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Background: Dyskinetic cerebral palsy (DCP) is clinically characterized by involuntary movements and abnormal postures, which can aggravate with activity. While upper limb movement variability is often detected in the clinical picture, it remains unknown how movement patterns of individuals with DCP differ from typically developing (TD) peers., Research Question: Do individuals with DCP show i) higher time-dependent standard deviations of upper limb joint angles and ii) altered upper limb kinematics in time and/or amplitude during functional upper limb tasks in comparison with TD individuals?, Methods: Three-dimensional upper limb movement patterns were cross-sectionally compared in 50 individuals with and without DCP during three functional tasks: reach forward (RF), reach and grasp vertical (RGV) and reach sideways (RS). Mean and point-wise standard deviations of angular waveform of the upper limb joint angles were compared between groups to evaluate differences in time and/or amplitude using traditional and non-linear registration statistical parametric mapping., Results: Thirty-five extremities from 30 individuals (mean age 17y4m, range 5-25 y; MACS level I(n = 2); II(n = 15); III(n = 16); IV(n = 2)) with DCP and twenty TD individuals (mean age 16y8m, range 8-25 y) were evaluated. The DCP compared to TD group showed higher point-wise standard deviations at the level of all joints, which was time-dependent and varied between tasks. Mean wrist and elbow flexion was higher for the DCP group during RF (0-83 % wrist; 57-100 % elbow), RGV (0-82 % wrist; 12-100 % elbow) and RS (0-43 % wrist; 70-100 % elbow)., Significance: This is the first study exploring the movement patterns of individuals with DCP during reaching using quantitative measures. Analyzing these individual movement patterns by statistical parametric mapping (SPM) allows us to focus on both specific joint or on specific timing during the movement cycle. The individual information that this method yields can guide individual therapy aiming to improve reaching function in different parts of the movement cycle or evaluate intervention effects on upper extremity treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: A growing body of quantitative evidence has been provided regarding age-related differences in plantar foot loading, multi-segment foot kinematics and muscle activity. Fundamental insight into the joint mechanics and energetics of the maturing foot has yet to be provided., Research Question/hypothesis: It was hypothesized that so-called 'biomechancial maturation' joint kinetics would be observed in children underneath the age of eight and that older age-groups would not differ from each other in these parameters., Methods: Fourty-three typically developing boys were recruited and allocated to three different age groups: 1) an early childhood group, 2) a middle childhood group, and 3) an early and late adolescence group. Multi-segment joint kinematics and kinetics of the Ankle-, Chopart-, Lisfranc- and Hallux joint were collected during barefoot walking. One-way Analysis of Covariance was conducted to examine differences among the outcome measures with group as a fixed factor and walking cadence as covariate., Results: The youngest group differed significantly from the other two age groups with respect to their ankle and chopart joint peak plantarflexion moment (p < 0.05). Ankle and chopart joint peak power generation as well as the lisfranc peak plantarflexion moment was found to be significantly lower in the youngest age group compared to the oldest group (p < 0.05). At the lisfranc joint, the youngest age group demonstrated a significantly higher peak plantarflexion velocity compared to the two older age groups (p < 0.05)., Significance: This study provides novel insight into the biomechanical maturation of the developing foot which may guide clinical interventions in paediatric cohorts., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)