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1. Predictors of enhancing human physical attractiveness: Data from 93 countries

Author

Kowal, M., Sorokowski, P., Pisanski, K., Valentova, J.V., Varella, M.A.C., Frederick, D.A., Al-Shawaf, L., García, F.E., Giammusso, I., Gjoneska, B., Kozma, L., Otterbring, T., Papadatou-Pastou, M., Pfuhl, G., Stöckli, S., Studzinska, A., Toplu-Demirtaş, E., Touloumakos, A.K., Bakos, B.E., Batres, C., Bonneterre, S., Czamanski-Cohen, J., Dacanay, J.C., Deschrijver, E., Fisher, M.L., Grano, C., Grigoryev, D., Kačmár, P., Kozlov, M.V., Manunta, E., Massar, K., McFall, J.P., Mebarak, M., Miccoli, M.R., Milfont, T.L., Prokop, P., Aavik, T., Arriaga, P., Baiocco, R., Čeněk, J., Çetinkaya, H., Duyar, I., Guemaz, F., Ishii, T., Kamburidis, J.A., Khun-Inkeeree, H., Lidborg, L.H., Manor, H., Nussinson, R., Omar-Fauzee, M.S.B., Pazhoohi, F., Ponnet, K., Santos, A.C., Senyk, O., Spasovski, O., Vintila, M., Wang, A.H., Yoo, G., Zerhouni, O., Amin, R., Aquino, S., Boğa, M., Boussena, M., Can, A.R., Can, S., Castro, R., Chirumbolo, A., Çoker, O., Cornec, C., Dural, S., Eder, S.J., Moharrampour, N.G., Grassini, S., Hristova, E., Ikizer, G., Kervyn, N., Koyuncu, M., Kunisato, Y., Lins, S., Mandzyk, T., Mari, S., Mattiassi, A.D.A., Memisoglu-Sanli, A., Morelli, M., Novaes, F.C., Parise, M., Banai, I.P., Perun, M., Plohl, N., Sahli, F.Z., Šakan, D., Smojver-Azić, S., Solak, Ç., Söylemez, S., Toyama, A., Wlodarczyk, A., Yamada, Y., Abad-Villaverde, B., Afhami, R., Akello, G., Alami, N.H., Alma, L., Argyrides, M., Atamtürk, D., Burduli, N., Cardona, S., Carneiro, J., Castañeda, A., Chałatkiewicz, I., Chopik, W.J., Chubinidze, D., Conroy-Beam, D., Contreras-Garduño, J., da Silva, D.R., Don, Y.B., Donato, S., Dubrov, D., Duračková, M., Dutt, S., Ebimgbo, S.O., Estevan, I., Etchezahar, E., Fedor, P., Fekih-Romdhane, F., Frackowiak, T., Galasinska, K., Gargula, Ł., Gelbart, B., Yepes, T.G., Hamdaoui, B., Hromatko, I., Itibi, S.N., Jaforte, L., Janssen, Jose, Jović, Marija, Kertechian, K.S., Khan, F., Kobylarek, A., Koso-Drljević, M., Krasnodębska, A., Križanić, V., Landa-Blanco, M., Mailhos, A., Marot, T., Dorcić, T.M., Martinez-Banfi, M., Yusof, M.R., Mayorga-Lascano, M., Mikuličiūtė, V., Mišetić, K., Musil, B., Najmussaqib, A., Muthu, K.N., Natividade, J.C., Ndukaihe, I.L.G., Nyhus, E.K., Oberzaucher, E., Omar, S.S., Ostaszewski, F., Pacquing, M.C.T., Pagani, A.F., Park, J.H., Pirtskhalava, E., Reips, U.-D., Reyes, M.E.S., Röer, J.P., Şahin, A., Samekin, A., Sargautytė, R., Semenovskikh, T., Siepelmeyer, H., Singh, S., Sołtys, A., Sorokowska, A., Soto-López, R., Sultanova, L., Tamayo-Agudelo, W., Tan, C.-S., Topanova, G.T., Bulut, M.T., Trémolière, B., Tulyakul, S., Türkan, B.N., Urbanek, A., Volkodav, T., Walter, K.V., Yaakob, M.F.M., Zumárraga-Espinosa, M., Kowal, M., Sorokowski, P., Pisanski, K., Valentova, J.V., Varella, M.A.C., Frederick, D.A., Al-Shawaf, L., García, F.E., Giammusso, I., Gjoneska, B., Kozma, L., Otterbring, T., Papadatou-Pastou, M., Pfuhl, G., Stöckli, S., Studzinska, A., Toplu-Demirtaş, E., Touloumakos, A.K., Bakos, B.E., Batres, C., Bonneterre, S., Czamanski-Cohen, J., Dacanay, J.C., Deschrijver, E., Fisher, M.L., Grano, C., Grigoryev, D., Kačmár, P., Kozlov, M.V., Manunta, E., Massar, K., McFall, J.P., Mebarak, M., Miccoli, M.R., Milfont, T.L., Prokop, P., Aavik, T., Arriaga, P., Baiocco, R., Čeněk, J., Çetinkaya, H., Duyar, I., Guemaz, F., Ishii, T., Kamburidis, J.A., Khun-Inkeeree, H., Lidborg, L.H., Manor, H., Nussinson, R., Omar-Fauzee, M.S.B., Pazhoohi, F., Ponnet, K., Santos, A.C., Senyk, O., Spasovski, O., Vintila, M., Wang, A.H., Yoo, G., Zerhouni, O., Amin, R., Aquino, S., Boğa, M., Boussena, M., Can, A.R., Can, S., Castro, R., Chirumbolo, A., Çoker, O., Cornec, C., Dural, S., Eder, S.J., Moharrampour, N.G., Grassini, S., Hristova, E., Ikizer, G., Kervyn, N., Koyuncu, M., Kunisato, Y., Lins, S., Mandzyk, T., Mari, S., Mattiassi, A.D.A., Memisoglu-Sanli, A., Morelli, M., Novaes, F.C., Parise, M., Banai, I.P., Perun, M., Plohl, N., Sahli, F.Z., Šakan, D., Smojver-Azić, S., Solak, Ç., Söylemez, S., Toyama, A., Wlodarczyk, A., Yamada, Y., Abad-Villaverde, B., Afhami, R., Akello, G., Alami, N.H., Alma, L., Argyrides, M., Atamtürk, D., Burduli, N., Cardona, S., Carneiro, J., Castañeda, A., Chałatkiewicz, I., Chopik, W.J., Chubinidze, D., Conroy-Beam, D., Contreras-Garduño, J., da Silva, D.R., Don, Y.B., Donato, S., Dubrov, D., Duračková, M., Dutt, S., Ebimgbo, S.O., Estevan, I., Etchezahar, E., Fedor, P., Fekih-Romdhane, F., Frackowiak, T., Galasinska, K., Gargula, Ł., Gelbart, B., Yepes, T.G., Hamdaoui, B., Hromatko, I., Itibi, S.N., Jaforte, L., Janssen, Jose, Jović, Marija, Kertechian, K.S., Khan, F., Kobylarek, A., Koso-Drljević, M., Krasnodębska, A., Križanić, V., Landa-Blanco, M., Mailhos, A., Marot, T., Dorcić, T.M., Martinez-Banfi, M., Yusof, M.R., Mayorga-Lascano, M., Mikuličiūtė, V., Mišetić, K., Musil, B., Najmussaqib, A., Muthu, K.N., Natividade, J.C., Ndukaihe, I.L.G., Nyhus, E.K., Oberzaucher, E., Omar, S.S., Ostaszewski, F., Pacquing, M.C.T., Pagani, A.F., Park, J.H., Pirtskhalava, E., Reips, U.-D., Reyes, M.E.S., Röer, J.P., Şahin, A., Samekin, A., Sargautytė, R., Semenovskikh, T., Siepelmeyer, H., Singh, S., Sołtys, A., Sorokowska, A., Soto-López, R., Sultanova, L., Tamayo-Agudelo, W., Tan, C.-S., Topanova, G.T., Bulut, M.T., Trémolière, B., Tulyakul, S., Türkan, B.N., Urbanek, A., Volkodav, T., Walter, K.V., Yaakob, M.F.M., and Zumárraga-Espinosa, M.

