133 results on '"AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology"'
Search Results
2. Fatal multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia in Maputo, Mozambique: A case report.
- Author
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Hurtado JC, Carrilho C, Mandomando I, and Martínez MJ
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections complications, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Acinetobacter Infections complications, Acinetobacter Infections diagnosis, Acinetobacter Infections epidemiology, Acinetobacter baumannii isolation & purification, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Cardiomyopathy, Dilated diagnosis, Diagnostic Errors, Fatal Outcome, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Pulmonary complications, Mozambique epidemiology, Penicillins pharmacology, Penicillins therapeutic use, Pneumonia, Bacterial complications, Renal Insufficiency complications, Sarcoma, Kaposi diagnosis, Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination pharmacology, Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination therapeutic use, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, Acinetobacter Infections drug therapy, Acinetobacter baumannii drug effects, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Autopsy methods, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Pneumonia, Bacterial drug therapy
- Published
- 2019
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3. Treatment of infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria.
- Author
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Esteban J and Navas E
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Bacteriological Techniques, Biofilms drug effects, Disease Management, Drug Therapy, Combination, Humans, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous diagnostic imaging, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection drug therapy, Nontuberculous Mycobacteria growth & development, Nontuberculous Mycobacteria isolation & purification, Antitubercular Agents therapeutic use, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous drug therapy, Nontuberculous Mycobacteria drug effects
- Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria are a heterogeneous group of microorganisms that can often cause human infection, although they may also be considered to be contaminants or colonisers on occasions. The management of these infections must necessarily take into account the identification of isolated species and their in vitro susceptibility testing (although not for all of them), as well as the characteristics of the patient, because these treatments are usually prolonged and must be carried out by experts in the management of these infections. Classically divided into slowly growing mycobacteria and rapidly growing mycobacteria, the treatment regimens and the antibiotics used are different for both groups. In addition, in certain circumstances, this treatment must necessarily be linked to other measures (removal of foreign bodies, surgery) in order to maximise the likelihood of curing the patient., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
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4. Diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis in a non-endemic area: Inference of the probable geographic area of an infection.
- Author
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Fernández R, Arenas R, Duarte-Escalante E, Frías-De León MG, Vega Memige ME, Acosta Altamirano G, and Reyes-Montes MDR
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections epidemiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Animals, Coccidioides classification, Coccidioides genetics, Coccidioides isolation & purification, Coccidioidomycosis epidemiology, Coccidioidomycosis microbiology, Culicidae microbiology, Diagnosis, Differential, Facial Dermatoses etiology, Facial Dermatoses microbiology, Geography, Medical, Humans, Influenza, Human diagnosis, Insect Bites and Stings microbiology, Insect Vectors microbiology, Malaria diagnosis, Male, Mexico epidemiology, Middle Aged, Q Fever diagnosis, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary diagnosis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, Coccidioidomycosis diagnosis
- Abstract
Background: Coccidioidomycosis is one of the most important endemic mycoses in Northern Mexico. However, diagnosing this disease can be challenging, particularly in patients who do not reside in endemic areas., Case Report: The case of a Mexican HIV+ patient who developed fever, general malaise, a severe cough, and dyspnea during a stay in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, is presented. Since various diseases are endemic to the state of Guerrero, the doctors originally suspected that the patient had contracted influenza A (H1N1), Q fever, or tuberculosis. All the diagnostic tests for those diseases were negative. The patient had received numerous mosquito bites while staying in Acapulco, and a nodule had appeared on his right cheek. Therefore, malaria, cryptococcosis, and histoplasmosis were also suspected, but those infections were also ruled out through diagnostic tests. A direct microscopic examination was performed using KOH on a sample taken from the cheek nodule. The observation of spherules suggested the presence of a species of Coccidioides. The fungus was isolated, and its identity was confirmed by phenotypic and molecular methods. The geographic area in which the infection was likely acquired was identified by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The results suggested a probable endogenous reactivation., Conclusions: This clinical case illustrates the difficulties associated with diagnosing coccidioidomycosis in non-endemic areas., (Copyright © 2017. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U.)
- Published
- 2017
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5. Multiple opportunistic fungal infections in an individual with severe HIV disease: A case report.
