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This study assessed the effect of a chronic high-fat diet (HFD) on plasma and hippocampal insulin and corticosterone levels, the hippocampus insulin receptor amount, and spatial learning and memory with or without receiving 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) in male rats. Rats were divided into high-fat and normal diet groups, then each group was subdivided into dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 4-PBA groups. After weaning, the rats were fed with HFD for 20 weeks. Then, 4-PBA or DMSO were injected for 3 days. Subsequently, oral glucose tolerance test was done. On the following day, spatial memory tests were performed. Then the hippocampus Bip, Chop, insulin, corticosterone, and insulin receptor levels were determined. HFD increased plasma glucose, leptin and corticosterone concentrations, hippocampus Bip, Chop and corticosterone levels, food intake, abdominal fat weight and body weight along with impaired glucose tolerance. It decreased plasma insulin, and insulin content, and its receptor amount in hippocampus. HFD lengthened escape latency and shortened the duration spent in target zone. 4-PBA administration improved the HFD- induced adverse changes. Chronic HFD possibly through the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequent changes in the levels of hippocampal corticosterone, insulin and insulin receptor along with possible leptin resistance caused spatial learning and memory deficits., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The present study has focused on performance analysis of ultrasound-assisted synthesized nano-hierarchical silico-alumino-phosphate-34 (SAPO-34) catalyst during methanol-to-light-olefins (MTO) process. A classical method, i.e., multiple linear regression (MLR) and two intelligent methods, i.e., genetic programming (GP) and artificial neural networks (ANN) were used for modeling of the performance of nano-hierarchical SAPO-34 catalyst. We studied the influence of basic parameters for the sonochemical synthesis of nano-hierarchical SAPO-34 catalyst such as crystallization time, ultrasonic irradiation time, ultrasonic intensity, amount of organic template (diethylamine (DEA) and carbon nanotube (CNT)) on its performance (methanol conversion and light olefins selectivity) in MTO process. The results revealed that the models achieved using the GP method had the highest accuracy for training and test data. Therefore, GP models were used in the following to predict the effect of main parameters for the sonochemical synthesis of nano-hierarchical SAPO-34 catalyst. Finally, an optimal catalyst with the highest yield into light olefins was predicted using the genetic optimization algorithm. The genetic models were employed as an evaluation function in the genetic algorithm (GA). A good agreement between the outputs of GP models for the optimal catalyst and experimental results were obtained. The optimal ultrasound-assisted synthesized nano-hierarchical SAPO-34 was accompanied by light olefins selectivity of 77% and methanol conversion of 94% from the onset of the process after 9 h., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Spreading depression (SD), a slow propagating depolarization wave, plays an important role in pathophysiology of different neurological disorders. Yet, research into SD-related disorders has been hampered by the lack of non-invasive recording techniques of SD. Here we compared the manifestations of SD in continuous non-invasive electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings to invasive electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings in order to obtain further insights into generator structures and electrogenic mechanisms of surface recording of SD. SD was induced by KCl application and simultaneous SD recordings were performed by scalp EEG as well as ECoG electrodes of somatosensory neocortex of rats using a novel homemade EEG amplifier, AgCl recording electrodes, and high chloride conductive gel. Different methods were used to analyze the data; including the spectrogram, bi-spectrogram, pattern distribution, relative spectrum power, and multivariable Gaussian fit analysis. The negative direct current (DC) shifts recorded by scalp electrodes exhibited a high homogeneity to those recorded by ECoG electrodes. Furthermore, this novel method of recording and analysis was able to separate SD recorded by scalp electrodes from non-neuronal DC shifts induced by other potential generators, such as the skin, muscles, arteries, dura, etc. These data suggest a novel application for continuous non-invasive monitoring of DC potential changes, such as SD. Non-invasive monitoring of SD would allow early intervention and improve outcome in SD-related neurological disorders., (Copyright © 2016 IBRO. All rights reserved.)