Abstract

People across the world and throughout history have gone to great lengths to enhance their physical appearance. Evolutionary psychologists and ethologists have largely attempted to explain this phenomenon via mating preferences and strategies. Here, we test one of the most popular evolutionary hypotheses for beauty-enhancing behaviors, drawn from mating market and parasite stress perspectives, in a large cross-cultural sample. We also test hypotheses drawn from other influential and non-mutually exclusive theoretical frameworks, from biosocial role theory to a cultural media perspective. Survey data from 93,158 human participants across 93 countries provide evidence that behaviors such as applying makeup or using other cosmetics, hair grooming, clothing style, caring for body hygiene, and exercising or following a specific diet for the specific purpose of improving ones physical attractiveness, are universal. Indeed, 99% of participants reported spending >10 min a day performing beauty-enhancing behaviors. The results largely support evolutionary hypotheses: more time was spent enhancing beauty by women (almost 4 h a day, on average) than by men (3.6 h a day), by the youngest participants (and contrary to predictions, also the oldest), by those with a relatively more severe history of infectious diseases, and by participants currently dating compared to those in established relationships. The strongest predictor of attractiveness-enhancing behaviors was social media usage. Other predictors, in order of effect size, included adhering to traditional gender roles, residing in countries with less gender equality, considering oneself as highly attractive or, conversely, highly unattractive, TV watching time, higher socioeconomic status, right-wing political beliefs, a lower level of education, and personal individualistic attitudes. This study provides novel insight into universal beauty-enhancing behaviors by unifying evolutionary theory with several other complementary