- Author
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Almeida-Silva F, Damasceno LS, Serna MJ, Valero C, Quintella LP, Almeida-Paes R, Muniz Mde M, and Zancope-Oliveira RM
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome diagnosis, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome drug therapy, Adult, Antifungal Agents therapeutic use, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Coinfection, Cryptococcus neoformans isolation & purification, Delayed Diagnosis, Histoplasma isolation & purification, Histoplasmosis drug therapy, Humans, Male, Meningitis, Cryptococcal drug therapy, Pneumocystis carinii isolation & purification, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis drug therapy, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary drug therapy, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary microbiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Histoplasmosis microbiology, Meningitis, Cryptococcal microbiology, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis microbiology
- Abstract
Background: Fungal infections have been commonly diagnosed in individuals with advanced HIV disease. Cryptococcosis, pneumocystosis, and histoplasmosis are the most frequent systemic mycoses in people suffering from HIV/AIDS., Case Report: We report a case of multiple fungal infections in an advanced AIDS-patient. A 33-year-old HIV-positive man from Brazil was hospitalized due to diarrhea, dyspnea, emaciation, hypoxemia, extensive oral thrush, and a CD4+ T lymphocyte count of 20cells/mm(3). Honeycombed-structures consistent with Pneumocystis jirovecii were observed by direct immunofluorescence in induced sputum. Cryptococcus neoformans was recovered from respiratory secretion and cerebrospinal fluid cultures. Histopathology of the bone marrow also revealed the presence of Histoplasma capsulatum. Molecular assays were performed in a sputum sample. Nested-PCR confirmed the presence of P. jirovecii and H. capsulatum; qPCR multiplex was positive for C. neoformans and H. capsulatum. With the treatment of antifungal drugs the patient progressed satisfactorily., Conclusions: The diagnosis of several systemic mycoses demonstrates the vulnerability of advanced AIDS-patients. Thus, the detection of AIDS cases in the early stages of infection is necessary for a prompt and adequate introduction of HAART therapy, and the use of prophylaxis to control opportunistic infections., (Copyright © 2015 Asociación Española de Micología. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
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6. [Infections due to Mycobacterium simiae].
- Author
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García-Martos P, García-Agudo L, González-Moya E, Galán F, and Rodríguez-Iglesias M
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Antitubercular Agents pharmacology, Antitubercular Agents therapeutic use, Bacteriological Techniques, Delayed Diagnosis, Disease Reservoirs, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Environmental Microbiology, Haplorhini, Humans, Immunocompromised Host, Monkey Diseases microbiology, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous diagnosis, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous drug therapy, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous epidemiology, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous veterinary, Nontuberculous Mycobacteria classification, Nontuberculous Mycobacteria drug effects, Nontuberculous Mycobacteria pathogenicity, Zoonoses, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous microbiology, Nontuberculous Mycobacteria isolation & purification
- Abstract
Mycobacterium simiae is a slow-growing photochromogenic environmental mycobacterium, first described in 1965. Rarely associated with human infections, possibly due to its limited pathogenicity, it mainly produces lung infection in immunocompetent elderly patients with underlying lung disease, and in disseminated infections in immunosuppressed young patients with AIDS. A microbiological culture is needed to confirm the clinical suspicion, and genetic sequencing techniques are essential to correctly identify the species. Treating M. simiae infections is complicated, owing to the multiple resistance to tuberculous drugs and the lack of correlation between in vitro susceptibility data and in vivo response. Proper treatment is yet to be defined, but must include clarithromycin combined with other antimicrobials such as moxifloxacin and cotrimoxazole. It is possible that M. simiae infections are undiagnosed., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier España, S.L.U. y Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
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7. [Respiratory infection by Mycobacterium mucogenicum].
- Author
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Requesens Solera M, Díaz Pollán B, Núñez Orantos MJ, and Romero Calvo B
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, Adult, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Antitubercular Agents therapeutic use, Bronchodilator Agents therapeutic use, Drug Therapy, Combination, Glucocorticoids therapeutic use, Hepatitis C, Chronic complications, Humans, Male, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous drug therapy, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive complications, Respiratory Tract Infections drug therapy, Species Specificity, Substance Abuse, Intravenous complications, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous microbiology, Nontuberculous Mycobacteria isolation & purification, Respiratory Tract Infections microbiology
- Published
- 2014
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8. Systemic fungal infections in patients with human inmunodeficiency virus.
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Rodríguez-Cerdeira C, Arenas R, Moreno-Coutiño G, Vásquez E, Fernández R, and Chang P
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Coccidioides isolation & purification, Coccidioidomycosis diagnosis, Coccidioidomycosis epidemiology, Coccidioidomycosis microbiology, Coccidioidomycosis transmission, Cryptococcosis diagnosis, Cryptococcosis epidemiology, Cryptococcosis microbiology, Cryptococcosis transmission, Cryptococcus gattii isolation & purification, Cryptococcus neoformans isolation & purification, Dermatomycoses diagnosis, Dermatomycoses etiology, Dermatomycoses microbiology, Dermatomycoses pathology, Diagnosis, Differential, Fungemia diagnosis, Fungemia etiology, Fungemia microbiology, Histoplasma isolation & purification, Histoplasmosis diagnosis, Histoplasmosis epidemiology, Histoplasmosis microbiology, Histoplasmosis transmission, Humans, Immunocompromised Host, Lung Diseases, Fungal etiology, Lung Diseases, Fungal microbiology, Mycoses etiology, Mycoses microbiology, Skin Ulcer etiology, Spain epidemiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, Lung Diseases, Fungal diagnosis, Mycoses diagnosis
- Abstract
Histoplasmosis is a systemic infection caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. In immunocompromised patients, primary pulmonary infection can spread to the skin and meninges. Clinical manifestations appear in patients with a CD4(+) lymphocyte count of less than 150 cells/μL. Coccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis caused by Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. It can present as diffuse pulmonary disease or as a disseminated form primarily affecting the central nervous system, the bones, and the skin. Cryptococcosis is caused by Cryptococcus neoformans (var. neoformans and var. grubii) and Cryptococcus gattii, which are members of the Cryptococcus species complex and have 5 serotypes: A, B, C, D, and AD. It is a common opportunistic infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, even those receiving antiretroviral therapy. Histopathologic examination and culture of samples from any suspicious lesions are essential for the correct diagnosis of systemic fungal infections in patients with HIV/AIDS., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier España, S.L. and AEDV. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
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9. Candida parapsilosis meningitis in a patient with AIDS. Report of a case and review of the literature.
