidade na velhice, enfatizando a importância de atividades para a manutenção do envelhecimento saudável. A aquisição de novas aprendizagens tem sido considerada uma tarefa importante nesse sentido, uma vez que pode otimizar as capacidades cognitivas e favorecer a rede de suporte social do idoso. Assim, este trabalho, a partir da apresentação dos pressupostos que conferiram extrema relevância à Life-Span no âmbito da Psicologia do Desenvolvimento, discute a importância da educação para a velhice saudável, a oferta de atividades educacionais para idosos no Brasil e elucida a amplitude de termos encontrados na literatura para designar o processo de aprendizagem ao longo do curso da vida. Life-Span perspective is an important theoretical milestone in the study of aging, since it helped to change the concept that the elderly person is a passive and sick being, by highlighting the possibility of development throughout the course of life. It has also stressed the heterogeneity of old age, emphasizing the importance of activities in order to maintain healthy aging. The acquisition of new learning has been considered an important task in this sense, since it may enhance the cognitive skills and favor the social support network for the elderly. Thus, by the presentation of assumptions that give the utmost importance to Life-Span in the field of Developmental Psychology, the present study discusses the importance of education for a healthy old age, the offer of educational activities for the elderly in Brazil and elucidates the range of terms found in the literature to describe the learning process throughout the course of life.

Medicine plants play an important role in public health, especially in developing countries, and among them Cunila galioides Benth. is a naturally occurring medicinal and aromatic plant native from south Brazil. Flavonoids, present in significant amounts in some species of Cunila sp., possess several properties and its content may be affected by aluminum stress. In this context, the aim of this work was to assess the influence of different levels of aluminum in nutrient solution on the growth and content of essential oils and flavonoids in three chemotypes of Cunila galioides. The plant parameters evaluated were aerial dry matter, dry root matter, root length, root score, calcium and aluminum concentrations in the vegetable tissue, flavonoids content as well as essential oil yield and its major components concentration. Results showed that the addition of 30.0 mg.L--1 of Al3+ to the nutrient solution leads to a decrease of all agronomic parameters evaluated with losses in the cultivation yield for the greatest concentration studied. The André da Rocha population was found to be the most tolerant to aluminum while Bom Jardim da Serra was the most sensitive. The aluminum concentration did not influence the extraction yield as well as the content of major components in the oils. The concentration of flavonoids increased significantly for the populations tolerant to aluminum concentration in the nutrient solution, thus indicating a relationship between tolerance and flavonoids production, which may be an interesting characteristic from the medicinal point of view.

O presente trabalho propôs estudar a secagem de sálvia a diferentes temperaturas do ar e posterior ajuste dos dados experimentais obtidos com os diferentes modelos matemáticos. Para condução do experimento de secagem foram utilizados 6 secadores de bandeja, empregando-se as temperaturas de 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 e 90 °C. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, colocando-se 800 g de folha fresca em cada bandeja. Para o ajuste dos modelos matemáticos aos dados experimentais, realizou-se análise de regressão não-linear, pelo método Quasi-Newton, através do programa computacional Statistica 6.0®, em que os valores dos parâmetros dos modelos foram estimados em função da temperatura do ar de secagem. Os resultados mostraram que pequenos incrementos no valor da temperatura do ar de secagem promovem redução significativa no tempo de secagem. O modelo de Henderson & Pabis (1961) modificado e o de Midilli et al. (2002) se mostraram adequados para descrever o processo de secagem de sálvia para a faixa de temperatura de 40 a 90 °C, enquanto os modelos da aproximação da difusão e o de dois termos, se mostraram adequados para descrever a cinética de secagem para a faixa de temperatura de 60 a 90 °C. The aim of this work was to study the drying of sage at different air temperatures and to fit the experimental data with different mathematical models. The experiments were carried out using 6 tray dryers, for the temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C. A randomized experimental design, with three replications, using 800 g of fresh leaves in each tray, was used. For the fitting of mathematical models to the experimental data the non-linear regression by the Quasi-Newton method was used. The values of the parameters of the models were estimated in terms of drying air temperature using the software Statistica 6.0®. The results showed that small increments in drying air temperature of drying results in a significant reduction in the drying time; the model of Henderson and Pabis (1961) modified model and the Midilli et al. model (2002) were adequate to describe the drying of sage in the temperature range of 40 to 90 °C; and the model of approximation of diffusion and the two terms model were adequate to describe the kinetics of drying in the range of temperature from 60 to 90 °C.

This work is focused on the chemical distribution of volatile and semi-volatile compounds of 18 native populations of Maytenus ilicifolia collected all over Brazil. The extracts of bulk samples (30 plants) of each population were obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction technique, and analyzed by GC/MS. The quantification of compounds (phytol, squalene, vitamin E, limonene, stigmasterol, friedelan-3-ol, friedelin, fridelan-3-one, palmitic acid and geranyl acetate) showed significant variations within the different populations, which could be related tom microclimate characteristics.