Published
2022

2. Predictors of enhancing human physical attractiveness: Data from 93 countries

Author

Kowal, M, Sorokowski, P, Pisanski, K, Valentova, J, Varella, M, Frederick, D, Al-Shawaf, L, García, F, Giammusso, I, Gjoneska, B, Kozma, L, Otterbring, T, Papadatou-Pastou, M, Pfuhl, G, Stöckli, S, Studzinska, A, Toplu-Demirtaş, E, Touloumakos, A, Bakos, B, Batres, C, Bonneterre, S, Czamanski-Cohen, J, Dacanay, J, Deschrijver, E, Fisher, M, Grano, C, Grigoryev, D, Kačmár, P, Kozlov, M, Manunta, E, Massar, K, Mcfall, J, Mebarak, M, Miccoli, M, Milfont, T, Prokop, P, Aavik, T, Arriaga, P, Baiocco, R, Čeněk, J, Çetinkaya, H, Duyar, I, Guemaz, F, Ishii, T, Kamburidis, J, Khun-Inkeeree, H, Lidborg, L, Manor, H, Nussinson, R, Omar-Fauzee, M, Pazhoohi, F, Ponnet, K, Santos, A, Senyk, O, Spasovski, O, Vintila, M, Wang, A, Yoo, G, Zerhouni, O, Amin, R, Aquino, S, Boğa, M, Boussena, M, Can, A, Can, S, Castro, R, Chirumbolo, A, Çoker, O, Cornec, C, Dural, S, Eder, S, Moharrampour, N, Grassini, S, Hristova, E, Ikizer, G, Kervyn, N, Koyuncu, M, Kunisato, Y, Lins, S, Mandzyk, T, Mari, S, Mattiassi, A, Memisoglu-Sanli, A, Morelli, M, Novaes, F, Parise, M, Banai, I, Perun, M, Plohl, N, Sahli, F, Šakan, D, Smojver-Azic, S, Solak, Ç, Söylemez, S, Toyama, A, Wlodarczyk, A, Yamada, Y, Abad-Villaverde, B, Afhami, R, Akello, G, Alami, N, Alma, L, Argyrides, M, Atamtürk, D, Burduli, N, Cardona, S, Carneiro, J, Castañeda, A, Chałatkiewicz, I, Chopik, W, Chubinidze, D, Conroy-Beam, D, Contreras-Garduño, J, da Silva, D, Don, Y, Donato, S, Dubrov, D, Duračková, M, Dutt, S, Ebimgbo, S, Estevan, I, Etchezahar, E, Fedor, P, Fekih-Romdhane, F, Frackowiak, T, Galasinska, K, Gargula, Ł, Gelbart, B, Yepes, T, Hamdaoui, B, Hromatko, I, Itibi, S, Jaforte, L, Janssen, S, Jovic, M, Kertechian, K, Khan, F, Kobylarek, A, Koso-Drljevic, M, Krasnodębska, A, Križanić, V, Landa-Blanco, M, Mailhos, A, Marot, T, Dorcic, T, Martinez-Banfi, M, Yusof, M, Mayorga-Lascano, M, Mikuličiūtė, V, Mišetić, K, Musil, B, Najmussaqib, A, Muthu, K, Natividade, J, Ndukaihe, I, Nyhus, E, Oberzaucher, E, Omar, S, Ostaszewski, F, Pacquing, M, Pagani, A, Park, J, Pirtskhalava, E, Reips, U, Reyes, M, Röer, J, Şahin, A, Samekin, A, Sargautytė, R, Semenovskikh, T, Siepelmeyer, H, Singh, S, Sołtys, A, Sorokowska, A, Soto-López, R, Sultanova, L, Tamayo-Agudelo, W, Tan, C, Topanova, G, Bulut, M, Trémolière, B, Tulyakul, S, Türkan, B, Urbanek, A, Volkodav, T, Walter, K, Yaakob, M, Zumárraga-Espinosa, M, Kowal, Marta, Sorokowski, Piotr, Pisanski, Katarzyna, Valentova, Jaroslava V., Varella, Marco A. C., Frederick, David A., Al-Shawaf, Laith, García, Felipe E., Giammusso, Isabella, Gjoneska, Biljana, Kozma, Luca, Otterbring, Tobias, Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta, Pfuhl, Gerit, Stöckli, Sabrina, Studzinska, Anna, Toplu-Demirtaş, Ezgi, Touloumakos, Anna K., Bakos, Bence E., Batres, Carlota, Bonneterre, Solenne, Czamanski-Cohen, Johanna, Dacanay, Jovi C., Deschrijver, Eliane, Fisher, Maryanne L., Grano, Caterina, Grigoryev, Dmitry, Kačmár, Pavol, Kozlov, Mikhail V., Manunta, Efisio, Massar, Karlijn, McFall, Joseph P., Mebarak, Moises, Miccoli, Maria Rosa, Milfont, Taciano L., Prokop, Pavol, Aavik, Toivo, Arriaga, Patrícia, Baiocco, Roberto, Čeněk, Jiří, Çetinkaya, Hakan, Duyar, Izzet, Guemaz, Farida, Ishii, Tatsunori, Kamburidis, Julia A., Khun-Inkeeree, Hareesol, Lidborg, Linda H., Manor, Hagar, Nussinson, Ravit, Omar-Fauzee, Mohd Sofian B., Pazhoohi, Farid, Ponnet, Koen, Santos, Anabela Caetano, Senyk, Oksana, Spasovski, Ognen, Vintila, Mona, Wang, Austin H., Yoo, Gyesook, Zerhouni, Oulmann, Amin, Rizwana, Aquino, Sibele, Boğa, Merve, Boussena, Mahmoud, Can, Ali R., Can, Seda, Castro, Rita, Chirumbolo, Antonio, Çoker, Ogeday, Cornec, Clément, Dural, Seda, Eder, Stephanie J., Moharrampour, Nasim Ghahraman, Grassini, Simone, Hristova, Evgeniya, Ikizer, Gözde, Kervyn, Nicolas, Koyuncu, Mehmet, Kunisato, Yoshihiko, Lins, Samuel, Mandzyk, Tetyana, Mari, Silvia, Mattiassi, Alan D. A., Memisoglu-Sanli, Aybegum, Morelli, Mara, Novaes, Felipe C., Parise, Miriam, Banai, Irena Pavela, Perun, Mariia, Plohl, Nejc, Sahli, Fatima Zahra, Šakan, Dušana, Smojver-Azic, Sanja, Solak, Çağlar, Söylemez, Sinem, Toyama, Asako, Wlodarczyk, Anna, Yamada, Yuki, Abad-Villaverde, Beatriz, Afhami, Reza, Akello, Grace, Alami, Nael H., Alma, Leyla, Argyrides, Marios, Atamtürk, Derya, Burduli, Nana, Cardona, Sayra, Carneiro, João, Castañeda, Andrea, Chałatkiewicz, Izabela, Chopik, William J., Chubinidze, Dimitri, Conroy-Beam, Daniel, Contreras-Garduño, Jorge, da Silva, Diana Ribeiro, Don, Yahya B., Donato, Silvia, Dubrov, Dmitrii, Duračková, Michaela, Dutt, Sanjana, Ebimgbo, Samuel O., Estevan, Ignacio, Etchezahar, Edgardo, Fedor, Peter, Fekih-Romdhane, Feten, Frackowiak, Tomasz, Galasinska, Katarzyna, Gargula, Łukasz, Gelbart, Benjamin, Yepes, Talia Gomez, Hamdaoui, Brahim, Hromatko, Ivana, Itibi, Salome N., Jaforte, Luna, Janssen, Steve M. J., Jovic, Marija, Kertechian, Kevin S., Khan, Farah, Kobylarek, Aleksander, Koso-Drljevic, Maida, Krasnodębska, Anna, Križanić, Valerija, Landa-Blanco, Miguel, Mailhos, Alvaro, Marot, Tiago, Dorcic, Tamara Martinac, Martinez-Banfi, Martha, Yusof, Mat Rahimi, Mayorga-Lascano, Marlon, Mikuličiūtė, Vita, Mišetić, Katarina, Musil, Bojan, Najmussaqib, Arooj, Muthu, Kavitha Nalla, Natividade, Jean C., Ndukaihe, Izuchukwu L. G., Nyhus, Ellen K., Oberzaucher, Elisabeth, Omar, Salma S., Ostaszewski, Franciszek, Pacquing, Ma. Criselda T., Pagani, Ariela F., Park, Ju Hee, Pirtskhalava, Ekaterine, Reips, Ulf-Dietrich, Reyes, Marc Eric S., Röer, Jan P., Şahin, Ayşegül, Samekin, Adil, Sargautytė, Rūta, Semenovskikh, Tatiana, Siepelmeyer, Henrik, Singh, Sangeeta, Sołtys, Alicja, Sorokowska, Agnieszka, Soto-López, Rodrigo, Sultanova, Liliya, Tamayo-Agudelo, William, Tan, Chee-Seng, Topanova, Gulmira T., Bulut, Merve Topcu, Trémolière, Bastien, Tulyakul, Singha, Türkan, Belgüzar N., Urbanek, Arkadiusz, Volkodav, Tatiana, Walter, Kathryn