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Introduction: Coadministering COVID-19 and influenza vaccines is recommended by public health authorities and intended to improve uptake and convenience; however, the extent of vaccine coadministration is largely unknown. Investigations into COVID-19 and influenza vaccine coadministration are needed to describe compliance with newer recommendations and to identify potential gaps in the implementation of coadministration., Methods: A descriptive, repeated cross-sectional study between September 1, 2021 to November 30, 2021 (Period 1) and September 1, 2022 to November 30, 2022 (Period 2) was conducted. This study included community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries ≥ 66 years who received an mRNA COVID-19 booster vaccine in Periods 1 and 2. The outcome was an influenza vaccine administered on the same day as the COVID-19 vaccine. Adjusted ORs and 99% CIs were estimated using logistic regression to describe the association between beneficiaries' characteristics and vaccine coadministration. Statistical analysis was performed in 2023., Results: Among beneficiaries who received a COVID-19 vaccine, 78.8% in Period 1 (N=6,292,777) and 89.1% in Period 2 (N=4,757,501), received an influenza vaccine at some point during the study period (i.e., before, after, or on the same day as their COVID-19 vaccine), though rates were lower in non-White and rural individuals. Vaccine coadministration increased from 11.1% to 36.5% between periods. Beneficiaries with dementia (aOR Period 2 =1.31; 99%CI=1.29-1.32) and in rural counties (aOR Period 2 =1.19; 99%CI=1.17-1.20) were more likely to receive coadministered vaccines, while those with cancer (aOR Period 2 =0.90; 99%CI=0.89-0.91) were less likely., Conclusions: Among Medicare beneficiaries vaccinated against COVID-19, influenza vaccination was high, but coadministration of the 2 vaccines was low. Future work should explore which factors explain variation in the decision to receive coadministered vaccines., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prompted accelerated vaccine development of novel messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines by Moderna and Pfizer, which received FDA Emergency Use Authorization in December 2020. The purpose of this study was to examine trends in primary series administration and multi-dose completion rates with Moderna's mRNA-1273 vaccine administered at a United States retail pharmacy., Methods: Walgreens pharmacy data were joined to publicly available data sets to examine trends in mRNA-1273 primary series and multi-dose completion across patient race/ethnicity, age, gender, distance to first vaccination, and community characteristics. Eligible patients received their first dose of mRNA-1273 administered by Walgreens between December 18, 2020 and February 28, 2022. Variables significantly associated with on-time second dose (all patients) and third dose (immunocompromised patients) in univariate analyses were included in linear regression models. A subset of patients in selected states were studied to identify differences in early and late vaccine adoption., Results: Patients (N = 4,870,915) who received ≥ 1 dose of mRNA-1273 were 57.0% White, 52.6% female, and averaged 49.4 years old. Approximately 85% of patients received a second dose during the study period. Factors associated with on-time second dose administration included older age, race/ethnicity, traveling ≤ 10 miles for the first dose, higher community-level health insurance, and residing in areas with low social vulnerability. Only 51.0% of immunocompromised patients received the third dose as recommended. Factors associated with third dose administration included older age, race/ethnicity, and small-town residence. Early adopters accounted for 60.6% of patients. Factors associated with early adoption included older age, race/ethnicity, and metropolitan residence., Conclusion: Over 80% of patients received their on-time second dose of mRNA-1273 vaccine per CDC recommendations. Patient demographics and community characteristics were associated with vaccine receipt and series completion. Novel approaches to facilitate series completion during a pandemic should be further studied., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Erin Roberts-McCarthy, MPH reports financial support was provided by Moderna Inc. Erin Roberts-McCarthy, MPH reports a relationship with Walgreen Co that includes: employment and equity or stocks. Philip O. Buck, PhD, MPH reports a relationship with Moderna Inc that includes: employment and equity or stocks. Renae L. Smith-Ray, PhD reports a relationship with Walgreen Co. that includes: employment and equity or stocks. Nicolas Van de Velde reports a relationship with Moderna Inc that includes: employment and equity or stocks. Tanya Singh, MPH reports a relationship with Walgreen Co that includes: employment and equity or stocks. James Mansi, PhD reports a relationship with Moderna Inc that includes: employment and equity or stocks. Amy Shah, MPH reports a relationship with Walgreen Co. that includes: employment and equity or stocks. Michael Taitel, PhD reports a relationship with Walgreen Co that includes: employment and equity or stocks., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: During an influenza epidemic, where early vaccination is crucial, pharmacies may be a resource to increase vaccine distribution reach and capacity., Methods: We utilized an agent-based model of the US and a clinical and economics outcomes model to simulate the impact of different influenza epidemics and the impact of utilizing pharmacies in addition to traditional (hospitals, clinic/physician offices, and urgent care centers) locations for vaccination for the year 2017., Results: For an epidemic with a reproductive rate (R0) of 1.30, adding pharmacies with typical business hours averted 11.9 million symptomatic influenza cases, 23,577 to 94,307 deaths, $1.0 billion in direct (vaccine administration and healthcare) costs, $4.2-44.4 billion in productivity losses, and $5.2-45.3 billion in overall costs (varying with mortality rate). Increasing the epidemic severity (R0 of 1.63), averted 16.0 million symptomatic influenza cases, 35,407 to 141,625 deaths, $1.9 billion in direct costs, $6.0-65.5 billion in productivity losses, and $7.8-67.3 billion in overall costs (varying with mortality rate). Extending pharmacy hours averted up to 16.5 million symptomatic influenza cases, 145,278 deaths, $1.9 billion direct costs, $4.1 billion in productivity loss, and $69.5 billion in overall costs. Adding pharmacies resulted in a cost-benefit of $4.1 to $11.5 billion, varying epidemic severity, mortality rate, pharmacy hours, location vaccination rate, and delay in the availability of the vaccine., Conclusions: Administering vaccines through pharmacies in addition to traditional locations in the event of an epidemic can increase vaccination coverage, mitigating up to 23.7 million symptomatic influenza cases, providing cost-savings up to $2.8 billion to third-party payers and $99.8 billion to society. Pharmacies should be considered as points of dispensing epidemic vaccines in addition to traditional settings as soon as vaccines become available., (Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Eight subjects resided in a programmed laboratory environment for seven to twelve successive days during which time cigarettes and coffee were freely available. An event time-series analysis based upon instances in time of each substance's use revealed a relationship between cigarette smoking and coffee drinking: a coffee-drinking event tended to occur late in the inter-cigarette interval, and a cigarette-smoking event was most probable during the twenty minutes immediately following a coffee-drinking event.