- Author
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Corti M, Solari R, De Carolis L, Cangelosi D, Arechavala A, and Negroni R
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections cerebrospinal fluid, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, Acute Disease, Adult, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, Antifungal Agents therapeutic use, Candida classification, Candida growth & development, Candidiasis, Invasive cerebrospinal fluid, Candidiasis, Invasive diagnosis, Candidiasis, Invasive drug therapy, Cerebrospinal Fluid microbiology, Fluconazole therapeutic use, Humans, Male, Meningitis, Fungal cerebrospinal fluid, Meningitis, Fungal diagnosis, Meningitis, Fungal drug therapy, Meningoencephalitis cerebrospinal fluid, Meningoencephalitis diagnosis, Meningoencephalitis drug therapy, Patient Dropouts, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Candida isolation & purification, Candidiasis, Invasive microbiology, Meningitis, Fungal microbiology, Meningoencephalitis microbiology
- Abstract
Background: Candida parapsilosis is an important species in the genus Candida that plays a significant role in hospitalized patients with nosocomial infections. In patients with HIV infection or AIDS, central nervous system involvement by Candida species is exceptional., Case Report: Here we report a case of an acute meningoencephalitis due to C. parapsilosis in an adult patient with AIDS. We describe the clinical manifestations, the diagnosis methods, antifungal therapy and outcome., Conclusions: C. parapsilosis is uncommonly reported as a cause of meningitis in AIDS patients. A higher index of suspicion and culture is necessary to confirm the diagnosis of candidal meningoencephalitis., (Copyright © 2011 Revista Iberoamericana de Micología. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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10. Genital microsporidiosis in women with AIDS: a post-mortem study.
- Author
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Torres G, Izquierdo F, Capó V, López LX, López MC, Limonta D, Fenoy S, Del Águila C, and Bornay-Llinares FJ
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Autopsy, Blood Vessels microbiology, Cervix Uteri microbiology, Disease Progression, Encephalitozoon isolation & purification, Encephalitozoon cuniculi isolation & purification, Encephalitozoonosis microbiology, Endometrium microbiology, Epithelial Cells microbiology, Fallopian Tubes microbiology, Female, Genital Diseases, Female microbiology, HIV Wasting Syndrome pathology, Humans, Macrophages microbiology, Organ Specificity, Spores, Fungal isolation & purification, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections pathology, Encephalitozoonosis pathology, Genital Diseases, Female pathology
- Abstract
Background: Microsporidiosis is a life threatening opportunistic infection of AIDS patients. The infection is usually restricted to specific anatomical areas, but could become systemic depending on the involved species. Genital microsporidiosis in female patients is rare., Objective: To report genital microsporidiosis in female AIDS patients., Methods: Tissues samples from the genital tract (ovary, fallopian tubes and uterus) of eight deceased women who died of wasting syndrome associated to AIDS and disseminated microsporidiosis at the Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí were collected between 1997 and 2005. Using an indirect immunohistochemistry assay the microsporidia species involved in those cases were identified., Results: We report several cases of microsporidial infection of the female genital tract. Six out of eight women with the disseminated form of the disease showed the presence of microsporidia in the genital tract. Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Encephalitozoon hellem were identified in the internal lining epithelium of the fallopian tubes and endometrium., Conclusions: Microsporidia species could disseminate to other organs and become systemic in severe immunocompromised cases. To our knowledge this is the greatest number of female genital tract microsporidiosis cases so far reported in humans., (Copyright © 2011 Revista Iberoamericana de Micología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
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11. [Swelling of right knee in an immunologically compromised patient].
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Cajigas-Pezo D, Lorenzo-Hernandez A, Vives-Rivero GR, and Rentero-Martínez Z
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- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnostic imaging, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, Adult, Antitubercular Agents therapeutic use, Arthritis, Infectious diagnosis, Arthritis, Infectious diagnostic imaging, Arthritis, Infectious drug therapy, Bacteremia microbiology, Candidiasis, Oral complications, Clarithromycin therapeutic use, Drug Therapy, Combination, Ethambutol therapeutic use, Humans, Immunocompromised Host, Isoniazid therapeutic use, Knee Joint diagnostic imaging, Male, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous diagnosis, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous diagnostic imaging, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous drug therapy, Radiography, Rifampin therapeutic use, Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular diagnosis, Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular diagnostic imaging, Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular drug therapy, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Arthritis, Infectious microbiology, Knee Joint microbiology, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous microbiology, Mycobacterium kansasii isolation & purification, Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular microbiology
- Published
- 2012
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12. [Fungemia in hospitals of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina].