The kinetics study of SAPO-34 crystallization from a gel containing morpholine as a structure directing agent (SDA) was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns in order to determine the kinetics parameters, i.e. induction times, rate constants, frequency factors, and activation energies for the induction and growth stages. The kinetics data of growth period were determined by using the Avrami-Erofeev nucleation growth model. SAPO-34 molecular sieves were synthesized by using both sonochemical-assisted hydrothermal and conventional hydrothermal heating at temperatures of 180, 200, and 220 °C to elucidate the influence of crystallization method on the crystallization kinetics of SAPO-34. The activation energy values indicated that the crystal growth mechanism was enhanced for samples synthesized sonochemically, whereas the induction energy was not greatly affected by using sonication process. Also, the kinetic compensation effect (KCE) was considered in order to obtain the isokinetic temperature., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Synthesis of SAPO-34 nanocrystals which has been recently considered as a challenging task was successfully performed by sonochemical method using TEAOH as structure directing agent (SDA). The products were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, BET and TGA. The average crystal size of the final product prepared sonochemically is 50 nm that is much smaller than that of synthesized under hydrothermal condition and the morphology of the crystals changes from uniform spherical nanoparticles to spherical aggregates of cube type SAPO-34 crystals respectively. In the case of sample synthesized sonochemically with aid of hydrothermal condition, the surface area is significantly upper than that of obtained by the conventional static hydrothermal technology with almost the same crystallinity. SAPO-34 framework synthesized by just ultrasonic treatment is unstable and a significant part of SAPO-34 nanocrystals is transformed to the dense phase of AlPO(4) structure, i.e., Cristobalite. Contrary to hydrothermal method that at least 24h of the synthesis time is required to obtain fully crystalline SAPO-34, sonochemical-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of samples leads to form fully crystalline SAPO-34 crystals taking only 1.5h. In a sonochemical process, a huge density of energy for crystallization is provided by the collapse of bubbles which formed by ultrasonic waves. The fact that small SONO-SAPO-34 crystals could be prepared by the sonochemical method suggests a high nucleation density in the early stages of synthesis and slow crystal growth after nucleation., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The technique for the Bellevue Pouch, another continent intestinal reservoir, is described. A large-capacity low-pressure reservoir is created from detubularized ascending colon, cecum, and terminal ileum. Continence is achieved by means of an intussuscepted segment of ileum and a modulating colonic pressure cuff wrapped around it. The operation has been performed on 19 patients, all of whom achieved satisfactory continence. Two patients were converted to free drainage systems at a later date. Average follow-up was twenty-five months.

Burkitt's lymphoma presenting as an intrinsic ureteral mass is rare. We report on an immunocompromised patient with hydronephrosis secondary to direct involvement of the ureter by this non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This case illustrates one of the manifestations of AIDS and the treatment of this manifestation. The relationship of AIDS and its sequela to the genitourinary system is discussed.

Two cases of sacrococcygeal teratomas are presented. One case illustrates the long course of urologic problems produced by a "successful" removal of the tumor. The literature is reviewed, and the characteristics of this congenital tumor are discussed.

Forty-six patients with histologically proved adenocarcinoma of the prostate underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy after CAT scanning. The accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of the CAT scan in detecting nodal metastasis were 70, 93 and 30 per cent, respectively; this compares favorably with pedal lymphangiography. Seventeen of the patients had radical prostatectomy. The accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of the CAT scan in depicting local extent of the tumor were 47, 100, and 18 per cent, respectively; although low, no other clinical or biochemical method provides a better result.

A case of a duplicated collecting system with an ectopic ureter draining into the ipsilateral vas deferens is presented. The embryology of this entity is reviewed.

A review of sixty-two technetium scrotal scans performed over a one-year period has led to a classification of pathologic states based on the degree of uptake of the radioactive isotope. Absent uptake, or a "cold" scan, is present only with testicular torsion, and rarely with avascular tumors. Increased uptake, or a "hot" scan, is most commonly seen with inflammatory conditions such as acute epididymitis and orchitis, and less commonly with tumor. "Mixed" scans can be associated with abscess, tumor with necrosis, trauma, and late torsion.

A retrospective study of efficacy of radioisotopic renal scan intravenous urogram in 10 infants with various urologic diseases showed the scan to be more rapid and accurate in depicting the lesions. Since the radioisotopic renal scan requires less irradiation than the intravenous pyelogram, it should be used first as a screening test in infants suspected of having urologic problems.

A retrospective analysis of 27 cases of primary carcinoma of the ureter is presented. The ages of the patients ranged from forty-two to eighty-three years, with the highest incidence between the fifth and seventh decades. Males were more frequently affected than females, and the tumors were usually found in the lower third of the ureter. Hematuria and flank pain were the presenting symptoms in the majority of cases. Poorly differentiated invasive tumors had poor prognosis when compared to well-differentiated noninvasive lesions. Total nephroureterectomy with excision of bladder cuff is the preferred treatment for ureteral carcinoma in view of the high rate of ipsilateral tumor recurrence.

A retrospective analysis of clinical and pathologic data of 100 patients with germ cell testicular tumors is presented. The presenting symptoms and their duration prior to orchiectomy are analyzed and categorized. The duration of symptoms correlated with the stage of disease for each tumor. Seventy-five per cent of locally invasive lesions were found in patients with Stage II or III disease.

A technique for ureteroileal anastomosis with an antireflux extraluminal seromuscular ureteral tunnel was evaluated in 9 dogs. Evidence will be presented to show that this approach is effective in preventing reflux while preserving the integrity of the renal units.

The other testicle was involved in 6 of 235 patients (2.69 per cent) with a history of testicular germ cell tumor. It occurred more often following seminoma (4 of 113, 3.5 per cent cases). The mean age at occurrence of the first tumor (twenty-five years) was earlier than expected, and the mean interval between tumors was 8.8 years. Accurate clinical staging of second tumors is impeded by alteration in the routes of metastatic dissemination, and treatment options are limited by previous therapy for the first tumor.

A surgical technique for correction of hypospadias with chordee in one stage is described. This technique which brings the ectopic meatus up to the tip of the glans was successfully applied in 3 cases of penoscrotal and in 8 cases of penile hypospadias.

