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This study investigated the effects of prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic on the performance, cecal microbial diversity and yolk cholesterol content of laying hens. One hundred and sixty Hisex Brown hens, aged 20 weeks of age, were randomly allotted to four diets: basal diet (control), basal diet + 1% prebiotic isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) (prebiotic diet), basal diet + 0.1% probiotic PrimaLac® (probiotic diet), and basal diet + 1% IMO + 0.1% PrimaLac® (synbiotic diet). Cecal microbial populations and community of hens were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) methods, respectively, at 36 weeks of age. Cholesterol content of egg yolk was analyzed by gas chromatography at 24, 28, 32 and 36 weeks of age. The results showed that the body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg production, egg weight and egg mass were significantly (P<0.05) improved in hens fed prebiotic, probiotic or synbiotic diet from 20-36 weeks of age. Sequencing results revealed that the prebiotic, probiotic or synbiotic feeding increased the abundance of Lactobacillusand decreased the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae. The abundance of Bifidobacterium was increased in prebiotic- or synbiotic-supplemented hens. At 36 weeks of age, qPCR results showed that prebiotic, probiotic or synbiotic feeding significantly (P<0.05) increased the populations of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, but decreased the populations of Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli. Supplementation of prebiotic, probiotic or synbiotic had significantly (P<0.05) lowered the yolk cholesterol content of laying hens at 24 and 28 weeks of age, but not at 32 and 36 weeks of age. The results of the study indicate that prebiotic, probiotic or synbiotic supplementation had similar positive effects on the performance, cecal microbial diversity and cholesterol content of egg yolk in laying hens at 20-36 weeks of age.

This study investigated the effects of prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic on the performance, cecal microbial diversity and yolk cholesterol content of laying hens. One hundred and sixty Hisex Brown hens, aged 20 weeks of age, were randomly allotted to four diets: basal diet (control), basal diet + 1% prebiotic isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) (prebiotic diet), basal diet + 0.1% probiotic PrimaLac® (probiotic diet), and basal diet + 1% IMO + 0.1% PrimaLac® (synbiotic diet). Cecal microbial populations and community of hens were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) methods, respectively, at 36 weeks of age. Cholesterol content of egg yolk was analyzed by gas chromatography at 24, 28, 32 and 36 weeks of age. The results showed that the body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg production, egg weight and egg mass were significantly (P<0.05) improved in hens fed prebiotic, probiotic or synbiotic diet from 20-36 weeks of age. Sequencing results revealed that the prebiotic, probiotic or synbiotic feeding increased the abundance of Lactobacillusand decreased the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae. The abundance of Bifidobacterium was increased in prebiotic- or synbiotic-supplemented hens. At 36 weeks of age, qPCR results showed that prebiotic, probiotic or synbiotic feeding significantly (P<0.05) increased the populations of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, but decreased the populations of Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli. Supplementation of prebiotic, probiotic or synbiotic had significantly (P<0.05) lowered the yolk cholesterol content of laying hens at 24 and 28 weeks of age, but not at 32 and 36 weeks of age. The results of the study indicate that prebiotic, probiotic or synbiotic supplementation had similar positive effects on the performance, cecal microbial diversity and cholesterol content of egg yolk in laying hens at 20-36 weeks of age.

This study evaluated the effects of prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic on the performance of laying hens and the cholesterol contents of their egg yolks. One hundred and sixty Hisex Brown hens, aged 20 weeks old, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: basal diet (control), basal diet + prebiotic, basal diet + probiotic, and basal diet + prebiotic + probiotic (synbiotic). The results showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) among the treatments in the feed intake, feed efficiency, egg mass, egg production and egg weight of 20-27 weeks old layers. However, at 28-35 weeks old, these parameters improved significantly (P<0.05) in the prebiotic-, probiotic- and synbiotic-fed hens compared to the control hens. The egg yolk cholesterol content of the prebiotic-, probiotic- and synbiotic-fed hens were significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of the control hens at 27 weeks of age, but there were no significant differences (P>0.05) among treatments at 35 weeks of age. This study showed that prebiotic, probiotic or synbiotic improved the performance of layers from 28-35 weeks of age and reduced egg yolk cholesterol at 27 weeks of age.

