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The presence of HIV in sequestered reservoirs is a central impediment to a functional cure, allowing HIV to persist despite life-long antiretroviral therapy (ART), and driving a variety of comorbid conditions. Our understanding of the latent HIV reservoir in the central nervous system is incomplete, because of difficulties in accessing human central nervous system tissues. Microglia contribute to HIV reservoirs, but the molecular phenotype of HIV-infected microglia is poorly understood. We leveraged the unique "Last Gift" rapid autopsy program, in which people with HIV are closely followed until days or even hours before death. Microglial populations were heterogeneous regarding their gene expression profiles but showed similar chromatin accessibility landscapes. Despite ART, we detected occasional microglia containing cell-associated HIV RNA and HIV DNA integrated into open regions of the host's genome (∼0.005%). Microglia with detectable HIV RNA showed an inflammatory phenotype. These results demonstrate a distinct myeloid cell reservoir in the brains of people with HIV despite suppressive ART. Strategies for curing HIV and neurocognitive impairment will need to consider the myeloid compartment to be successful.

Island communities, which rely on marine resources, are increasingly facing risks such as global climate change and overfishing, leading to lowered catch rates and biodiversity loss. This not only threatens ecosystems, but livelihoods as well; thus, sustainable ocean and fisheries management actions are critical in maintaining habitat integrity and increasing fish populations. Developing legal policy and restoring habitats are two important sustainability actions; however, these methods do not always ensure community buy-in or acceptance. A growing field in resource management involves the use of Behavior-Centered Design (BCD) and Community-Based Social Marketing (CBSM) to improve community involvement and adoption of management measures, working with communities to encourage behaviors that promote the sustainable use of ocean resources. BCD and CBSM combine how humans make decisions with steps to design programs to improve inclusion and collaboration, and enhance impact such as to increase successful adoption and implementation of conservation policies. It has been proven to be an effective tool, accelerating community support of sustainability initiatives. This project created a guidebook centered around implementing these behavioral approaches in the context of ocean and fisheries management, created with guidance from personale at the Waitt Institute, the Blue Azores Program, and the University of California San Diego. It will support conservation managers in their initiatives and outreach with communities by providing an easy-to-understand framework and knowledge base focused on behavioral approaches. The guide includes aspects such as successes and lessons learned in BCD throughout the industry, ethics and social justice,and strategies for implementation and testing for success. It presents a case study of São Miguel Island, a community with a rich culture of sustainability throughout history, as well as in current fisheries and ecosystem conservation programs. The island is in the Azores archipelago, an autonomous region located about 1000 miles off the coast of Portugal. A supplemental ArcGIS StoryMap web page was created to highlight the rich marine-based culture of communities on São, Miguel Island. The guide will act as a resource that can support marine managers in their initiatives, improving inclusion, equity, and increasing the chances of effecting long-term change.Please see media created for this project here: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a9faa311e62640a5b830b679cb80bb88

The structure of the human neocortex underlies species-specific traits and reflects intricate developmental programs. Here we sought to reconstruct processes that occur during early development by sampling adult human tissues. We analysed neocortical clones in a post-mortem human brain through a comprehensive assessment of brain somatic mosaicism, acting as neutral lineage recorders1,2. We combined the sampling of 25 distinct anatomic locations with deep whole-genome sequencing in a neurotypical deceased individual and confirmed results with 5 samples collected from each of three additional donors. We identified 259 bona fide mosaic variants from the index case, then deconvolved distinct geographical, cell-type and clade organizations across the brain and other organs. We found that clones derived after the accumulation of 90-200 progenitors in the cerebral cortex tended to respect the midline axis, well before the anterior-posterior or ventral-dorsal axes, representing a secondary hierarchy following the overall patterning of forebrain and hindbrain domains. Clones across neocortically derived cells were consistent with a dual origin from both dorsal and ventral cellular populations, similar to rodents, whereas the microglia lineage appeared distinct from other resident brain cells. Our data provide a comprehensive analysis of brain somatic mosaicism across the neocortex and demonstrate cellular origins and progenitor distribution patterns within the human brain.