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López Moral L, Tiraboschi IN, Schijman M, Bianchi M, Guelfand L, and Cataldi S
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- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections epidemiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Argentina epidemiology, Automation, Candidemia epidemiology, Centrifugation, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross Infection microbiology, Cryptococcosis epidemiology, Female, Fungemia microbiology, Histoplasmosis epidemiology, Hospitals, Urban classification, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Mycology methods, Prospective Studies, Sex Distribution, Species Specificity, Young Adult, Cross Infection epidemiology, Fungemia epidemiology, Hospitals, Urban statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: The incidence of fungi like pathogens in hospitals varies by regions., Objectives: Our goal was not only to record the incidence and etiology of fungaemia, but also the change during the 4 years analysed, to determine the time of detection in automated blood culture and by lysis-centrifugation, and finally to assess the gender, age and underlying disease of the patients with fungaemia., Methods: An observational multicentre study of fungaemia was conducted in hospitals in the Mycology Network of Buenos Aires., Results: A total of 190,920 blood cultures were processed: 182,050 automated blood culture and 8,870 lysis-centrifugation. Fungi were recovered in 1,020 episodes. The overall incidence of fungaemia was 1.72/1,000 admissions; 683 episodes were due to Candida (68%), and 325 (32%) to other fungi: 214 Cryptococcus, 105 Histoplasma, 7 Rhodotorula, 5 Trichosporon, 2 Pichia, 2 Acremonium, one Saccharomyces and one Fusarium. The incidence of candidaemia was 1.15/1,000 admissions with a wide variation between centres (0.35 to 2.65). Most Candida isolates (97%) were detected in the first 2 days of incubation. Candida albicans was recovered in 43% of the episodes. In fungaemia other than candidaemia, the predominant fungi were Cryptococcus and Histoplasma capsulatum., Conclusions: The incidence remained stable during the study period. Fungaemia by Candida were predominant. C. albicans was involved in less than a half of the episodes. The recovery of Cryptoccocus and H. capsulatum is strongly associated with HIV patients., (Copyright © 2011 Revista Iberoamericana de Micología. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2012
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13. [Cerebral aspergillosis in an human immunodeficiency virus infected patient].
- Author
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Reus-Bañuls S, Bustos Terol S, Caro-Martínez E, and Cama-Barbieri J
- Subjects
- AIDS Serodiagnosis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections pathology, Adult, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, Antifungal Agents therapeutic use, Brain Edema etiology, Cytomegalovirus Infections etiology, Female, HIV Infections diagnosis, HIV Infections drug therapy, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Morocco ethnology, Neuroaspergillosis drug therapy, Neuroaspergillosis pathology, Serratia Infections etiology, Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral etiology, Triazoles therapeutic use, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, Neuroaspergillosis diagnosis
- Published
- 2012
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14. [Severe acute respiratory failure in an HIV-infected patient from Panama].
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Portillo ME, Plasencia V, Nolla J, and Segura C
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Adult, Diagnosis, Differential, Fatal Outcome, Histoplasma isolation & purification, Histoplasmosis diagnosis, Histoplasmosis microbiology, Humans, Lung Diseases, Fungal diagnosis, Lung Diseases, Fungal microbiology, Male, Multiple Organ Failure etiology, Panama ethnology, Spain, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary diagnosis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections complications, Histoplasmosis complications, Lung Diseases, Fungal complications, Respiratory Insufficiency etiology
- Published
- 2011
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15. [Bleeding lesion in the cervix of a woman infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)].
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D'Alessandro D, Solernou V, Avegno A, and Rodríguez MT
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections pathology, Adult, Female, Humans, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease diagnosis, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Tuberculosis, Female Genital microbiology, Tuberculosis, Female Genital pathology, Tuberculosis, Lymph Node diagnostic imaging, Tuberculosis, Lymph Node etiology, Uterine Cervicitis microbiology, Uterine Cervicitis pathology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, Metrorrhagia etiology, Tuberculosis, Female Genital diagnosis, Uterine Cervicitis diagnosis
- Published
- 2010
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16. [Human reservoirs of Pneumocystis].
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Wissmann G, Morilla R, Friaza V, Calderón E, and Varela JM
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections epidemiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Animals, Antifungal Agents, Carrier State microbiology, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal genetics, Forecasting, Genotype, Humans, Mammals microbiology, Mutation, Missense, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis transmission, Species Specificity, Carrier State epidemiology, Disease Reservoirs microbiology, Pneumocystis carinii drug effects, Pneumocystis carinii genetics, Pneumocystis carinii isolation & purification, Pneumocystis carinii pathogenicity, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis epidemiology
- Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii, the fungal agent that causes Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), is known to exclusively infect humans. Molecular studies have enabled detection of this fungus in individuals who have been colonized by P. jirovecii. Such colonization, found in several populations, seems to act as a human reservoir for the fungus. Various studies have reported mutations associated with sulfa resistance in P. jirovecii strains isolated from colonized patients, who can transmit the mutant genotype to PCP-susceptible individuals. The growing interest in P. jirovecii colonization may prompt the design of new prevention and management strategies for PCP., (Copyright 2008 Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2010
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17. [Microbiological aspects of the cryptococcosis in the post-HAART era].