V., Yaakob, Mohd Faiz Mohd, Zumárraga-Espinosa, Marcos, Kowal, M, Sorokowski, P, Pisanski, K, Valentova, J, Varella, M, Frederick, D, Al-Shawaf, L, García, F, Giammusso, I, Gjoneska, B, Kozma, L, Otterbring, T, Papadatou-Pastou, M, Pfuhl, G, Stöckli, S, Studzinska, A, Toplu-Demirtaş, E, Touloumakos, A, Bakos, B, Batres, C, Bonneterre, S, Czamanski-Cohen, J, Dacanay, J, Deschrijver, E, Fisher, M, Grano, C, Grigoryev, D, Kačmár, P, Kozlov, M, Manunta, E, Massar, K, Mcfall, J, Mebarak, M, Miccoli, M, Milfont, T, Prokop, P, Aavik, T, Arriaga, P, Baiocco, R, Čeněk, J, Çetinkaya, H, Duyar, I, Guemaz, F, Ishii, T, Kamburidis, J, Khun-Inkeeree, H, Lidborg, L, Manor, H, Nussinson, R, Omar-Fauzee, M, Pazhoohi, F, Ponnet, K, Santos, A, Senyk, O, Spasovski, O, Vintila, M, Wang, A, Yoo, G, Zerhouni, O, Amin, R, Aquino, S, Boğa, M, Boussena, M, Can, A, Can, S, Castro, R, Chirumbolo, A, Çoker, O, Cornec, C, Dural, S, Eder, S, Moharrampour, N, Grassini, S, Hristova, E, Ikizer, G, Kervyn, N, Koyuncu, M, Kunisato, Y, Lins, S, Mandzyk, T, Mari, S, Mattiassi, A, Memisoglu-Sanli, A, Morelli, M, Novaes, F, Parise, M, Banai, I, Perun, M, Plohl, N, Sahli, F, Šakan, D, Smojver-Azic, S, Solak, Ç, Söylemez, S, Toyama, A, Wlodarczyk, A, Yamada, Y, Abad-Villaverde, B, Afhami, R, Akello, G, Alami, N, Alma, L, Argyrides, M, Atamtürk, D, Burduli, N, Cardona, S, Carneiro, J, Castañeda, A, Chałatkiewicz, I, Chopik, W, Chubinidze, D, Conroy-Beam, D, Contreras-Garduño, J, da Silva, D, Don, Y, Donato, S, Dubrov, D, Duračková, M, Dutt, S, Ebimgbo, S, Estevan, I, Etchezahar, E, Fedor, P, Fekih-Romdhane, F, Frackowiak, T, Galasinska, K, Gargula, Ł, Gelbart, B, Yepes, T, Hamdaoui, B, Hromatko, I, Itibi, S, Jaforte, L, Janssen, S, Jovic, M, Kertechian, K, Khan, F, Kobylarek, A, Koso-Drljevic, M, Krasnodębska, A, Križanić, V, Landa-Blanco, M, Mailhos, A, Marot, T, Dorcic, T, Martinez-Banfi, M, Yusof, M, Mayorga-Lascano, M, Mikuličiūtė, V, Mišetić, K, Musil, B, Najmussaqib, A, Muthu, K, Natividade, J, Ndukaihe, I, Nyhus, E, Oberzaucher, E, Omar, S, Ostaszewski, F, Pacquing, M, Pagani, A, Park, J, Pirtskhalava, E, Reips, U, Reyes, M, Röer, J, Şahin, A, Samekin, A, Sargautytė, R, Semenovskikh, T, Siepelmeyer, H, Singh, S, Sołtys, A, Sorokowska, A, Soto-López, R, Sultanova, L, Tamayo-Agudelo, W, Tan, C, Topanova, G, Bulut, M, Trémolière, B, Tulyakul, S, Türkan, B, Urbanek, A, Volkodav, T, Walter, K, Yaakob, M, Zumárraga-Espinosa, M, Kowal, Marta, Sorokowski, Piotr, Pisanski, Katarzyna, Valentova, Jaroslava V., Varella, Marco A. C., Frederick, David A., Al-Shawaf, Laith, García, Felipe E., Giammusso, Isabella, Gjoneska, Biljana, Kozma, Luca, Otterbring, Tobias, Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta, Pfuhl, Gerit, Stöckli, Sabrina, Studzinska, Anna, Toplu-Demirtaş, Ezgi, Touloumakos, Anna K., Bakos, Bence E., Batres, Carlota, Bonneterre, Solenne, Czamanski-Cohen, Johanna, Dacanay, Jovi C., Deschrijver, Eliane, Fisher, Maryanne L., Grano, Caterina, Grigoryev, Dmitry, Kačmár, Pavol, Kozlov, Mikhail V., Manunta, Efisio, Massar, Karlijn, McFall, Joseph P., Mebarak, Moises, Miccoli, Maria Rosa, Milfont, Taciano L., Prokop, Pavol, Aavik, Toivo, Arriaga, Patrícia, Baiocco, Roberto, Čeněk, Jiří, Çetinkaya, Hakan, Duyar, Izzet, Guemaz, Farida, Ishii, Tatsunori, Kamburidis, Julia A., Khun-Inkeeree, Hareesol, Lidborg, Linda H., Manor, Hagar, Nussinson, Ravit, Omar-Fauzee, Mohd Sofian B., Pazhoohi, Farid, Ponnet, Koen, Santos, Anabela Caetano, Senyk, Oksana, Spasovski, Ognen, Vintila, Mona, Wang, Austin H., Yoo, Gyesook, Zerhouni, Oulmann, Amin, Rizwana, Aquino, Sibele, Boğa, Merve, Boussena, Mahmoud, Can, Ali R., Can, Seda, Castro, Rita, Chirumbolo, Antonio, Çoker, Ogeday, Cornec, Clément, Dural, Seda, Eder, Stephanie J., Moharrampour, Nasim Ghahraman, Grassini, Simone, Hristova, Evgeniya, Ikizer, Gözde, Kervyn, Nicolas, Koyuncu, Mehmet, Kunisato, Yoshihiko, Lins, Samuel, Mandzyk, Tetyana, Mari, Silvia, Mattiassi, Alan D. A., Memisoglu-Sanli, Aybegum, Morelli, Mara, Novaes, Felipe C., Parise, Miriam, Banai, Irena Pavela, Perun, Mariia, Plohl, Nejc, Sahli, Fatima Zahra, Šakan, Dušana, Smojver-Azic, Sanja, Solak, Çağlar, Söylemez, Sinem, Toyama, Asako, Wlodarczyk, Anna, Yamada, Yuki, Abad-Villaverde, Beatriz, Afhami, Reza, Akello, Grace, Alami, Nael H., Alma, Leyla, Argyrides, Marios, Atamtürk, Derya, Burduli, Nana, Cardona, Sayra, Carneiro, João, Castañeda, Andrea, Chałatkiewicz, Izabela, Chopik, William J., Chubinidze, Dimitri, Conroy-Beam, Daniel, Contreras-Garduño, Jorge, da Silva, Diana Ribeiro, Don, Yahya B., Donato, Silvia, Dubrov, Dmitrii, Duračková, Michaela, Dutt, Sanjana, Ebimgbo, Samuel O., Estevan, Ignacio, Etchezahar, Edgardo, Fedor, Peter, Fekih-Romdhane, Feten, Frackowiak, Tomasz, Galasinska, Katarzyna, Gargula, Łukasz, Gelbart, Benjamin, Yepes, Talia Gomez, Hamdaoui, Brahim, Hromatko, Ivana, Itibi, Salome N., Jaforte, Luna, Janssen, Steve M. J., Jovic, Marija, Kertechian, Kevin S., Khan, Farah, Kobylarek, Aleksander, Koso-Drljevic, Maida, Krasnodębska, Anna, Križanić, Valerija, Landa-Blanco, Miguel, Mailhos, Alvaro, Marot, Tiago, Dorcic, Tamara Martinac, Martinez-Banfi, Martha, Yusof, Mat Rahimi, Mayorga-Lascano, Marlon, Mikuličiūtė, Vita, Mišetić, Katarina, Musil, Bojan, Najmussaqib, Arooj, Muthu, Kavitha Nalla, Natividade, Jean C., Ndukaihe, Izuchukwu L. G., Nyhus, Ellen K., Oberzaucher, Elisabeth, Omar, Salma S., Ostaszewski, Franciszek, Pacquing, Ma. Criselda T., Pagani, Ariela F., Park, Ju Hee, Pirtskhalava, Ekaterine, Reips, Ulf-Dietrich, Reyes, Marc Eric S., Röer, Jan P., Şahin, Ayşegül, Samekin, Adil, Sargautytė, Rūta, Semenovskikh, Tatiana, Siepelmeyer, Henrik, Singh, Sangeeta, Sołtys, Alicja, Sorokowska, Agnieszka, Soto-López, Rodrigo, Sultanova, Liliya, Tamayo-Agudelo, William, Tan, Chee-Seng, Topanova, Gulmira T., Bulut, Merve Topcu, Trémolière, Bastien, Tulyakul, Singha, Türkan, Belgüzar N., Urbanek, Arkadiusz, Volkodav, Tatiana, Walter, Kathryn V., Yaakob, Mohd Faiz Mohd, and Zumárraga-Espinosa, Marcos

