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Background/objective: Immunization information systems (IIS) consolidate provider-submitted immunization information. We reassessed independently owned community pharmacies' IIS enrollment, verification of immunizations needs via IIS records retrieval, and immunization records reporting to IISs following post-pandemic shifts in community pharmacy operations., Methods: A cross-sectional online survey of National Community Pharmacists Association pharmacist, pharmacy owner, and pharmacy technician members was conducted in Fall 2022., Results: 202 complete responses were analyzed. Margin of error was an estimated 7 %. Respondents were: 53.2 % female, ∼87 % White, 69.8 % managers, and 86.1 % practicing in standalone community pharmacies. Almost all (91.6 %) were enrolled in IIS. About two-thirds frequently or always utilized IIS to retrieve immunization records prior to immunization. On average, 81.2 % of influenza and 83.5 % of non-COVID/non-influenza vaccination records were submitted., Conclusions: Enrollment rates are high among studied pharmacies, as are records reporting rates. However, records retrieval rates are suboptimal. Future work should focus on addressing suboptimal retrieval rates within immunization-providing pharmacies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The worldwide epidemics of obesity and diabetes that have emerged in the 21st century are creating a major public heath problem, having struck developed countries as well as those still developing. With our present clinical tools, abilities, and understanding, we may not be prepared to respond adequately to the demands or be able to engage in effective prevention strategies. The underlying pathophysiological reasons for the increases in both obesity and diabetes may be closely related through abnormality in endothelial cells. Diverse expertise from within and outside the public health arena will be needed to explore the health implications from an "endothelium" perspective and identify those at risk for the development of chronic disease. Identification of new biological markers and better measures of current biological marker will both be critical in understanding and addressing the ongoing epidemic of chronic diseases.

L-Glutamine (the most abundant free amino acid in plasma and the body) is a potent inhibitor of endothelial NO synthesis. However, little is known about glutamine metabolism in endothelial cells (EC). As an initial step toward understanding the role of glutamine in endothelial physiology, the present study was conducted to quantify glutamine catabolism in microvascular, aortic and venous EC. For metabolic studies, EC were incubated for 1 h in Krebs bicarbonate buffer containing 5 mM glucose and 0.5-4 mM L-[U-(14)C]-glutamine. For enzymological studies, cell extracts and mitochondrial fractions were prepared to determine the activities of glutamine-degrading enzymes. Our results reveal extensive hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate and ammonia in a concentration-dependent manner via phosphate-dependent glutaminase in all EC studied. In addition, both metabolic and enzymological evidence indicate a novel pathway for endothelial synthesis of ornithine from glutamine via pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase. This new knowledge of glutamine metabolism may pave a new path for understanding the physiological role of glutamine in vascular function.