- Author
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Mazuelos EM and García AI
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections epidemiology, Animals, Antifungal Agents therapeutic use, Antigens, Fungal analysis, Antigens, Fungal blood, Cerebrospinal Fluid microbiology, Columbidae microbiology, Cryptococcosis diagnosis, Cryptococcosis drug therapy, Cryptococcosis epidemiology, Cryptococcus drug effects, Cryptococcus immunology, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Disease Reservoirs, Drug Resistance, Fungal, Fungemia diagnosis, Fungemia epidemiology, HIV-1, Humans, Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome immunology, Incidence, Meningitis, Cryptococcal cerebrospinal fluid, Meningitis, Cryptococcal epidemiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Cryptococcosis microbiology, Cryptococcus isolation & purification
- Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a mycoses that increased considerably with the AIDS epidemic. However, with the introduction in the late 90's of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), this incidence has significantly decreased, especially in developed countries, in contrast with that of developing countries. The introduction of HAART not only has affected the incidence rate, but also the clinical presentation as a consequence of the immune recovery of the host, leading to the description of the so called immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. In addition, some rare clinical manifestations of cyptococcosis are currently shown, such as lymphadenitis and cutaneous involvement. Besides clinical presentation, diagnostic tests have also changed, with a high percentage of cases with negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood cultures, negative direct CSF microscopy, and delayed antigen positive results. Antifungal susceptibility patterns have also changed towards a recuperation of susceptibility, which is related to the decrease in both the incidence of cryptococcosis and less use of antifungal agents., (2010 Elsevier España S.L. All rights reserved.)
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- 2010
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18. [Nocardia brasiliensis cellulitis in an injection drug user].
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Sabater S, Usó J, Moreno R, and Andrés J
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- Arm, Cellulitis microbiology, Comorbidity, Humans, Injections, Intravenous adverse effects, Male, Methadone therapeutic use, Middle Aged, Nocardia classification, Nocardia Infections microbiology, Spain, Substance Abuse, Intravenous complications, Substance Abuse, Intravenous rehabilitation, Wound Infection microbiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Cellulitis etiology, Nocardia isolation & purification, Nocardia Infections etiology
- Published
- 2009
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19. [Pulmonary malacoplakia associated with Rhodococcus equi infection in a patient with AIDS].
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Romero A, Domínguez B, García-Gil D, and Vergara de Campos A
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnostic imaging, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections surgery, Actinomycetales Infections diagnostic imaging, Actinomycetales Infections drug therapy, Actinomycetales Infections etiology, Actinomycetales Infections surgery, Adult, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, Combined Modality Therapy, Hepatitis C, Chronic complications, Humans, Lung microbiology, Malacoplakia diagnostic imaging, Malacoplakia drug therapy, Malacoplakia etiology, Malacoplakia surgery, Male, Pneumonectomy, Pneumonia, Bacterial diagnostic imaging, Pneumonia, Bacterial drug therapy, Pneumonia, Bacterial etiology, Pneumonia, Bacterial surgery, Substance Abuse, Intravenous complications, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Actinomycetales Infections microbiology, Lung pathology, Malacoplakia microbiology, Pneumonia, Bacterial microbiology, Rhodococcus equi isolation & purification
- Published
- 2009
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20. [Skin ulcers in an immunocompromised man].
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Fernández MP, Díez O, Miguélez M, and Hayek M
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- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Adult, Fatal Outcome, Hepatitis C, Chronic complications, Humans, Male, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous complications, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous microbiology, Substance Abuse, Intravenous complications, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome etiology, Tuberculosis, Cutaneous complications, Tuberculosis, Cutaneous microbiology, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary complications, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary diagnosis, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary microbiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous diagnosis, Nontuberculous Mycobacteria isolation & purification, Tuberculosis, Cutaneous diagnosis
- Published
- 2008
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21. [Treatment of opportunistic infections in adolescent and adult patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Study Group (GESIDA) and National AIDS Plan Expert Committee].
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections parasitology, Adolescent, Adult, Bacterial Infections drug therapy, Bacterial Infections etiology, Humans, Mycobacterium Infections drug therapy, Mycobacterium Infections etiology, Mycoses drug therapy, Mycoses etiology, Parasitic Diseases drug therapy, Parasitic Diseases etiology, Virus Diseases drug therapy, Virus Diseases etiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
- Abstract
Despite the huge advance that highly active antiretroviral therapy has represented for the prognosis of infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), opportunistic infections continue to be a cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients. This is often the case because of severe immunodepression, poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy, failure of therapy, or the fact that patients are unaware of their HIV-positive status and debut with an opportunistic infection. This article updates the guidelines on treatment of acute episodes of various opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients, including infections due to parasites, fungi, viruses, mycobacteria, and bacteria. This edition has a new chapter on imported parasite infections as well as additional information on endemic mycoses in the chapter on fungal infections, taking into account the growing number of immigrants in our setting. Lastly, the chapter on the immune reconstitution syndrome has also been updated, providing relevant data on a phenomenon that has clinical and diagnostic repercussions in patients who start antiretroviral therapy while they are severely immunodepressed (English version available at http://www.gesida.seimc.org).
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- 2008
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22. [Non-dermatophytic moulds: onychomycosis in four patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus].
