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Purpose – This study investigated the impact of corporate ownership structure on agency costs in the insurance industry. Design/methodology/approach – The study sample included 23 insurance companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) from 2010 to 2019. Panel regression was used to account for the firm- and time-specific unobservable variables and system-GMM estimation was used to address endogeneity concerns. Findings – The results show that managerial ownership positively (negatively) affects selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expenses (assets turnover), implying that unmonitored managers engage in activities that serve their own interests rather than those of shareholders. The largest shareholder’s ownership has no impact on agency costs, implying that the ownership of the largest shareholder is irrelevant. However, as the wedge between the percentage of capital owned by the largest shareholders and managers increases, SG&A expenses (efficiency ratio) decrease (increases), indicating that the existence of large non-management shareholders reduces agency costs. After accounting for the endogeneity problem, the impact of ownership structure on agency costs measured by asset turnover remains robust. Originality/value – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to provide unique evidence and useful insights into the determinants of agency costs from a frontier market in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), with a focus on the insurance sector. Additionally, this study uses a new measure of separation between ownership and control by calculating the wedge between managers’ and large shareholders’ ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of Board of Directors Effectiveness (BODE) on the performance of Malaysian Takaful companies licensed by the Central Bank of Malaysia. In addition, the study investigates the moderating effect of Shariah Committee Quality (SCQ) on the relationship between BODE and companies' performance. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses a sample of 11 Malaysian Takaful companies during the period of 2010-2017. While BDE and SCQ are measured using indices, performance is proxied using ROA and ROE. A panel fixed effect regression analysis is used to test the impact of the BDE on the financial performance of Malaysian Takaful companies and the moderator role of SCQ. Findings: The main finding of this study shows a positive association between BDE and performance. More specifically, boards with a high presence of independent, Muslim and female directors positively contribute to the performance of Malaysian Takaful companies. Another interesting finding is related to the positive moderating effect of SCQ on the relationship between BDE and performance. This result indicates that a high level of SCQ combined with a high level of board effectiveness improve performance. Practical implications: The finding is of great importance to stakeholders and policymakers to improve their board effectiveness and the quality of the Shariah committee to reduce agency costs and to improve the performance of Malaysian Takaful companies. Originality/value: This study adds to the prior literature by investigating for the first time the relationship between BDE and performance and the interaction effect of SCQ on the performance of Malaysian Takaful companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the relationship between management characteristics including management capability, management entrenchment, agency costs and overconfidence and firm performance in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange market. Design/methodology/approach: The research population includes 125 companies after applying systematic elimination sampling method during 2010-2016. The primary measure for companies' performance is return on assets and Demerjian et al. (2012a) model is used to measure managerial characteristics. Findings: The results indicated that two management characteristics, namely, management capability and overconfidence are positively associated with firm performance and improve the level of performance. Agency costs did not have any significant effect on firm performance and management entrenchment leads to deterioration in firm performance. Originality/value: The paper focuses on managerial characteristics and firm performance, which the results may very helpful to companies and investors to hiring managers with specific characteristics. Moreover, the results may give strength to further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many scholars have found a negative relationship between a firm's size and its value, as measured by Tobin's q. This result is called the size discount. There are hypotheses about why the size discount exists, but none have been rigorously empirically tested. This paper argues that the size discount is created by the inability of shareholders to minimize agency costs in larger companies. Statistical tests suggest that the size discount only appears in large firms with managers that impose excessive agency costs upon their shareholders. Empiricists who use Tobin's q to proxy for growth opportunities may need a different proxy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]