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Zizania latifolia is a highly nutritious vegetable being praised as "Ginseng in Water". Polysaccharides are the main bioactive ingredients in Z. latifolia, but there have been no reports on the yield- and activity-guided ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), sulfation and anti-non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) activity. In this study, Z. latifolia polysaccharides (ZLP) were extracted using UAE under an optimized power, followed by sulfation to give three derivatives (SZLP-1 ∼ 3). After characterization, the antioxidant and anti-NSCLC activities were evaluated. The optimal ultrasonic power for ZLP extraction was screened out to be 300 W, under which the yield was 16.9 ± 2.10 %, and the scavenging rate against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical was 63.3 ± 5.71 %, significantly higher than those of other powers and hot-water extraction. A series of characterizations fully confirmed the sulfated modification of ZLP. Sulfation improved the antioxidation of ZLP and was positively proportional to the degree of substitution (DS), of which SZLP-2 with a DS of 15.1 ± 2.50 elicited strong hydroxyl and DPPH radicals-scavenging capacities. Meanwhile, SZLP-2 also exerted promising anti-NSCLC potency via inhibiting A549 cell proliferation, with a median inhibition concentration (IC 50 ) of 0.57 ± 0.01 mg/mL at 72 h, markedly smaller than that of unmodified ZLP (0.78 ± 0.04 mg/mL). In summary, the yield- and activity-guided UAE led to the ZLP with high yield and strong antioxidation. Further sulfation enhanced the bioactivities and produced the promising SZLP-2, which showed great potential in the development of novel antioxidant and anti-NSCLC drug., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Zingiber mioga is a highly economic crop that is used to produce vegetables, spices and herbal pharmaceuticals. Its edible flower bud contributes most to the economic value, but the big leaves were discarded as agricultural waste, which urgently needs to be exploited. In this work, polysaccharides from waste Z. mioga leaves (PWZMLs) were extracted using ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE). After purification and characterization, the antioxidation and anticoagulation of PWZMLs were evaluated to appraise the potential in cardiovascular protection. Under the liquid-solid ratio of 26: 1 mL/g, after ultrasonication at 495 W for 10 min, followed by microwaving at 490 W for 5 min, the yield of PWZMLs achieved to 6.22 ± 0.14 %, notably higher (P < 0.01) than other methods, and ultrasound contributed more to the yield than microwave. Various analyses confirmed that PWZMLs were negatively charged polysaccharides with galacturonic acid the dominant uronic acid. PWZMLs exerted excellent antioxidant capacity, especially for scavenging 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. PWZMLs also elicited promising anticoagulant property, particularly for prolonging activated partial thromboplastin time and lowering fibrinogen, which were almost equivalent to heparin at the same concentration. PWZMLs contained two polysaccharide fractions (199.53 and 275.42 kDa) that could synergistically contribute to the pronounced antioxidant and anticoagulant activities. The PWZMLs extracted with optimized UMAE have great potential in cardiovascular protection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)