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de Magalhães Lima K, Machado Barbosa de Castro CM, Fonsêca Nogueira Cambuim II, Carvalhaes de Oliveira J, Delgado M, and Sette de Melo Rego R
- Subjects
- Adult, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Ascomycota isolation & purification, Aspergillosis microbiology, Aspergillus niger isolation & purification, Fusarium isolation & purification, Onychomycosis microbiology
- Abstract
Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are a risk group for onychomycosis, fungal infections caused mainly by dermatophytes and yeast. However, non-dermatohytic moulds are becoming common agents for nail infections in this population of patients. We report four cases of onychomycosis caused by non-dermatophytic moulds (Aspergillus niger, Scytalidium hyalinum, Scytalidium dimidiatum and Fusarium solani) in patients infected with HIV from Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Onychomicosis by non-dermatophytic species in HIV-positive patients requires special attention in the clinical and the laboratory. A proper diagnosis is necessary to establish the specific and adequate treatment, preventing fungal invasion.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. [Clinical cases in medical mycology. Case no. 32].
- Author
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Negroni R, Maiolo E, Arechavala AI, Bianchi MH, and Santiso G
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnostic imaging, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Antifungal Agents therapeutic use, Aspergillosis complications, Aspergillosis diagnosis, Bacteremia complications, Bacteremia diagnosis, Bacteremia drug therapy, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid microbiology, Cerebrospinal Fluid microbiology, Cryptococcosis complications, Cryptococcosis diagnostic imaging, Cryptococcosis drug therapy, Cryptococcosis microbiology, Cryptococcus neoformans isolation & purification, Escherichia coli Infections complications, Escherichia coli Infections diagnosis, Escherichia coli Infections drug therapy, Fatal Outcome, Fluconazole therapeutic use, Fungemia diagnosis, Fungemia drug therapy, Fungemia microbiology, Humans, Lung Diseases, Fungal diagnostic imaging, Lung Diseases, Fungal drug therapy, Lung Diseases, Fungal microbiology, Lung Diseases, Fungal pathology, Male, Meningitis, Cryptococcal cerebrospinal fluid, Meningitis, Cryptococcal diagnosis, Meningitis, Cryptococcal microbiology, Middle Aged, Multiple Organ Failure etiology, Solitary Pulmonary Nodule diagnostic imaging, Solitary Pulmonary Nodule etiology, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Vancomycin therapeutic use, Vision Disorders etiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, Cryptococcosis diagnosis
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Disseminated histoplasmosis with hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with AIDS: description of one case and review of the Spanish literature.
- Author
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Gil-Brusola A, Pemán J, Santos M, Salavert M, Lacruz J, and Gobernado M
- Subjects
- Adult, Ecuador ethnology, Fatal Outcome, Histoplasmosis diagnosis, Histoplasmosis drug therapy, Histoplasmosis epidemiology, Humans, Male, Multiple Organ Failure etiology, Pancytopenia etiology, Spain epidemiology, Travel, Tuberculosis, Miliary complications, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Histoplasmosis etiology, Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic etiology
- Abstract
We report a case of disseminated histoplasmosis in a 33-year old Ecuadorian patient with AIDS and a CD4 lymphocyte count of 39 cells/microl. He presented with prolonged fever and cough, was diagnosed with hemophagocytic syndrome and multiple organ failure and died 18 days after admission. Histoplasma capsulatum was isolated post-mortem from bone marrow biopsy and blood culture. In a literature review we found 22 published cases of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS in Spain since 1988. All but two were men under 50 years old. Nineteen had been born or had lived in endemic areas. The diagnosis of histoplasmosis was established by culture of bone marrow biopsy in 10 cases. Itraconazole was introduced as a second drug after amphotericin B in ten of the thirteen patients who survived.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. [Clinical cases in Medical Mycology. Case No. 30].
- Author
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Maiolo E, Arechavala AI, Santiso G, Bianchi MH, Troglio F, Orduna T, and Negroni R
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Adult, Amphotericin B adverse effects, Amphotericin B therapeutic use, Antifungal Agents adverse effects, Antifungal Agents therapeutic use, Cryptococcosis complications, Cryptococcosis drug therapy, Deoxycholic Acid adverse effects, Deoxycholic Acid therapeutic use, Drug Combinations, Fungemia microbiology, Hepatitis B, Chronic complications, Hepatomegaly diagnostic imaging, Hepatomegaly etiology, Herpes Zoster complications, Histoplasmosis complications, Histoplasmosis drug therapy, Humans, Male, Splenomegaly diagnostic imaging, Splenomegaly etiology, Toxoplasmosis complications, Ultrasonography, Uremia chemically induced, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, Cryptococcosis diagnosis, Histoplasmosis diagnosis
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. [Mycobacterium avium intracellulare pericarditis in patients with AIDS. A case report and literature review].
- Author
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Montero M, Cercós A, Navarro V, and Santos M
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, Adult, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, Clarithromycin therapeutic use, Combined Modality Therapy, Ethambutol therapeutic use, Female, Humans, Lebanon ethnology, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection drug therapy, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection microbiology, Pericardial Effusion drug therapy, Pericardial Effusion etiology, Pericardial Effusion surgery, Pericardiocentesis, Pericarditis drug therapy, Pericarditis microbiology, Rifabutin therapeutic use, Transfusion Reaction, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection etiology, Pericarditis etiology
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Cutaneous and meningeal sporotrichosis in a HIV patient.
