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The article reports that fractional phase-lock-loop (PLL) frequency synthesizers are capable of low phase noise. Several methods are known for suppressing the noise. Use of the analog phase interpolation (API) technique provides an anti-ramp-up current for the phase frequency detector (PFD) to balance the phase errors.

The article discusses the use of differential drive approach to optimize the performance of active mixers and in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) demodulators on radio receiver applications device. Broadband wireless receiver designs were categorize as wideband or frequency-agile selective types. Information about the Gilbert-cell mixer for balanced mixer design is also presented.

The article features the importance of phase locked loops (PLL) on the electronics industry in the U.S. It mentions that PLL is advantageous because narrow-bandwidth PLL can effectively model and simulate linear analysis. Several equations to assess the effects of sampling on PLL performance are also discussed.

The article evaluates several electronic products including the FMA 1000 indicators for air velocity and temperature by Omega Engineering Inc., the MIL-38999 connectors from Lemo SA, and the PX0885 Bluetooth connectors serial cables from Elektron Components Corp.

The article offers information on the significance of vector signal analyzer (VSA) to assess the noise figure of an in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) demodulator in the U.S. It states that VSA is designed to analyze the accuracy of the signal vectors used to describe the waveform. It can also calculate the error vector between the measured vector and the next closest ideal constellation point.

The article evaluates several products including LPU-2428 Loop-Powered Ultrasonic Level sensors from Automation Products Group Inc., bio-based polyols from Bayer MaterialScience LLC and the surface-mount current-sense transformers from Murata Power Solutions.

The article provides information on trimmer capacitors. Trimmer capacitors are capable of trimming the performance of both active and passive circuits. Circuits with frequencies that may need adjustment can benefit from the tuning flexibility of a trimmer capacitor. These devices can be designed with a variety of structures, including tubular and plate designs.

The article offers step-by-step instructions for installing a variable frequency drive (VFD) to support energy efficiency efforts.

The article reports on a high-accuracy range-sensing system developed by researchers at Hitachi in Japan and the University of California, Berkeley for noncontact shape measurement that deploys frequency-modulated continuous-wave technology with low-cost vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers.

The article provides information on the potential of vector network analyzers (VNA) in offering a more realistic evaluation of high-frequency amplifier performance. During the testing of single-ended devices, the VNA mathematically transforms unbalanced wave quantities into balanced S-parameter results. The approach is adequate for evaluating active or passive device under tests (DUT) under small-signal conditions but falls short when testing active DUTs under large-signal conditions.

Presents information on the MS2781A Signature High-Performance Signal Analyzer from Anritsu Co. Features of the hardware engine of the signal analyzer; Equipment support options for the device; Overview of the hardware architecture of the signal analyzer; Computer capabilities of the analyzer. INSET: Working Signature With MATLAB And Simulink.

The article offers information on the research conducted by Sunney Xie and colleagues from Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts which aims to examine the natural ability of molecules to pass stimulated emission. According to researcher Wei Min, stimulated emission microscopy requires the application of high-frequency modulation and demodulation. It also mentions that the approach can also be employed for absorbing chromophores.

The article discusses the process for the qualification of high-resolution electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) technology on an intelligent in-line inspection tool. The basis for the application of integrity-management programs include detection, sizing and characterization capabilities of the EMAT technology. Several parameters that are correlated to the depth of a crack indication, which is a part of an EMAT inspection, include amplitude and frequency content of different wave modes.

The article discusses the different types of collision warning system that alert vehicle drivers of risk of impending collision with another vehicle or stationary object. The different types of warning system discussed are, radar system, continuous wave Doppler radar, pulsed radar, frequency modulation continuous wave radar and sonar/ultrasound. The article also outlines a selection criteria for collision warning systems.

The article evaluates the model LTC5586 in-phase and quadrature demodulator from Linear Technology Corp.

The article offers information on the electronic circuit designed to determine the caliber of a detected gunshot based on the shot's distinctive noise spectrum considering that each caliber of a gun has a distinct noise spectrum. The circuit has a seven-band graphic equalizer with fixed 24 decibel of gain on the input. Its output is seven direct current levels clocked out for interface with microcontroller's analog-to-digital converter input. The two most popular calibers detected are 22LR rimfire and 9 millimeter Luger.

Presents the design of a simple frequency modulation transmitter called the IC1 to link home-entertainment systems to portable radios that can be carried around the house and into the backyard. Description of the voltage-controlled oscillator with integrated varactor diode; Attenuation of the home system's left and right audio signals by the optional potentiometer R2.

The article discusses the effective use of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) and in higher levels of functionalities in terms of amps per dollar against field-effect transistors (FET). Both key figure of merits for IGBT and FET have been improving since IGBT can deliver more amps per dollar at lower frequencies while FET as a mainstay device for frequencies over 100 kilohertz. However, the devices differ in terms of lifetime and charge control.

The article evaluates the PowerWise LMH2120 radio frequency detector from National Semiconductor Corp.

The article evaluates the LTC5583 dual-channel root-mean-square (RMS) power detector integrated circuit from Linear Technology Corp.

The article offers information on frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radars.

The article focuses on the growth of the use of Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) technology in hydraulic engineering instruments. The latest FMCW radar level gauges provide highly accurate noncontact measurement, with mapping capabilities to compensate for and ignore the presence of internal tank obstructions, such as agitators, and provide precise level measurements, independent of the material being measured. Radar is particularly well suited to level measurement in reactor vessels, because it is not affected by changes in process temperature and pressure/vacuum, vapors, steam, dust, or heavy agitation, nor by variations in properties such as density, conductivity, and dielectric constant. The radical improvements in radar measurement are largely based on advances in microprocessor technology.

Reports on an inexpensive sensor developed by Sensor Technology Ltd. in Banbury, England that measures torque in electronically noisy environments. Emmission of a frequency-modulated (FM) signal which indicates torque and temperature; Piezoelectric quartz crystal used as a tuning element in a FM-circuit; Surface acoustic wave resonator-based torque sensor.