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We determine optimal climate policy using a dynamic climate model that accounts for the damages to capital and human health from burning fossil fuels. Our theoretical macroeconomic approach incorporates a separate health sector into an integrated climate-economy framework and provides closed-form analytical solutions for the main model variables. Economic growth is endogenously driven by innovation, with labor availability and productivity, and thus human health, being critical. Calibrating the model, we find that 44% of total resource stock should be extracted when considering damages to capital, but only 1% when health damages are included. The health perspective requires optimal environmental policies that are much more stringent than those normally advocated in climate economics, since harm to human health has negative effects on economic growth. Socially optimal growth exceeds the rate under free market conditions., Economics Working Paper Series, 19/317

The paper develops the concept of "Economic Pathways" (EPs), which characterize theory-based scenarios for an economy that strives to achieve decarbonization by mid-century. The theoretical framework derives closed-from analytical solutions for consumption, innovation, emissions, and population. The EPs differ in the stringency of assumed policies and associated income and emission development. Unlike the well-known "Shared Socioeconomic Pathways", they allow important causalities between the economy and the environment to be included and significantly narrow the scope of likely future developments. The quantitative part serves to illustrate the long-term consequences of climate policy. I show that deep decarbonization only moderately delays economic development, but requires increasing escalation of the carbon price. Subsidies to the research sector support income development significantly. The paper argues that the adoption of more stringent climate policies becomes more likely as the phase-out of fossil fuels increases. The "Green Road" is not only feasible, but also attractive and realistic.

Standard environmental economics prescribes policies which are optimal and implemented immediately. The paper argues that, in reality, environmental policy often deviates from the optimum and implementation is not deterministic but subject to major uncertainty and frequent change. We present a model with a stochastic policy process that affects investors' decisions and the composition of capital. We assume that pollution is reduced by private green services and public abatement. The government subsidizes green services and taxes dirty capital albeit at a rate which may become random, causing unexpected capital write-offs. Tax jumps depend on environmental degradation and the share of green services. We show how policy uncertainty affects capital valuation and how it alters individual portfolios, green services, and economic growth.

The paper develops an integrated baseline model to assess the trade-offs between the natural environment and economic growth. Consumption growth is considered under welfare and sustainability aspects. The framework features capital accumulation and the sectoral structure of the economy as key elements to cope with resource scarcity and pollution. Model extensions varying the number of sectors and inputs, changing central functional forms, and introducing poor input substitution and population growth are presented. The setup highlights the dual role of used inputs as a source of environmental problems and apart of the solution; it also discusses uncertainty and momentum effects. The paper concludes that the environment and economic growth can be compatible but that small deviations from the optimal paths my entail unsustainable development. Critical issues for sustainability are insufficient foresight, increasing damage intensity, and suboptimal policy making while population growth and poor input substitution are not necessarily precarious for future development., Economics Working Paper Series, 16/260

We build a two-country model of endogenous growth to study the welfare effects of taxes on tradable primary inputs when countries engage in asymmetric trade. We obtain explicit links between persistent gaps in productivity growth and the incentives of resource exporting (importing) countries to subsidize (tax) domestic resource use. The exporters' incentive to subsidize hinges on slower productivity growth and is disconnected from the importers' incentive to tax resource inflows i.e., rent extraction. Moreover, faster productivity growth exacerbates the im- porters' incentive to tax, beyond the rent-extraction motive. In a strategic tax game, the only equilibrium is of Stackelberg type and features, for a wide range of parameter values, positive exporters' subsidies and importers' taxes at the same time. The model predictions concerning the impact of resource taxes on relative income shares are supported by empirical evidence.

This paper examines the effects of knowledge diffusion on growth and costs of climate policy. We develop a general equilibrium model with endogenous growth which represents knowledge diffusion between sectors and regions. Knowledge diffusion depends on accessibility and absorptive capacity which we estimate econometrically using patent and citation data. Knowledge diffusion leads to a “greening” of economies boosting productivity of “clean” carbon-extensive sectors. Knowledge diffusion lowers the costs of global climate policy by about 90% for emerging countries (China) and 20% for developed regions (Europe and USA), depending on the substitutability between different knowledge types.