In this work, the essential oils of S. officinalis, S. sclarea, S. lavandulifolia and S. triloba were chemically analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry detector (GC/MSD), and their antimicrobial activity was tested against 10 microorganisms using the disk diffusion method and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) technique. The following major compounds were identified in the essential oils: α - and β-thujone, camphor and 1,8-cineole, except in S. sclarea, where linalool, linalyl acetate and α-terpineol were the major constituents. The antimicrobial activity showed significant differences (p < 0.05) only when obtained by the MIC method. Gram-positive microorganisms presented larger sensitivity for the essential oils. The lowest MIC was observed when Staphylococcus aureus was exposed to 2.31 mg.mL-1 of S. lavandulifolia essential oil, while the highest MIC value was obtained when Shigella flexneri was exposed to 9.25 mg.mL-1 of the same essential oil, thus demonstrating that this essential oil may be effective as a bacteriostatic agent against Gram-positive microorganisms.

This work reports antimicrobial activity of oregano (Origanum vulgare) essential oil against several bacteria in sausage. The in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for 9 selected aerobic heterotrofic bacteria. The antimicrobial activity of distinct concentrations of the essential oil on the basis of the highest MIC found was tested in a food system comprised of fresh sausage. Batch food samples were also inoculated with Escherichia coli with a fixed concentration and the time course of the product was evaluated with respect to the action of the different concentrations of essential oil. Sensory analysis were conducted, and results showed that the addition of oregano essential oil to sausage may be a promising route as bacteriostatic effect was verified for oil concentrations lower than the MIC.

Com o objetivo de descrever as atitudes parentais em relação à inclusão escolar, 445 pais de alunos de primeira à quarta série do ensino fundamental de duas escolas municipais da cidade de São Paulo, responderam um questionário e uma escala de atitudes tipo Likert denominada Inventário Geral de Atitudes quanto à Educação Inclusiva (IGAEI). Participaram do estudo 169 (37,98%) pais de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais em processo de inclusão (G1) e 276 (62,02%) progenitores de discentes que, de acordo com as instituições, não possuíam tal característica (G2). Os instrumentos foram aplicados coletivamente em reunião de pais e mestres com resposta individual. Os resultados obtidos revelam que ambos os grupos de pais tendiam a possuir atitudes favoráveis em relação à educação inclusiva. Porém, as atitudes dos pais de estudantes com necessidades educacionais especiais eram mais favoráveis à inclusão. São apresentados, ainda, resultados referentes a outras variáveis pesquisadas, como, por exemplo, tipos de necessidades educacionais em processo de inclusão. O estudo tende a corroborar resultados obtidos em pesquisas realizadas em outros países, ainda que algumas discrepâncias tenham sido percebidas. Conclui-se enfatizando a necessidade de mais pesquisas sobre o tema no contexto brasileiro e ressaltando a importância dos pais no desenvolvimento de sistemas educacionais inclusivos. In order to describe parental attitudes toward school inclusion, 445 parents of elementary school students from first to fourth grade of two municipal schools of the city of São Paulo answered a questionnaire and the Likert scale General Inventory of Attitudes toward Inclusive Education (IGAEI) for assessing attitudes. The participants were 169 (37,98%) parents of students with special educational needs included in regular schools (G1) and 276 (62,02%) parents of students the school directors said did not have special needs (G2). The instruments were collectively applied during a parent teacher meeting using individual answer sheets. The results showed that both groups of parents tended to have positive attitudes in relation to inclusive education. However, parents of special educational needs students' attitudes were more positive. Results referring to other researched variables, i.e. types of special educational needs in inclusion process, are also presented. This study tends to corroborate research results from other countries, though some discrepancies have been perceived. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of parental involvement in the development of inclusive educational systems and suggests that more research is required in the Brazilian educational context.

as atitudes em relação às pessoas com as necessidades especiais representam um dos mais importantes fatores para o sucesso da escola inclusiva. Para avaliar as atitudes do professor quanto à inclusão de portadores de paralisia cerebral (PPC), um questionário com uma escala de atitude foi aplicado em 68 professores de ensino fundamental. Foi evidenciada discordância com relação à inclusão de PPC na escola. A análise fatorial levou a seis fatores que podem explicar tais atitudes: como ensinar PPC em classes normais; sentimentos e emoções de professores na presença de PPC; contato com os PPC; o tipo de educação mais adequado para os PPC; rendimento escolar da sala de aula com a presença de um PPC; e preconceito na sala de aula. Dissonância entre as dimensões afetiva, cognitiva e denotativa das atitudes dos professores foi constatada, a discordância e a dissonância evidenciadas podem representar barreiras quanto à inclusão escolar de PPC.