This experiment was conducted to determine the biological effect of functional amino acid supplementation in low crude protein diet on growth performance of broiler chicken. A total of 288 male Cobb 500 chicks were allocated into 8 treatment groups and were fed with essential amino acids supplementation in low crude protein diet. Diets contain 21% crude protein until 18% crude protein and supplemented with amino acid (L- lysine, DL-methionine and L-threonine). This experiment was conducted for 6 weeks and the feed intake, body weight, feed conversion ratio were measured weekly. There was no significant different (P>0.05) in feed intake among the treatment groups. The reducing level of crude protein from 21% until 18% supplemented with amino acid (T2-T8) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in body weight (WG), average daily gain (ADG) and total weight gain (TWG) as compared with T1. Overall result shows 19% crude protein contained optimum level of amino acidshad better BW, ADG, FI and lower FCR. Thus, with this reduction of crude protein it will reduce the production costs concurrently maintain the broiler performance.

This investigation sought to determine the biological effects of functional amino acids on the growth performance of layer chickens. A total of 144 Hisex Brown hens were allocated into 4 groups that were each fed low crude protein diet from 16 to 32 weeks of age. Diets contained 17.5% CP (control group), 17.5% CP, 17% CP and 16.5% CP and were supplemented with limiting AA (methionine, lysine and threonine). Weekly feed intake, egg weight, hen-day egg production and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were collected. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) among the treatment groups on overall feed intake, egg weight and egg mass. Significant higher (P<0.05) overall hen-day egg production was observed in all treatment groups compared with the control. Overall, 17.5% CP diets resulted in better egg production than other treatments.

This investigation sought to determine the biological effects of functional amino acids on the growth performance of layer chickens. A total of 144 Hisex Brown hens were allocated into 4 groups that were each fed low crude protein diet from 16 to 32 weeks of age. Diets contained 17.5% CP (control group), 17.5% CP, 17% CP and 16.5% CP and were supplemented with limiting AA (methionine, lysine and threonine). Weekly feed intake, egg weight, hen-day egg production and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were collected. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) among the treatment groups on overall feed intake, egg weight and egg mass. Significant higher (P<0.05) overall hen-day egg production was observed in all treatment groups compared with the control. Overall, 17.5% CP diets resulted in better egg production than other treatments.

This experiment was conducted to determine the biological effect of functional amino acid supplementation in low crude protein diet on growth performance of broiler chicken. A total of 288 male Cobb 500 chicks were allocated into 8 treatment groups and were fed with essential amino acids supplementation in low crude protein diet. Diets contain 21% crude protein until 18% crude protein and supplemented with amino acid (L- lysine, DL-methionine and L-threonine). This experiment was conducted for 6 weeks and the feed intake, body weight, feed conversion ratio were measured weekly. There was no significant different (P>0.05) in feed intake among the treatment groups. The reducing level of crude protein from 21% until 18% supplemented with amino acid (T2-T8) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in body weight (WG), average daily gain (ADG) and total weight gain (TWG) as compared with T1. Overall result shows 19% crude protein contained optimum level of amino acidshad better BW, ADG, FI and lower FCR. Thus, with this reduction of crude protein it will reduce the production costs concurrently maintain the broiler performance.

This study evaluated the effects of prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic on the performance of laying hens and the cholesterol contents of their egg yolks. One hundred and sixty Hisex Brown hens, aged 20 weeks old, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: basal diet (control), basal diet + prebiotic, basal diet + probiotic, and basal diet + prebiotic + probiotic (synbiotic). The results showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) among the treatments in the feed intake, feed efficiency, egg mass, egg production and egg weight of 20-27 weeks old layers. However, at 28-35 weeks old, these parameters improved significantly (P<0.05) in the prebiotic-, probiotic- and synbiotic-fed hens compared to the control hens. The egg yolk cholesterol content of the prebiotic-, probiotic- and synbiotic-fed hens were significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of the control hens at 27 weeks of age, but there were no significant differences (P>0.05) among treatments at 35 weeks of age. This study showed that prebiotic, probiotic or synbiotic improved the performance of layers from 28-35 weeks of age and reduced egg yolk cholesterol at 27 weeks of age.