The paper derives general rules for equitable burden sharing in international climate policy. The focus is on a new social climate contract between developed and less developed countries (LDCs) which preserves competitiveness of the former and the ”right to development” of the latter. We formally derive conditions under which an LDC keeps the ”right to development” but voluntarily agrees to participate in stringent international climate policy. Two types of policies are analyzed, one with a predefined transfer and the other with a transfer that is tied to emissions-control efforts. We show that offering only one or the other option is inefficient. Chances for a comprehensive agreement are higher when a menu of policy options is available. The number and diversity of LDCs willing to join a global climate treaty is higher when a variety of policy alternatives is available., Economics Working Paper Series, 15/217

The paper develops a two-region endogenous growth model with climate change affecting the countries capital stocks negatively. We compare two different policies aimed at supporting less developed countries: climate mitigation by rich countries, which diminishes the increase in stock pollution and hence capital depreciation, and income transfers in the tradition of development aid. Under a mild set of assumptions we fi nd that active climate policies are more efficient for rich economies and also, remarkably, better for poor countries than additonial development aid. The main reason is the difference between the two policies with respect to their effects on economic growth. The results are robust with respect to possible model extensions., Economics Working Paper Series, 12/166 (166)

We analyze an economy in which sectors are heterogeneous with respect to the intensity of natural resource use. Long-term dynamics are driven by resource prices, sectoral composition, and directed technical change. We study the balanced growth path and determine stability conditions. Technical change is found to be biased towards the resource-intensive sector. Resource taxes have no impact on dynamics except when the tax rate varies over time. Constant research subsidies raise the growth rate while increasing subsidies have the opposite effect. We also find that supporting sectors by providing them with productivity enhancing public goods can raise the growth rate of the economy and additionally provide an effective tool for structural policy., Economics Working Paper Series

Economics Working Paper Series, 05/40

We analyse long-term consumption paths in a dynamic two-sector economy with overlapping generations. Each young generation saves for the retirement age, both with private savings and pension funds. The productivity of each sector can be raised by sector-specific research while the essential use of a non-renewable natural resource poses a threat to consumption possibilities in the long run. Bonds, the two types innovations, and resource stocks are the different investment opportunities. We show that pension funds have a positive impact on long-term development, provided that individuals have a preference for own investments. In this case, sustainability is more likely to be achieved due to pension fund savings.

Economics Working Paper Series, 03/27

Economics Working Paper Series, 03/29

Chapter 1 studies the links between international trade agreements, environmental regulation, and welfare in the presence of politically influential firms. The motivation comes from the observation that after decades of gradual trade liberalization, import tariffs are already low in most sectors, with little room for further cuts. As a result, modern trade agreements increasingly focus on smoothing out other traderestricting regulatory differences across countries. Such deep trade integration is often highly controversial due to concerns of a regulatory race to the bottom. This chapter builds a theoretical two-country model to analyze the strategic interactions between producers, policymakers, and industry lobbies. The results formalize how private-sector interference can lead to welfare-reducing trade agreements, especially if the lobby groups in different countries coordinate their efforts. However, policymakers can use different trade agreement designs to dilute the private sector’s influence. Chapter 2 focuses on the international governance of solar geoengineering. If deployed in a globally coordinated regime, interventions with geoengineering could reduce adverse climate change impacts. In the absence of such a regime, however, strategic incentives of individual actors might result in detrimental outcomes. This chapter investigates different international governance structures using a game of farsighted coalition formation. In this setting, a country pondering whether to leave or join a coalition anticipates that its decision could spark another (dis)integration process among the other players. In contrast to the static models of international environmental agreements, this dynamic structure enables a more realistic picture of what coalitions are likely to form and remain stable. The model also provides a unified framework for comparing different institutional arrangements for geoengineering deployment, such as consensus-based and majority-vote coalitions. Chapter 3 develops a modelling framework for estimating the long-run economic impacts of tropical cyclones. The framework combines a numerical general equilibrium model of the economy with a probabilistic disaster modelling platform. Both components are global in their regional scope, which allows a consistent comparison across countries with different disaster risk profiles. The results highlight how the recovery after a single cyclone shock can take several decades, with the negative disaster impacts accumulating quickly for the frequently exposed regions. Assumptions regarding the drivers of economic growth and climate change’s impact on future cyclone damages affect the numerical results. However, they do not change the overall qualitative conclusions. Chapter 4 explores the applicability of learning-based model predictive control for solving stochastic economic decision problems. The high computational cost of sequential decision-making under uncertainty and the long planning horizons encountered in many economic applications severely restrict the usability of conventional dynamic programming techniques in high-dimensional settings. This chapter demonstrates that learning-based model predictive control provides a promising alternative approach as it can often deliver high-quality approximate solutions with a significantly smaller computational budget. In addition, stochastic model predictive control enables an intuitive formulation of cautious behaviours that complement the conventional risk-averse decision rules. An integrated climate-economy assessment model provides a challenging environment to evaluate the proposed method.

