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The rapid increase of the electrical power demand gave rise to many challenging situations for power system control engineers as the transmission lines are operating at their maximum capacity in most developing economies. To solve this, Distributed Generation (DG), i.e. the generation of electrical power in a distribution network that provides clean energy, is gaining popularity. There are several challenges the protection of distribution networks faces after DG installation, such as variations in short circuit levels, protection blinding, reverse power flow, protection coordination, change in fault impedance, recloser-fuse coordination, selectivity, unsynchronized reclosing, false tripping, etc. In this paper, an IEEE 13-Bus System Radial Distribution System is simulated using Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP), various scenarios of DG placement are considered, their impact on the protection system is analyzed, and different techniques are proposed to minimize the effect on protection coordination. The use of directional relays, current limiting reactors, and small magnitude DGs is tested and analyzed. The way this effect varies by changing the location of DG is also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an energy plan for harnessing electrical power from hybrid energy resources, including biomass and solid waste, through hybrid technologies for microgrid development to overcome the current energy crisis and provide future sustainable electricity pathways for a developing country. Biomass and solid waste were collected from different dumping sites in Pakistan and were tested for their calorific value, which was found to be 6519Kcal/Kg. The total power was calculated based on this calorific value and it was found that there is a potential of total 11,989.5GW of power generation. Thus, hybrid energy resources are suitable for harnessing electrical energy through hybrid technologies. Different hybrid systems were examined for these resources and the gasification technique is finally proposed as the most suitable method for producing energy from biomass and solid waste resources in Pakistan. This technique is also found to be economically feasible for processing all kinds of waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]