Abstract

People across the world and throughout history have gone to great lengths to enhance their physical appearance. Evolutionary psychologists and ethologists have largely attempted to explain this phenomenon via mating preferences and strategies. Here, we test one of the most popular evolutionary hypotheses for beauty-enhancing behaviors, drawn from mating market and parasite stress perspectives, in a large cross-cultural sample. We also test hypotheses drawn from other influential and non-mutually exclusive theoretical frameworks, from biosocial role theory to a cultural media perspective. Survey data from 93,158 human participants across 93 countries provide evidence that behaviors such as applying makeup or using other cosmetics, hair grooming, clothing style, caring for body hygiene, and exercising or following a specific diet for the specific purpose of improving ones physical attractiveness, are universal. Indeed, 99% of participants reported spending >10 min a day performing beauty-enhancing behaviors. The results largely support evolutionary hypotheses: more time was spent enhancing beauty by women (almost 4 h a day, on average) than by men (3.6 h a day), by the youngest participants (and contrary to predictions, also the oldest), by those with a relatively more severe history of infectious diseases, and by participants currently dating compared to those in established relationships. The strongest predictor of attractiveness-enhancing behaviors was social media usage. Other predictors, in order of effect size, included adhering to traditional gender roles, residing in countries with less gender equality, considering oneself as highly attractive or, conversely, highly unattractive, TV watching time, higher socioeconomic status, right-wing political beliefs, a lower level of education, and personal individualistic attitudes. This study provides novel insight into universal beauty-enhancing behaviors by unifying evolutionary theory with several other complement