We analyze the extent and effectiveness of electoral accountability and the problems related to keeping the politicians accountable. We illustrate the importance of developing incentive tools to discipline the incumbents. We propose "incentive pay" as an effective tool and we analyze its potentials and limitations. To assess the appropriate incentive schemes, we first explore the sources of (re)election incentives for politicians. To analyze the political agency problem, we focus on politician’s private interest. We formally characterize the "politcal multi-task problem" in which the office-holder has two tasks: to determine the level of public-good spending and to finance public-good spending by taxing the citizens’ private good in a society where citizens’ private-good endowments are heterogeneous. Political multi-task problems typically have outcomes that are difficult to measure. Moreover, citizens have conflicting opinions about optimal policies. The agent has the power to tax the citizens to invest in desired outcomes of some tasks. In such an environment, policy-maker chooses socially inefficient public good levels and expropriates minorities. The model, while simple and abstract is useful to gain a balanced perspective on the conflict of interest between citizens and the policy-maker. In the main body of this thesis, we study how to efficiently motivate policy-makers to solve political multi-task problems. We propose taxation constraints and "incentive pay" as a tool to discipline incumbents. We study offering performance pay to politicians as a tool to incentivize them. We show that a judicious combination of constitutional limit on taxation and incentive pay based on the level of public-good provision by the officeholder improves welfare. As an extension to the basic model, we explore the effect of incentive pay on a policymaker who is not solely motivated by private interest, but also has social welfare concerns. Moreover, we study the results when candidates can compete at the campaign stage by announcing their desired level of incentive pay. As an alternative disciplining tool, we finally turn to formal citizen participation. We describe the different forms of citizen participation available, and we explore their effectiveness, before addressing "Co-voting", a novel form of citizen participation. To complete our analysis, we discuss the interplay between incentive contracts and citizen participation. In particular, we show that Co-voting is a supporting tool to implement incentive pay than to a referendum or to parliamentary vote.

