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Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) leads to chronic vascular occlusion and results in end organ damage in critically perfused limbs. There are currently no clinical methods available to determine the muscular damage induced by chronic mal-perfusion. This monocentric prospective cross-sectional study investigated n = 193 adults, healthy to severe PAD, in order to quantify the degree of calf muscle degeneration caused by PAD using a non-invasive hybrid ultrasound and single wavelength optoacoustic imaging (US/SWL-OAI) approach. While US provides morphologic information, SWL-OAI visualizes the absorption of pulsed laser light and the resulting sound waves from molecules undergoing thermoelastic expansion. US/SWL-OAI was compared to multispectral data, clinical disease severity, angiographic findings, phantom experiments, and histological examinations from calf muscle biopsies. We were able to show that synergistic use of US/SWL-OAI is most likely to map clinical degeneration of the muscle and progressive PAD., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Knieling, Ferdinand reports a relationship with iThera Medical GmbH that includes: consulting or advisory and travel reimbursement. Maximilian J. Waldner reports a relationship with iThera Medical GmbH that includes: travel reimbursement. Adrian P. Regensburger reports a relationship with iThera Medical GmbH that includes: travel reimbursement. Ferdinand Knieling reports a relationship with Sanofi that includes: funding grants, speaking and lecture fees, and travel reimbursement. Adrian P. Regensburger reports a relationship with Sanofi that includes: speaking and lecture fees and travel reimbursement. Ferdinand Knieling has patent A device and a method for analyzing optoacoustic data, an optoacoustic system and a computer program issued to EP 19 163 304.9. Ferdinand Knieling is serving as a Section Editor for Photoacoustics.U.R. received support from the ELAN Fond at the University Hospital of the FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg. All other authors declare no competing interests., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)

Multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) allows non-invasive molecular disease activity assessment in adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this prospective pilot-study, we investigated, whether increased levels of MSOT haemoglobin parameters corresponded to inflammatory activity in paediatric IBD patients, too. 23 children with suspected IBD underwent MSOT of the terminal ileum and sigmoid colon with standard validation (e.g. endoscopy). In Crohn`s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients with endoscopically confirmed disease activity, MSOT total haemoglobin (HbT) signals were increased in the terminal ileum of CD (72.1 ± 13.0 a.u. vs. 32.9 ± 15.4 a.u., p = 0.0049) and in the sigmoid colon of UC patients (62.9 ± 13.8 a.u. vs. 35.1 ± 16.3 a.u., p = 0.0311) as compared to controls, respectively. Furthermore, MSOT haemoglobin parameters correlated well with standard disease activity assessment (e.g. SES-CD and MSOT HbT (r s =0.69, p = 0.0075). Summarizing, MSOT is a novel technology for non-invasive molecular disease activity assessment in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests. Markus F Neurath, Maximilian J Waldner, Ferdinand Knieling reports financial support was provided by European Union. Adrian P Regensburger reports financial support was provided by Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg Faculty of Medicine. Adrian P Regensburger, Ferdinand Knieling, Maximilian J Waldner has patent issued to iThera Medical GmbH, Munich, Germany. Ferdinand Knieling is a section editor of the Journal Photoacoustics, however no involved in the peer review process of this manuscript., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)

Multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) holds great promise as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for inflammatory bowel diseases. Yet, reliability and the impact of physiological processes during fasting and after food intake on optoacoustic signals have not been studied. In the present investigator initiated trial (NCT05160077) the intestines of ten healthy subjects were examined by MSOT at eight timepoints on two days, one fasting and one after food intake. While within-timepoint and within-day reproducibility were good for single wavelength 800 nm and total hemoglobin (ICC 0.722-0.956), between-day reproducibility was inferior (ICC -0.137 to 0.438). However, temporal variability was smaller than variation between individuals (coefficients of variation 8.9%-33.7% vs. 17.0%-48.5%). After food intake and consecutive increased intestinal circulation, indicated by reduced resistance index of simultaneous Doppler ultrasound, optoacoustic signals did not alter significantly. In summary, this study demonstrates high reliability and temporal stability of MSOT for imaging the human intestine during fasting and after food intake., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Markus F Neurath, Maximilian J Waldner, Ferdinand Knieling reports financial support was provided by European Union. Adrian P Regensburger reports financial support was provided by Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg Faculty of Medicine. Adrian P Regensburger, Ferdinand Knieling, Maximilian J Waldner has patent issued to iThera Medical GmbH, Munich, Germany. Ferdinand Knieling is a section editor of the Journal Photoacoustics, however no involved in the peer review process of this manuscript., (© 2023 The Authors.)