Published
2022

3. Assortative mating and the evolution of desirability covariation

Author

Conroy-Beam, D., Roney, J. R., Lukaszewski, A. W., Buss, D. M., Asao, K., Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Atama, C. S., Atamturk Duyar, D., Ayebare, R., Batres, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bertoni, Anna Marta Maria, Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Butovskaya, M., Can, S., Cantarero, K., Carrier, A., Cetinkaya, H., Croy, I., Cueto, R. M., Czub, M., Donato, Silvia, Dronova, D., Dural, S., Duyar, I., Ertugrul, B., Espinosa, A., Estevan, I., Esteves, C. S., Fang, L., Frackowiak, T., Contreras Garduno, J., Gonzalez, K. U., Guemaz, F., Gyuris, P., Halamova, M., Herak, I., Horvat, M., Hromatko, I., Hui, C. -M., Iafrate, Raffaella, Jaafar, J. L., Jiang, F., Kafetsios, K., Kavcic, T., Kennair, L. E. O., Kervyn, N., Ha, T. T. K., Khilji, I. A., Kobis, N. C., Lan, H. M., Lang, A., Lennard, G. R., Leon, E., Lindholm, T., Linh, T. T., Lopez, Giulia, Van Luot, N., Mailhos, A., Manesi, Z., Martinez, R., Mckerchar, S. L., Mesko, N., Misra, G., Monaghan, C., Mora, E. C., Moya-Garofano, A., Musil, B., Natividade, J. C., Niemczyk, A., Nizharadze, G., Oberzaucher, E., Oleszkiewicz, A., Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Onyishi, I. E., Ozener, B., Pagani, Ariela Francesca, Pakalniskiene, V., Parise, Miriam, Pazhoohi, F., Pisanski, A., Pisanski, K., Ponciano, E., Popa, C., Prokop, P., Rizwan, M., Sainz, M., Salkicevic, S., Sargautyte, R., Sarmany-Schuller, I., Schmehl, S., Sharad, S., Siddiqui, R. S., Simonetti, F., Stoyanova, S. Y., Tadinac, M., Varella, M. A. C., Vauclair, C. -M., Vega, L. D., Widarini, D. A., Yoo, G., Zatkova, M., Zupancic, M., Bertoni A. (ORCID:0000-0001-7228-8718), Donato S. (ORCID:0000-0002-8406-4604), Iafrate R. (ORCID:0000-0003-1311-8983), Lopez G. (ORCID:0000-0002-9188-0650), Pagani A. F. (ORCID:0000-0002-7149-9350), Parise M. (ORCID:0000-0003-2150-6636), Conroy-Beam, D., Roney, J. R., Lukaszewski, A. W., Buss, D. M., Asao, K., Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Atama, C. S., Atamturk Duyar, D., Ayebare, R., Batres, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bertoni, Anna Marta Maria, Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Butovskaya, M., Can, S., Cantarero, K., Carrier, A., Cetinkaya, H., Croy, I., Cueto, R. M., Czub, M., Donato, Silvia, Dronova, D., Dural, S., Duyar, I., Ertugrul, B., Espinosa, A., Estevan, I., Esteves, C. S., Fang, L., Frackowiak, T., Contreras Garduno, J., Gonzalez, K. U., Guemaz, F., Gyuris, P., Halamova, M., Herak, I., Horvat, M., Hromatko, I., Hui, C. -M., Iafrate, Raffaella, Jaafar, J. L., Jiang, F., Kafetsios, K., Kavcic, T., Kennair, L. E. O., Kervyn, N., Ha, T. T. K., Khilji, I. A., Kobis, N. C., Lan, H. M., Lang, A., Lennard, G. R., Leon, E., Lindholm, T., Linh, T. T., Lopez, Giulia, Van Luot, N., Mailhos, A., Manesi, Z., Martinez, R., Mckerchar, S. L., Mesko, N., Misra, G., Monaghan, C., Mora, E. C., Moya-Garofano, A., Musil, B., Natividade, J. C., Niemczyk, A., Nizharadze, G., Oberzaucher, E., Oleszkiewicz, A., Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Onyishi, I. E., Ozener, B., Pagani, Ariela Francesca, Pakalniskiene, V., Parise, Miriam, Pazhoohi, F., Pisanski, A., Pisanski, K., Ponciano, E., Popa, C., Prokop, P., Rizwan, M., Sainz, M., Salkicevic, S., Sargautyte, R., Sarmany-Schuller, I., Schmehl, S., Sharad, S., Siddiqui, R. S., Simonetti, F., Stoyanova, S. Y., Tadinac, M., Varella, M. A. C., Vauclair, C. -M., Vega, L. D., Widarini, D. A., Yoo, G., Zatkova, M., Zupancic, M., Bertoni A. (ORCID:0000-0001-7228-8718), Donato S. (ORCID:0000-0002-8406-4604), Iafrate R. (ORCID:0000-0003-1311-8983), Lopez G. (ORCID:0000-0002-9188-0650), Pagani A. F. (ORCID:0000-0002-7149-9350), and Parise M. (ORCID:0000-0003-2150-6636)

Abstract

Mate choice lies close to differential reproduction, the engine of evolution. Patterns of mate choice consequently have power to direct the course of evolution. Here we provide evidence suggesting one pattern of human mate choice—the tendency for mates to be similar in overall desirability—caused the evolution of a structure of correlations that we call the d factor. We use agent-based models to demonstrate that assortative mating causes the evolution of a positive manifold of desirability, d, such that an individual who is desirable as a mate along any one dimension tends to be desirable across all other dimensions. Further, we use a large cross-cultural sample with n = 14,478 from 45 countries around the world to show that this d-factor emerges in human samples, is a cross-cultural universal, and is patterned in a way consistent with an evolutionary history of assortative mating. Our results suggest that assortative mating can explain the evolution of a broad structure of human trait covariation.