Sustainable societal development has become a subject of increased and widespread societal attention especially during the last two decades. The tremendous economic development of former developing nations such as China and India and the general impact of globalization have put even larger pressures on our limited natural resources and fragile environment. Faced with an ever increasing amount of evidence that the activities of our own generation might actually impair the possibilities for future generations to meet their needs, it has become a major political concern that societal development must be sustainable. The issuing of the famous Brundtland report “Our Common Future” (1987) formed a political milestone. This important event has enhanced the public awareness that substantial changes of consumption patterns are called for and has further significantly influenced research agendas worldwide. The realization of a sustainable development of society necessitates that a holistic perspective is taken in operational and strategic societal decision-making. In principle, a joint consideration of the preferences, needs and capabilities of the present and future generations across all nations, industrial and public sectors is required if we are to fully succeed in achieving sustainable societal development. It may be realized that decisions made to enhance sustainability of societal development not only concern reduced emissions of pollutants but also directly and indirectly involve a redistribution of globally available resources and not least a reassessment of the societal affordability of lifestyle and quality of life. So far, the available research literature in this field has mainly reported on results relating to individual aspects of sustainable development; as of yet a general framework that facilitates the joint consideration of the many dimensions of sustainability in supporting decision-making for sustainable societal development is still missing. Whereas the development of a general framework for sustainable decision-making is one of the most relevant tasks in the research agenda, it is unlikely that this task could be accomplished in the foreseeable future. However, at the same time, there is an urgent need for methods that enable societal decision-makers to identify "sustainable" policies in different sectors of society. Here, the "sustainable" policies imply policies that conform to current preventive measures, regulations, principles, ethics and whatever else is regarded as best practice for the realization of the sustainable development of society. Motivated by this and focusing on the civil engineering sector, the present thesis has two aims. The first aim is to reformulate the classical life-cycle cost optimization concept, which has been advocated in civil engineering as the decision principle, in such a way that relevant aspects of sustainability can be incorporated into engineering decision-making. The aspects of sustainability considered in depth in this reformulation are intergenerational equity and allocation of limited resources. Furthermore, for the purpose of facilitating the applications in practical decision situations, a platform is proposed for the modelling and optimization of decision problems based on Bayesian probabilistic networks. Thereby, it is possible with the proposed platform to consider the constraints relating to societal sustainability posed by present society in the decision problems. The second aim is to present a fundamental approach for incorporating the reliability of civil infrastructure in general economic models so that the sustainable policies on design and maintenance of civil infrastructure can be identified from a macroeconomic perspective. In the present thesis, two types of engineering decision analyses are differentiated in order to clarify the extent of the consequence of decisions; marginal engineering decision analysis and non-marginal engineering decision analysis. In marginal engineering decision analysis, it is assumed that the economic growth path is exogenously given and the consequence of decisions does not affect the economic growth; the life-cycle cost optimization concept corresponds to the marginal engineering decision analysis; the first aim of the present thesis can be regarded as the formulation of engineering decision problems from a sustainability perspective in the context of the marginal decision analysis. In contrast, non-marginal decision analysis considers the change of economic growth as a consequence of decisions; the second aim of the present thesis can be regarded as a proposal for a decision framework for the non-marginal engineering decision analysis. The present thesis consists of eight chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the background, aim, scope and outline of the thesis. A literature survey is also provided in the fields of economics and civil engineering, where the formulation and optimization of sustainable decision making in civil engineering is dealt with. The core of the present thesis consists of six chapters (Chapters 2 to 7). Each of the chapters, except Chapter 7, represents a part of my research work published during the PhD study. Chapter 2 considers the general treatment of uncertainties in engineering decision