Studies to detect ultrastructural changes in testicular tissues after a fifteen-minute exposure to ultrasonic waves were done in 10 men undergoing bilateral orchiectomies for prostatic carcinoma. Examination of Sertoli cells and germ cells in different stages of differentiation failed to reveal significant differences between exposed and control testes.

Three cases of anterior urethral valves, a rare congenital anomaly are reported. Anterior urethral valves probably represent an attempt at duplication of the urethra in the first twelve to fourteen weeks of intrauterine life. The most common type is cusp-like and most frequently located in the bulbar urethra. The presenting complaints are lower tract symptoms, and the diagnosis is usually made by a voiding urethrogram.

Fourteen patients with anaplastic seminoma were analyzed retrospectively. At the time of presentation anaplastic seminoma has similar prognosis stage for stage as the classic seminoma. However, the distinctive histologic findings and the high rates of local invasion and of elevations of serum beta-subunit human chorionic gonadotropin serve to distinguish anaplastic seminoma from the classic seminoma. These features, suggesting a possibly greater metastatic potential for anaplastic seminoma, warrant its continued identification as a distinct pathologic subtype.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) produces, in both human and non-human primates, a syndrome very similar to idiopathic Parkinson's disease. The syndrome is associated with degeneration of the dopamine-containing neurons in the substantia nigra, many of which project to the neostriatum. The purpose of the present study was to quantify the regional distribution of midbrain dopamine neurons remaining after MPTP administration to the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and to develop alternative procedures for maintaining the normal nutrition in MPTP-treated animals. Three monkeys were treated with MPTP and three served as controls. Representative sections were examined from rostral to caudal through the midbrain dopamine cell nuclei and the location of every tyrosine hydroxylase-containing cell was entered into a computer. Midbrain dopamine neuronal cell loss ranged from 36-78%, being most extensive in the two monkeys which exhibited the most severe parkinsonian syndrome. The greatest cell loss (46-93%) occurred in the substantia nigra pars compacta, or nucleus A9, and the loss was primarily in the ventral portion of the nucleus. Contrary to most previous reports, however, there was also a loss of cells in the ventral tegmental area (28-57%) and ventral reticular formation (33-87%), corresponding to nuclei A10 and A8, respectively. Since neuroanatomical tracing studies have shown that the dorsal and lateral portions of the striatum (areas showing the greatest dopamine depletion after MPTP) receive input from cells in the ventral A9 and from cells in the A8 and A10 areas, the present data suggest that MPTP preferentially destroys dopamine cells that project to the striatum (i.e. the mesostriatal cells).

Three hundred twenty-six patients treated at New York University from 1970 to 1982 were studied for survival in relationship to surgical stage, type of therapy, and pathologic characterization of the primary tumor. At the time of diagnosis 25.5 per cent of tumors were Stage I, 15 per cent Stage II, 28.5 per cent Stage III, and 31 per cent Stage IV. The retrospective study showed that patients with tumor confined within the capsule achieved the highest five- and ten-year survivals of 88 per cent and 66 per cent, respectively. Survivals decreased as tumor invaded perirenal fat (67% and 35%) or regional lymph nodes (17% and 5%). Tumor invasion into the renal vein alone did not significantly change five-year survival (84%) but lowered ten-year survival to 45 per cent. Patients with metastases at the time of nephrectomy did poorly regardless of site of metastases or kind of adjuvant therapy, except for those managed by surgical extirpation of the secondary lesion. Certain tumor characteristics were associated with a better prognosis, e.g., size below 5 cm in diameter, lack of invasion of collecting system, perirenal fat or regional lymph nodes, and predominance of clear or granular cells growing into a recognizable histologic pattern.

Quantitative computerized tomography (QCT) of vertebral bodies could reveal metastatic spread of prostatic cancer before such lesions are seen with standard examinations. Focal increase in the density of the spongious bone in face of normal bone scan and serum acid phosphatase is suggestive of metastasis, but certitude is gained only if further increase in density or structural bone changes are demonstrated on follow-up studies. QCT also may provide an objective measurement of tumor response to therapy.

Surgical extirpation of the primary tumor together with the involved regional nodes has been considered ineffective treatment for locally disseminated prostatic carcinoma. We retrospectively reviewed our experience with 42 patients with Stage D1 disease who underwent radical prostatectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and who had a follow-up of one to thirteen years (mean 5 years). The following variables affecting survival and tumor progression were analyzed: (1) tumor grade and local extent; (2) number of positive lymph nodes, and (3) adjuvant therapy. The overall five- and ten-year survival was 79.5 per cent and 28 per cent compared with the expected survival of an age-matched control group of 88 per cent and 28 per cent, respectively. The degree of tumor differentiation had no effect on prognosis, but local tumor bulk and the number of involved lymph nodes significantly changed the disease progression and survival rate. Patients with low local tumor bulk and one positive node survived as long as the age-matched male population group. Our data suggest that radical prostatectomy may represent a valuable treatment in selected patients with Stage D1 prostate carcinoma.