Published
2019

4. Assortative mating and the evolution of desirability covariation

Author

Pavol Prokop, Chiemezie S. Atama, Mohammad Madallh Alhabahba, Sarah L. McKerchar, Iskra Herak, Truong Thi Khanh Ha, Ike E. Onyishi, Razi Sultan Siddiqui, Jean Carlos Natividade, Girishwar Misra, Nguyen Van Luot, Barış Özener, Farida Guemaz, Ruta Sargautyte, Edna Lúcia Tinoco Ponciano, Imran Ahmed Khilji, James R. Roney, Mohd Sofian Omar-Fauzee, Tomasz Frackowiak, Berna Ertuğrul, Mons Bendixen, Luis Diego Vega, Rosa María Cueto, Petra Gyuris, Boris Bizumic, Afifa Anjum, Shivantika Sharad, Susanne Schmehl, Mahmoud Boussena, Elisabeth Oberzaucher, Katarzyna Pisanski, Mario Sainz, Silvio Donato, Muhammad Rizwan, Alba Moya-Garófano, Torun Lindholm, Karina Ugalde González, Agnieszka Niemczyk, Bojan Musil, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Svjetlana Salkičević, Daria Dronova, Chin Ming Hui, Charlotte Alm, Ernesto León, Nils C. Köbis, Marco Antonio Correa Varella, Trinh Thi Linh, Alvaro Mailhos, Zoi Manesi, Richard Ayebare, Anna Marta Maria Bertoni, Derya Atamtürk Duyar, Raffaella Iafrate, Seda Dural, Ariela Francesca Pagani, Annette Pisanski, Kelly Asao, Rocio Martinez, Aicha Bensafia, Conal Monaghan, Miriam Parise, Gyesook Yoo, Aaron W. Lukaszewski, Grace Akello, Luxi Fang, Vilmante Pakalniskiene, Marcin Czub, Agustín Espinosa, Marina Horvat, Carla Sofia Esteves, András Láng, Maja Zupančič, Emanuel C. Mora, Ignacio Estevan, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, İzzet Duyar, Hakan Cetinkaya, Seda Can, Jorge Contreras Garduño, Franco Simonetti, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair, Ivana Hromatko, Carlota Batres, Farid Pazhoohi, Katarzyna Cantarero, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Anna Oleszkiewicz, Hoang Moc Lan, Feng Jiang, Tina Kavčič, Marina Butovskaya, Daniel Conroy-Beam, Naumana Amjad, Camelia Popa, Piotr Sorokowski, Meri Tadinac, Giulia Lopez, Toivo Aavik, Norbert Meskó, George Nizharadze, Stanislava Stoyanova, Georgina R. Lennard, Dwi Ajeng Widarini, Nicolas Kervyn, Jas Laile Suzana Binti Jaafar, Ivan Sarmány-Schuller, Marta Zaťková, Antonin Carrier, Ilona Croy, David M. Buss, Mária Halamová, Conroy-Beam, D., Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara 93106, United States -- Roney, J.R., Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara 93106, United States -- Lukaszewski, A.W., Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton 92831, United States -- Buss, D.M., Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712, United States -- Asao, K., Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712, United States -- Sorokowska, A., Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 50-137, Poland, Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, 1069, Germany -- Sorokowski, P., Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 50-137, Poland -- Aavik, T., Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50090, Estonia -- Akello, G., Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu 0, Uganda -- Alhabahba, M.M., English Language Department, Middle East University, Amman, 11181, Jordan -- Alm, C., Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden -- Amjad, N., Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan -- Anjum, A., Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan -- Atama, C.S., Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410002, Nigeria -- Atamtürk Duyar, D., Deparment of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34452, Turkey -- Ayebare, R., North Star Alliance, NA, Kampala 0, Uganda -- Batres, C., Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, 17603, United States -- Bendixen, M., Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Technology and Science (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway -- Bensafia, A., EFORT, Department of Sociology, University of Algiers 2, Algiers, 16000, Algeria -- Bertoni, A., Department of Psychology, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, 20123, Italy -- Bizumic, B., Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia -- Boussena, M., EFORT, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Algiers 2, Algiers, 16000, Algeria -- Butovskaya, M., Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation, Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation -- Can, S., Department of Psychology, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, 35300, Turkey -- Cantarero, K., Faculty in Sopot, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Sopot, 03-815, Poland -- Carrier, A., Psychology Faculty (CECOS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium -- Cetinkaya, H., Department of Psychology, Ankara University, Ankara, 6560, Turkey -- Croy, I., Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, 1069, Germany -- Cueto, R.M., Grupo de Psicología Política y Social (GPPS), Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, 15088, Peru -- Czub, M., Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 50-137, Poland -- Donato, S., Department of Psychology, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, 20123, Italy -- Dronova, D., Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation -- Dural, S., Department of Psychology, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, 35300, Turkey -- Duyar, I., Deparment of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34452, Turkey -- Ertugrul, B., Deparment of Anthropology, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, 58140, Turkey -- Espinosa, A., Grupo de Psicología Política y Social (GPPS), Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, 15088, Peru -- Estevan, I., Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República, Motevideo, 11200, Uruguay -- Esteves, C.S., Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisboa, 1649-026, Portugal -- Fang, L., Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong -- Frackowiak, T., Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 50-137, Poland -- Contreras Garduño, J., Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia UNAM, Morelia, 58190, Mexico -- González, K.U., Psychology Department, Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica -- Guemaz, F., EFORT, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Setif 2, Setif, 16000, Algeria -- Gyuris, P., Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary -- Halamová, M., Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care, Department of Psychological Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, 94974, Slovakia -- Herak, I., Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organisations (LOURiM), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium -- Horvat, M., Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, University of Maribor, Maribor, 2000, Slovenia -- Hromatko, I., Department of Psychology, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia -- Hui, C.-M., Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong -- Iafrate, R., Department of Psychology, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, 20123, Italy -- Jaafar, J.L., Dept of Educational Psychology and Counseling, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia -- Jiang, F., Organization and Human Resource Management, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, 102202, China -- Kafetsios, K., Psychology Department, University of Crete, Rethymno, 70013, Greece -- Kav?i?, T., Faculty of Education, University of Primorska, Koper, 6000, Slovenia -- Kennair, L.E.O., Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Technology and Science (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway -- Kervyn, N., Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organisations (LOURiM), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium -- Ha, T.T.K., Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam -- Khilji, I.A., Department of Psychology, F.G. College for Men, F-j/d, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan -- Köbis, N.C., Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Mating, Department of Economics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081, Netherlands -- Lan, H.M., Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam -- Láng, A., Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary -- Lennard, G.R., Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia -- León, E., Grupo de Psicología Política y Social (GPPS), Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, 15088, Peru -- Lindholm, T., Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden -- Linh, T.T., Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam -- Lopez, G., Department of Psychology, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, 20123, Italy -- Van Luot, N., Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam -- Mailhos, A., Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República, Motevideo, 11200, Uruguay -- Manesi, Z., Department of Experimental & Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081, Netherlands -- Martinez, R., Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Grenada, 18010, Spain -- McKerchar, S.L., Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia -- Meskó, N., Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary -- Misra, G., Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110021, India -- Monaghan, C., Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia -- Mora, E.C., Department of Animal and Human Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 0, Cuba -- Moya-Garófano, A., Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Grenada, 18010, Spain -- Musil, B., Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, University of Maribor, Maribor, 2000, Slovenia -- Natividade, J.C., Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22451-000, Brazil -- Niemczyk, A., Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 50-137, Poland -- Nizharadze, G., Department of Social Sciences, Free Unviersity of Tbilisi, Tbilisi 2, Georgia -- Oberzaucher, E., Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria -- Oleszkiewicz, A., Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 50-137, Poland, Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, 1069, Germany -- Omar-Fauzee, M.S., School of Education, Universiti Uteara Malaysia, Sintok, 6010, Malaysia -- Onyishi, I.E., Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410002, Nigeria -- Özener, B., Deparment of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34452, Turkey -- Pagani, A.F., Department of Psychology, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, 20123, Italy -- Pakalniskiene, V., Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, 1513, Lithuania -- Parise, M., Department of Psychology, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, 20123, Italy -- Pazhoohi, F., Department of Basic Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal -- Pisanski, A., Department of Animal and Human Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 0, Cuba -- Pisanski, K., Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 50-137, Poland, Mammal Vocal Communication & Cognition Research Group, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom -- Ponciano, E., Institute of Psychology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil -- Popa, C., Department of Psychology, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, UNATC-CINETIc, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 30167, Romania -- Prokop, P., Department of Environmental Ecology, Comenius University, Bratislava, 842 15, Slovakia, Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 845 06, Slovakia -- Rizwan, M., The Delve Pvt Ltd, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan -- Sainz, M., Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Grenada, 18010, Spain -- Salki?evi?, S., Department of Psychology, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia -- Sargautyte, R., Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, 1513, Lithuania -- Sarmány-Schuller, I., Center for Social and Psychological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Psychology SAS, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia -- Schmehl, S., Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1010, Austria -- Sharad, S., Department of Applied Psychology, Vivekananda College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110021, India -- Siddiqui, R.S., Department of Management Sciences, DHA Suffa University, Karachi, 75500, Pakistan -- Simonetti, F., School of Psychology, P. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile -- Stoyanova, S.Y., Department of Psychology, South-West University 'Neofit Rilski', Blagoevgrad, 2700, Bulgaria -- Tadinac, M., Department of Psychology, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia -- Varella, M.A.C., Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 03178-200, Brazil -- Vauclair, C.-M., Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisboa, 1649-026, Portugal -- Vega, L.D., Psychology Department, Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica -- Widarini, D.A., Department of Communication, University Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Beragama), Jakarta, 10270, Indonesia -- Yoo, G., Dept. of Child & Family Studies, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 024-47, South Korea -- Za?ková, M., Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care, Department of Psychological Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, 94974, Slovakia -- Zupan?i?, M., Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia, Microeconomics (ASE, FEB), Experimental and Political Economics / CREED (ASE, FEB), Faculteit Economie en Bedrijfskunde, and UCL - SSH/LouRIM - Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations

Subjects
05 social sciences, Assortative mating, 050109 social psychology, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Biology, 050105 experimental psychology, Settore M-PSI/05 - PSICOLOGIA SOCIALE, Trait covariation, Agent-based modeling, Cross-cultural studies, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Mate choice, Evolutionary biology, Trait, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Mate choice lies close to differential reproduction, the engine of evolution. Patterns of mate choice consequently have power to direct the course of evolution. Here we provide evidence suggesting one pattern of human mate choice—the tendency for mates to be similar in overall desirability—caused the evolution of a structure of correlations that we call the d factor. We use agent-based models to demonstrate that assortative mating causes the evolution of a positive manifold of desirability, d, such that an individual who is desirable as a mate along any one dimension tends to be desirable across all other dimensions. Further, we use a large cross-cultural sample with n = 14,478 from 45 countries around the world to show that this d-factor emerges in human samples, is a cross-cultural universal, and is patterned in a way consistent with an evolutionary history of assortative mating. Our results suggest that assortative mating can explain the evolution of a broad structure of human trait covariation. © 2019, National Foundation for Science and Technology Development START, Global Change System for Analysis, Research, and Training Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej National Foundation for Science and Technology Development, We thank everyone who participated in this study as well as the research assistants who assisted in translating forms, recruiting participants, and inputting data. The work of Truong Thi Khanh Ha was supported by grants 501.01-2016.02 from the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED). Anna Oleszkiewicz was supported by the Foundation for Polish Science (START scholarship). This study was conducted in line with project NIR ? 01201370995 “Cross-cultural and interdisciplinary researches. Biosocial and cross-cultural analysis of models of tolerance and basic values of culture in modern society” (Marina Butovskaya and Daria Dronova). Appendix A

Published
2019

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