analysis, which is the philosophical basis for decision-making subject to uncertainties. Chapters 3 to 5, respectively, investigate the modelling and optimization of sustainable decision problems, the issue of intergenerational equity and the issue of allocation of limited resources in the context of marginal engineering decision analysis. In Chapter 6 the approach for incorporating the reliability of civil infrastructure in general economic models is proposed based on economic growth theory. This approach corresponds to non-marginal engineering decision analysis. The proposed approach is then applied to a simplistic economic model in Chapter 7 in order to show how the optimal reliability of civil infrastructure can be identified and the sustainable policy on the design and maintenance of civil infrastructure can be examined. Thereby, an objective function is derived in the context of non-marginal decision analysis that is different from the objective function employed in the classical life-cycle cost optimization concept. The reason for this is provided by looking at the differences in the formulation of the decision problems in marginal and non-marginal decision analysis. In this chapter the assumptions of the derivation of the classical life-cycle cost optimization and its limitations are also introduced in order to emphasize the difference between non-marginal decision analysis and marginal decision analysis. Chapter 8 concludes the present work. In the reformulation of the classical life-cycle cost optimization, its practical applicability is emphasized. Hence, the proposed methods in the corresponding chapters (Chapters 3 to 5) can be readily applied to practical decision situations. Practical examples are provided in these chapters. On the other hand, the approach presented in Chapters 6 and 7 serves as a relevant building block for further development of the general framework for sustainable decision-making, whereby scientific insights are provided on how sustainable design and maintenance policies on infrastructure can be investigated in a macroeconomic context. Die Frage nach einer nachhaltigen gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung hat insbesondere in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. Im Fokus stehen dabei die begrenzten natürlichen Ressourcen und die fragile Umwelt, die durch die enorme wirtschaftliche Entwicklung von Schwellenländern wie China und Indien noch stärker unter Druck geraten. Da es immer offensichtlicher wird, dass die Aktivitäten unserer eigenen Generation die Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten der folgenden Generationen beeinträchtigen könnten, wurde die Forderung nach einer nachhaltigen gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung ein wesentliches politisches Ziel. Ein politischer Meilenstein wurde 1987 durch den Brundtland Report "Unsere gemeinsame Zukunft" gesetzt. Dieses entscheidende Ereignis verstärkte das öffentliche Bewusstsein, dass substantielle Änderungen im Konsumverhalten zukünftig notwendig sind. Seit der Veröffentlichung des Brundlandt Reports beeinflusst das Thema der Nachhaltigkeit weltweit viele Agenden von Forschergruppen. Die Umsetzung einer nachhaltigen gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung erfordert eine Einnahme einer holistischen Perspektive sowohl für die operationelle als auch für die strategische Entscheidungsfindung in der Gesellschaft. Prinzipiell ist eine integrale Berücksichtigung der Präferenzen, Bedürfnisse und Fähigkeiten der heutigen und der zukünftigen Generationen über alle Nationen und alle Sektoren hinweg notwendig, wenn eine Steuerung hin zu einer nachhaltigen gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung erfolgreich sein will. Es muss erreicht werden, dass Entscheidungen zur Förderung der nachhaltigen Entwicklung einer Gesellschaft nicht nur unter Berücksichtigung monokausaler Zusammenhängegetroffen werden, z.B. die Verringerung von schädlichen Emissionen, sondern auch unter Berücksichtigung der direkten und indirekten Umverteilung globaler Ressourcen, der Neubewertung von Lebensstilen und nicht zuletzt der Qualität des Lebens in der globalen Welt. Der Grossteil der verfügbaren wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema Nachhaltigkeit fokussiert auf einzelne Aspekte, die für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung notwendig sind. Ein genereller Rahmen, der die gemeinsame Betrachtung des mehrdimensionalen Problems der Nachhaltigkeit erlaubt und gesellschaftliche Entscheidungsträger unterstützen kann, fehlt bisher noch. Die Entwicklung eines solchen Rahmens ist die relevanteste Aufgabe, die die Forscher im Bereich der nachhaltigen Entscheidungsfindung zu bewältigen haben. Es ist nicht abzusehen, dass in naher Zukunft in diesem Bereich eine Lösung gefunden wird. Dennoch ist derzeit der Druck gross, Methoden zur Verfügung zu haben, die es Entscheidungsträgern aus allen Bereichen ermöglicht, die "nachhaltigste" Handlungsalternative zu identifizieren. Der Ausdruck " nachhaltigste" impliziert, dass die Handlungsalternativen konform sind zu den Massnahmen, Regulierungen, Prinzipien, Ethiken und allen anderen Gegebenheiten in einer Gesellschaft, die als "beste Praxis" für die Umsetzung der nachhaltigen Entwicklung in einer Gesellschaft