- Author
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Vilela R, Souza GF, Fernandes Cota G, and Mendoza L
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, Adult, Amphotericin B therapeutic use, Antifungal Agents therapeutic use, Candidiasis, Oral complications, Cerebrospinal Fluid microbiology, Diagnosis, Differential, Fatal Outcome, Humans, Male, Meningitis, Fungal diagnosis, Meningitis, Fungal drug therapy, Skin microbiology, Sporotrichosis diagnosis, Sporotrichosis drug therapy, Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral diagnosis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Meningitis, Fungal microbiology, Sporotrichosis etiology
- Abstract
A male patient with HIV and past history of tuberculosis and suspected neurotoxoplasmosis was admitted to the hospital with vomiting and small nodules through all his body. Few of the nodules were found forming chains of enlarged lymphatic vessels, especially on lesions located on the limbs. Some of the nodules were ulcerated with a serosanguineous discharge. Collected samples from ulcerated and the nodular lesions showed the presence of Sporothrix schenckii in culture. Although all hemocultures were negative, a spinal fluid collected from this patient and cultures from the cutaneous lesions were both positive for S. schenckii. The patient showed improvement after treatment with Amphotericin B. Sadly, he later died of complications not related to the S. schenckii infection. This case of disseminated sporotrichosis is a remainder that in patients with immunological disorders exotic forms of this fungal clinical entity could be expected.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Disseminated histoplasmosis with lesions restricted to the larynx in a patient with AIDS. Report of a case and review of the literature.
- Author
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Solari R, Corti M, Cangelosi D, Escudero M, Negroni R, Saccheri C, and Schtirbu R
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections pathology, Amphotericin B therapeutic use, Antifungal Agents therapeutic use, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Deglutition Disorders etiology, Histoplasmosis drug therapy, Humans, Itraconazole therapeutic use, Laryngitis drug therapy, Laryngitis pathology, Male, Middle Aged, Treatment Refusal, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Histoplasmosis etiology, Laryngitis microbiology
- Abstract
Histoplasmosis is an endemic and systemic mycosis, caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum. Disseminated disease in immunocompromised patients generally results from the reactivation of latent foci after a prolonged period of asymptomatic infection. We report a case of laryngeal histoplasmosis as the unique clinical manifestation of a progressive form of the disease in a patient with advanced HIV/AIDS disease. Histopathological analysis of laryngeal biopsy smears revealed granulomas containing Histoplasma-like organisms. Treatment with amphotericin B followed by itraconazole resulted in complete remission of laryngeal lesions. To our knowledge, this is the third case report of laryngeal histoplasmosis in a patient with AIDS.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. [Sporotrichoid cutaneous infection by Mycobacterium haemophilum in an AIDS patient].
- Author
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Cameselle D, Hernández J, Francès A, Montenegro T, Cañas F, and Borrego L
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections etiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections pathology, Adult, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Antitubercular Agents therapeutic use, Arm, Arthritis, Infectious etiology, Bites and Stings complications, Cichlids, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Drug Therapy, Combination, Granuloma diagnosis, Granuloma etiology, Granuloma microbiology, Granuloma pathology, Hand Dermatoses drug therapy, Hand Dermatoses etiology, Hand Dermatoses microbiology, Hand Dermatoses pathology, Humans, Immunocompromised Host, Leg, Male, Mycobacterium Infections drug therapy, Mycobacterium Infections etiology, Mycobacterium Infections microbiology, Mycobacterium Infections pathology, Mycobacterium haemophilum drug effects, Skin Ulcer etiology, Wound Infection drug therapy, Wound Infection etiology, Wound Infection microbiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, Finger Injuries complications, Hand Dermatoses diagnosis, Mycobacterium Infections diagnosis, Mycobacterium haemophilum isolation & purification, Wound Infection diagnosis
- Abstract
We report a case of primary cutaneous infection by Mycobacterium haemophilum after the bite of an aquarium fish in a severely immunodepressed AIDS patient. Clinical features consisted in nodular and ulcerative lesions that followed a sporotrichoid pattern. Histological study of nodular lesions showed a granulomatous dermatitis with numerous acid-fast bacilli. The mycobacterium was identified 3 months later by genetic hybridization from a cultive in solid medium. Combined therapy with isoniazid, rifampin, clarithromycin, ethambutol, amikacin and ciprofloxacin resulted in complete resolution of the lesions. Infection by Mycobacterium haemophilum is a rare mycobacteriosis that usually affects immunodepressed patients. The most common clinical manifestations are cutaneous lesions but the development of sporotrichoid nodular lymphangitis is exceptional.
- Published
- 2007
30. [Arthritis due to Mycobacterium kansasii in a woman with human immunodeficiency virus infection].