Nine subjects participated in four daily sessions during which a psychomotor task was performed prior to and following drug administration. Blood pressure was reliably increased by task performance, cigarette smoking, and caffeine administration. The effect of the combination of task performance, cigarette smoking and caffeine administration was additive, resulting in a markedly increased blood pressure during task performance for subjects smoking cigarettes and receiving caffeine.

Cigarette smoking rate was observed during work and recreation while subjects participated in two long-term residential experiments. In both experiments, the smoking rate observed during work was markedly lower than the smoking rate observed during recreation. In Experiment 1, activities were performed in successive 1-hour blocks. Smoking suppression during work was not associated with an increase in smoking rate following work. Experiment 2 consisted of treatment days of alternating 30-, 60-, and 120-minute work periods and recreation and control days when no work periods were presented. Performance of work was again associated with a marked suppression of smoking. In addition, the smoking rate for days during which no work was performed was greater than the smoking rate for days during which intermittent work was performed. This effect was not related to the length of the work periods. This finding indicates that subjects failed to compensate totally for work-related decreases in smoking. All subjects exhibited partial compensation.

The purpose of this paper is to provide fundamental information about individual subject smoking behavior when the behavior is characterized as an event time-series. Each subject's smoking series revealed a characteristic inter-cigarette interval frequency distribution but there was little evidence of sequential dependencies in the series with respect to either successive intervals or successive events in time. Several subjects exhibited possible characteristic peaks or troughs during successive 2-hour periods, a finding which was in agreement with previous studies, but even in these subjects temporal patterning accounted for only a small proportion of the total variance. The implications of these findings are discussed and recommendations for the future treatment of smoking data and for possible experimental approaches to the determinants of smoking are presented.