gelten. Diese vielschichtigen Aspekte waren die Motivation für diese Arbeit, die sich auf den Bereich des Bauingenieurwesens bezieht. Zwei wesentliche Ziele werden in dieser Arbeit verfolgt. Das Erste ist, den klassischen Ansatz des Konzeptes zur Optimierung der Lebenszykluskosten, der im Bereich des Bauingenieurwesens als das Entscheidungsprinzip betrachtet wird, so umzuformulieren, dass Aspekte der Nachhaltigkeit im Entscheidungsprozess Berücksichtigung finden können. Die Aspekte der Nachhaltigkeit, die insbesondere Berücksichtigung in der Neuformulierung finden sind das Prinzip der intergenerationellen Gleichheit und der Allozierung von beschränkten Ressourcen. Für die Anwendbarkeit in realen Entscheidungssituationen wird eine Plattform für die Modellierung und Optimierung von Entscheidungsproblemen vorgeschlagen, die auf Bayes'schen Probabilistischen Netzen basiert. Dies ermöglicht es, die Einschränkungen, die durch die Aspekte der Nachhaltigkeit gegeben sind, im Entscheidungsprozess zu berücksichtigen. Das zweite Ziel ist, einen fundamentalen Ansatz vorzustellen, der es ermöglicht, strukturelle Zuverlässigkeit von baulichen Infrastrukturen in allgemeinen ökonomischen Modellen zu berücksichtigen, so dass nachhaltige Entscheidungen in Bezug auf den Entwurf und den Unterhalt solcher Anlagen von einer makroökonomischen Perspektive aus identifiziert werden können. Zwei Typen von Entscheidungsanalysen im Ingenieurwesen wurden in dieser Arbeit unterschieden, um das Ausmass der Konsequenzen aus Entscheidungen klar herauszustellen; es werden sowohl marginale Entscheidungsanalysen als auch nicht-marginale Entscheidungsanalysen beleuchtet. In der marginalen Entscheidungsanalyse im Ingenieurwesen wird angenommen, dass das wirtschaftliche Wachstum exogen gegeben ist und die Konsequenzen, die aus Entscheidungen resultieren, keinen Einfluss auf das wirtschaftliche Wachstum haben. Das Konzept der Optimierung der Lebenszykluskosten von baulichen Infrastrukturen ist ein Beispiel für eine marginale Entscheidungsanalyse. Damit kann das zuvor genannte erste Ziel dieser Arbeit als Formulierung von Entscheidungsproblemen im Hinblick auf Nachhaltigkeit im Kontext der marginalen Entscheidungsanalyse gesehen werden. Im Gegensatz dazu kann das zweite formulierte Ziel als ein Rahmen für Entscheidungen gesehen werden, die einen nicht-marginalen Einfluss auf das Wirtschaftswachstum haben. Die vorliegende Arbeit gliedert sich in acht Kapitel. Kapitel 1 stellt die Ziele der Arbeit vor, grenzt die Arbeit ab und erläutert die Hintergründe zu dieser Arbeit. Im ersten Teil wird ein Überblick über die Literatur in den relevanten Gebieten der Wirtschaftswissenschaften und des Bauingenieurwesens, insbesondere in den Bereichen Formulierung und Optimierung von nachhaltigen Entscheidungsproblemen, gegeben. Der Kern dieser Arbeit besteht aus sechs Kapiteln (Kapitel 2 bis 7). Jedes dieser Kapitel (mit Ausnahme von Kapitel 7) repräsentiert einen Teil meiner Forschungsarbeiten während des Doktorats, die bereits veröffentlicht sind oder zur Veröffentlichung akzeptiert sind. Kapitel 2 behandelt den allgemeinen Umgang mit Unsicherheiten in der Entscheidungsanalyse im Ingenieurwesen und stellt die philosophische Basis für die Entscheidungsfindung im Ingenieurwesen unter Unsicherheit dar. Kapitel 3 bis 5 untersucht die Modellierung und Optimierung von Entscheidungsproblemen unter Berücksichtigung der zuvor genannten Aspekte der Nachhaltigkeit. Kapitel 6 stellt einen Ansatz vor, mit dem die strukturelle Zuverlässigkeit baulicher Infrastrukturen in allgemeinen wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Modellen und Modellen zur Beschreibung des Wirtschaftswachstums berücksichtigt werden kann. Dieser Ansatz korrespondiert zu nicht-marginalen Entscheidungsanalysen. In Kapitel 7 wird dieser Ansatz an einem einfachen wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Modell angewendet, um zu zeigen, wie die optimale Zuverlässigkeit baulicher Infrastrukturen identifiziert werden kann, und eine nachhaltige Strategie in Bezug auf den Entwurf und den Unterhalt verfolgt werden kann. Dazu wird eine Zielfunktion in einem nicht-marginalen Kontext hergeleitet, die grosse Unterschiede zur Zielfunktion aufweist, die im klassischen Ansatz zur Optimierung der Lebenszykluskosten verwendet wird. Der Grund für diese Unterschiede liegt in der Formulierung des Problems im marginalen und im nicht-marginalen Entscheidungsraum. In diesem Kapitel wird auch auf die klassischen Annahmen und Einschränkungen eingegangen, um die Unterschiede in diesen beiden Ansätzen beleuchten zu können. Kapitel 8 schliesst die Arbeit. In der Neuformulierung des klassischen Lebenszyklusansatzes wird die praktische Anwendbarkeit unterstrichen. Daher können die Methoden, die in den Kapiteln 3 bis 5 vorgestellt werden, direkt in praktischen Problemen angewendet werden. Hierzu werden in diesen Kapiteln praktische Beispiele gegeben. Auf der anderen Seite ist der Ansatz, der in Kapitel 6 und 7 vorgestellt wird, ein relevanter Baustein für die weitere Entwicklung eines allgemeinen Rahmenwerks für die nachhaltige Entscheidungsfindung, wobei wissenschaftliche Einblicke gegeben werden, wie nachhaltige Entwurfs- und Unterhaltsstrategien an baulichen Anlagen in einem makroökonomischen Kontext untersucht werden können.