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The calcium looping cycle (CaL) possesses outstanding CO 2 capture capacity for future carbon-capturing technologies that utilise CaO sorbents to capture the CO 2 in a looping cycle. However, sorbent degradation and the presence of inert materials stabilise the sorbent, thereby reducing the CO 2 capture capacity. Consequently, the CaO sorbent that has degraded must be replenished, increasing the operational cost for industrial use. CaO sorbents have been modified to enhance their CO 2 capture capacity and stability. However, various CaO sorbents, including limestone, dolomite, biogenesis calcium waste and industrial waste, exhibit distinct behaviour in response to these modifications. Thus, this work comprehensively reviews the CO 2 capture capacity of sorbent improvement based on various CaO sorbents. Furthermore, this study provides an understanding of the effects of CO 2 capture capacity based on the properties of the CaO sorbent. The properties of various CaO sorbents, such as surface area, pore volume, particle size and morphology, are influential in exhibiting high CO 2 capture capacity. This review provides insights into the future development of CaL technology, particularly for carbon-capturing technologies that focus on the modifications of CaO sorbents and the properties that affect the CO 2 capture capacity., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Nurfanizan Binti Mohd Afandi reports financial support was provided by National Energy University., (© 2024 The Authors.)

A new zinc-based boron nitride (Zn-BNT) material was synthesized from boron nitride and zinc acetate in 95% yield. The morphological and spectroscopic properties of Zn-BNT were elucidated by SEM, XRD, BET, DSC-TGA, and FT-IR. Zn-BNT catalyzed the synthesis of benzimidazoles ( 3a-3h ) through a reaction between o -phenylenediamine and different aromatic aldehydes under microwave conditions for 15 min. The compounds were purified by silica-gel chromatography. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and elemental analysis. Zn-BNT was reused eight times with only a 5% loss of catalytic activity. Furthermore, 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole ( 3f) was selected for a computational study of the IR and NMR spectrum, which matched the experimentally generated spectra. The HOMO-LUMO gap was 4.48, and the Fukui function analysis showed high activity in the reactive sites., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

A new pandemic is ongoing in several parts of the world. The agent responsible is the newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The symptoms associated with this virus are known as the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). In this review, we summarize the published data on virus specific antibodies in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 disease, patients recovered from the disease and the individuals who are asymptomatic with SARS-CoV-2 infections. The review highlights the following: i) an adjunct role of antibody tests in the diagnosis of COVID-19 in combination with RT-PCR; ii) status of antibodies from COVID-19 convalescent patients to select donors for plasma therapy; iii) the potential confounding effects of other coronaviruses, measles, mumps and rubella in antibody testing due to homology of certain viral genes; and iv) the role of antibody testing for conducting surveillance in populations, incidence estimation, contact tracing and epidemiologic studies., (© 2021 The Authors.)