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Introduction: Unilateral resistance training has been shown to improve muscle strength in both the trained and the untrained limb. One of the most widely accepted theories is that this improved performance is due to nervous system adaptations, specifically in the primary motor cortex. According to this hypothesis, increased corticospinal excitability (CSE), measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation, is one of the main adaptations observed following prolonged periods of training. The principal aim of this review is to determine the degree of adaptation of CSE and its possible functional association with increased strength in the untrained limb., Development: We performed a systematic literature review of studies published between January 1970 and December 2016, extracted from Medline (via PubMed), Ovid, Web of Science, and Science Direct online databases. The search terms were as follows: (transcranial magnetic stimulation OR excitability) AND (strength training OR resistance training OR force) AND (cross transfer OR contralateral limb OR cross education). A total of 10 articles were found., Conclusion: Results regarding increased CSE were inconsistent. Although the possibility that the methodology had a role in this inconsistency cannot be ruled out, the results appear to suggest that there may not be a functional association between increases in muscle strength and in CSE., (Copyright © 2017 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Case Report: The case concerns a 16 year-old boy with a history of high myopia and unilateral congenital cataract, tall stature for age, facial dysmorphism, hypermobile metacarpal-phalangeal joints, as well as behavioural problems. The mother had a history of recurrent pregnancy loss. Chromosomal analysis of the peripheral blood lymphocytes reported 47,XYY., Discussion: Patients with sex chromosome aneuploidy 47,XYY have higher risk of congenital malformations, although ophthalmological anomalies are unusual. Evaluation of patients with tall stature and behavioural problems should include a chromosomal analysis in order to determine the aetiology., (Copyright © 2017 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Establish a pattern of behavior and treatment algorithm at the onset of hematuria in patients with a previous history of pelvic radiation, checking for this different treatment options reflected in the literature., Material and Methods: Through performing a PubMed literature review of articles related to IC lies, searching items includes the different treatment options: intravesical hyaluronic acid, conjugated estrogens, pentosan polysulfate, oral aminocaproic acid, recombinant factor VIIa, hyperbaric chamber, embolization, aluminum intravesical, Helmstein ball and formalin. Limits the search to english or spanish publications and excluding those related to animal experimentation., Results: Every option is exposed, referring to the physiopathology, dosage regimen and administration, side effects and treatment efficacy., Conclusions: Once patient hemodynamic stabilization is achieved, and after rule out bladder tumors injuries and /or haemathuria originating from the upper urinary tract, treatment should start rolling. To know different treatment options and patterns of administration will allow the urologist to obtain a higher rate of success in the difficult management of this condition.