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Three bifidobacterial Gram-stain-positive, non-spore forming and fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase-positive strains, SMA1 T , SMB2 and SMA15 T were isolated from the faeces of two adult males of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, the type strain of Bifidobacterium primatium DSM 100687 T (99.3%; similarity) was the closest neighbour to strains SMA1 T and SMB2, whereas the type strain of Bifidobacterium stellenboschense DSM 23968 T (96.5%) was the closest neighbour to strain SMA15 T . The average nucleotide identity (ANI) values of SMA1 T and SAM15 T with the closely related type strains were 93.7% and 88.1%, respectively. The in silico DNA‒DNA hybridization values with the closest neighbours were 53.1% and 36.9%, respectively. GC contents of strains SMA1 T and SMA15 T were 63.6 and 66.4 mol%, respectively. Based on the phylogenetic, genotypic and phenotypic data obtained, the strains SMA1 T and SMA15 T clearly represent two novel taxa within the genus Bifidobacterium for which the names Bifidobacterium saimiriisciurei sp. nov. (type strain SMA1 T  = BCRC 81223 T  = NBRC 114049 T  = DSM 106020 T ) and Bifidobacterium platyrrhinorum sp. nov. (type strain SMA15 T  = BCRC 81224 T  = NBRC 114051 T  = DSM 106029 T ) are proposed., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Fifteen bifidobacterial strains were obtained from faeces of Rousettus aegyptiacus; after grouping them by RAPD PCR only eight were selected and characterized. Analysis of 16S rRNA and of five housekeeping (hsp60, rpoB, clpC, dnaJ, dna G) genes revealed that these eight strains were classified into five clusters: Cluster I (RST 8 and RST 16 T ), Cluster II (RST 9 T and RST 27), Cluster III (RST 7 and RST 11), Cluster IV (RST 19), Cluster V (RST 17) were closest to Bifidobacterium avesanii DSM 100685 T (96.3%), Bifidobacterium callitrichos DSM 23973 T (99.2% and 99.7%), Bifidobacterium tissieri DSM 100201 T (99.7 and 99.2%), Bifidobacterium reuteri DSM 23975 T (98.9%) and Bifidobacterium myosotis DSM 100196 T (99.3%), respectively. Strains in Cluster I and strain RST 9 in Cluster II could not be placed within any recognized species while the other ones were identified as known species. The average nucleotide identity values between two novel strains, RST 16 T and RST 9 T and their closest relatives were lower than 79% and 89%, respectively. In silico DNA-DNA hybridization values for those closest relatives were 32.5 and 42.1%, respectively. Phenotypic and genotypic tests demonstrated that strains in Cluster I and RST 9 T in Cluster II represent two novel species for which the names Bifidobacterium vespertilionis sp. nov. (RST 16 T =BCRC 81138 T =NBRC 113380 T =DSM 106025 T ; RST 8=BCRC 81135=NBRC 113377) and Bifidobacterium rousetti sp. nov. (RST 9 T =BCRC 81136 T =NBRC 113378 T =DSM 106027 T ) are proposed., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Four novel Gram-stain-positive, non spore forming and fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase-positive strains were isolated from the faeces of a cotton top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) and an emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA revealed that bifidobacterial strains TRE 1 T exhibit close phylogenetic relatedness to Bifidobacterium catulorum DSM 103154 (96.0%) and Bifidobacterium tissieri DSM 100201 (96.0%); TRE D T and TRE H T were closely related to Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum ATCC 15708 T with similarity values of 97.4% and 97.5%, respectively; TRI 7 T was closely related to Bifidobacterium tissieri DSM 100201 (96.0%). The Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) and in silico DDH (isDDH) analysis with closest neighbour supported an independent phylogenetic position of all strains with values ranged from 74 to 85% for ANI and from 24 to 28% for isDDH. DNA base composition of the four strains was in the range of 58.3-63.5mol% G+C. Based on the phylogenetic, genotypic and phenotypic data, the strains TRE 1 T , TRE D T , TRE H T and TRI 7 T clearly represent four novel taxa within the genus Bifidobacterium for which the names Bifidobacterium primatium sp. nov. (type strain TRE 1 T =DSM 100687 T =JCM 30945 T ), Bifidobacterium scaligerum sp. nov. (type strain TRE D T =DSM 103140 T =JCM 31792 T ), Bifidobacterium felsineum sp. nov. (type strain TRE H T =DSM 103139 T =JCM 31789 T ) and Bifidobacterium simiarum sp. nov. (type strain TRI 7 T =DSM 103153 T =JCM 31793) are proposed., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Forty-five microorganisms were isolated on bifidobacteria selective medium from one faecal sample of an adult subject of the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus L.). All isolates were Gram-positive, catalase-negative, anaerobic, fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase positive, and asporogenous rod-shaped bacteria. In this study, only eight out of the forty-five strains were characterized more deeply, whereas the others are still currently under investigation. They were grouped by BOX-PCR into three clusters: Cluster I (TRE 17(T), TRE 7, TRE 26, TRE 32, TRE 33, TRE I), Cluster II (TRE C(T)), and Cluster III (TRE M(T)). Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed the results from the cluster analysis and revealed relatively low level similarities to each other (mean value 95%) and to members of the genus Bifidobacterium. All eight isolates showed the highest level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Bifidobacterium scardovii DSM 13734(T) (mean value 96.6%). Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of five housekeeping genes (hsp60, rpoB, clpC, dnaJ and dnaG) supported their independent phylogenetic position to each other and to related species of Bifidobacterium. The G+C contents were 63.2%, 65.9% and 63.0% for Cluster I, Cluster II and Cluster III, respectively. Peptidoglycan types were A3α l-Lys-l-Thr-l-Ala, A4β l-Orn (Lys)-d-Ser-d-Glu and A3β l-Orn-l-Ser-l-Ala in Clusters I, II and III, respectively. Based on the data provided, each cluster represented a novel taxon for which the names Bifidobacterium aerophilum sp. nov. (TRE 17(T)=DSM 100689=JCM 30941; TRE 26=DSM 100690=JCM 30942), Bifidobacterium avesanii sp. nov. (TRE C(T)=DSM 100685=JCM 30943) and Bifidobacterium ramosum sp. nov. (TRE M=DSM 100688=JCM 30944) are proposed., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)