- Author
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Puerto JL, García-Martos P, Saldarreaga A, Ruiz-Aragón J, and Mira J
- Subjects
- Adult, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Arthritis, Infectious etiology, Clarithromycin therapeutic use, Ethambutol therapeutic use, Female, Humans, Knee Joint, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous drug therapy, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous etiology, Rifabutin therapeutic use, Synovial Fluid immunology, Synovial Fluid microbiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Arthritis, Infectious microbiology, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous microbiology, Mycobacterium kansasii isolation & purification
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. [Cervical lymphadenitis, pancytopenia and fever in a patient with HIV infection].
- Author
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López-Perezagua MM, Martínez-Peinado C, Arjona-Zaragozí FJ, and Pasquau-Liaño F
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections blood, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections complications, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Adult, Bone Marrow microbiology, Female, Fever etiology, Histoplasma isolation & purification, Histoplasmosis blood, Histoplasmosis complications, Histoplasmosis microbiology, Humans, Lymphadenitis microbiology, Neck, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, Histoplasmosis diagnosis, Lymphadenitis etiology, Pancytopenia etiology
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. [Assessment of a quantitative PCR method for clinical diagnosis of imported histoplasmosis].
- Author
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Buitrago MJ, Gómez-López A, Monzón A, Rodríguez-Tudela JL, and Cuenca-Estrella M
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Africa ethnology, Body Fluids microbiology, Bone Marrow microbiology, Central America ethnology, Computer Systems, DNA, Fungal genetics, DNA, Ribosomal genetics, Emigration and Immigration, HIV Infections complications, Histoplasma genetics, Histoplasmosis complications, Histoplasmosis epidemiology, Histoplasmosis microbiology, Histoplasmosis transmission, Immunodiffusion, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, South America ethnology, Spain epidemiology, Travel, DNA, Fungal isolation & purification, DNA, Ribosomal isolation & purification, Histoplasma isolation & purification, Histoplasmosis diagnosis, Polymerase Chain Reaction methods
- Abstract
Objective: Evaluation of the usefulness of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction-based (RT-PCR) technique for clinical diagnosis of histoplasmosis., Methods: Primers and probes were designed on the basis of sequences from the ITS regions of ribosomal DNA of 20 clinical strains of Histoplasma capsulatum. LightCycler procedures (Roche Applied Science) were used with probes marked by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity were analyzed. In addition, an internal control was designed to identify false negative results by PCR inhibition. The RT-PCR assay was tested in 22 clinical samples from 14 patients with proven histoplasmosis. In addition, 30 samples from patients with febrile neutropenia or mycoses other than histoplasmosis, and from healthy volunteers were analyzed as controls., Results: The limit of detection of the assay was 1 fg of genomic DNA per microl of sample. The PCR-based technique was reproducible and highly specific. Positive results were obtained in 11/14 (78.6%) patients and in 17/22 (77.3%) clinical samples. RT-PCR was positive in 100% of respiratory secretions and bone marrow samples, but only 70% of sera (p < 0.01). Mean fungal DNA value was 23.1 fg/microl in serum and 4.85 x 10(3) fg/microl in respiratory and bone marrow samples. RT-PCR results were positive in serum from three HIV patients for which antibody detection by immunodiffusion was negative. Specificity was 100%, since PCR results were negative for all the control samples., Conclusion: Thes RT-PCR technique is a sensitive, specific method for early diagnosis of histoplasmosis, particularly when respiratory secretions or bone marrow samples are analyzed. The reliability is lower in serum, but it can be used as an additional, complementary technique to culture and serology in HIV patients.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Extracellular enzymatic activities in Cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated from AIDS patients in different countries.
- Author
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Vidotto V, Ito-Kuwa S, Nakamura K, Aoki S, Melhem M, Fukushima K, and Bollo E
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections epidemiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Brazil epidemiology, Clinical Enzyme Tests, Cryptococcosis diagnosis, Cryptococcosis epidemiology, Cryptococcosis microbiology, Cryptococcus neoformans classification, Cryptococcus neoformans isolation & purification, Cryptococcus neoformans pathogenicity, Extracellular Fluid enzymology, Humans, Italy epidemiology, Serotyping, Spain epidemiology, Thailand epidemiology, Turkey epidemiology, Virulence, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections enzymology, Bacterial Typing Techniques methods, Cryptococcosis enzymology, Cryptococcus neoformans enzymology, Fungal Proteins isolation & purification
- Abstract
Three hundred and ten Cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated from AIDS patients in five different countries (151 from Brazil, 23 from Italy, 28 from Spain, 104 from Thailand and four from Turkey) were tested by the API-ZYM kit to detect their extracellular enzymatic activity. The enzymes esterase (C4) (no 3), esterase lipase (C8) (no 4), leucine arylamidase (no 6) and acid phosphatase (no 11) were commonly positive in most of the strains (more than 95%). These enzymes could be considered a useful tool not only for C. neoformans identification, but in particular for their possible relationship to new C. neoformans virulence factors and also for epidemiological research. Interestingly, it is also the high positive percentage of alpha-glucosidase and beta-glucosidase detected in all isolates. The serotype A was the most predominant serotype in all countries, except for Italy where the serotype D was predominant. Further studies are needed to draw a clear correlation between the API-ZYM profile and serotype.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. [Ring-shaped sign in 67Ga scintigraphy of a patient with AIDS and pneumonia due to Cryptococcus neoformans].
- Author
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Banzo I, Quirce R, Martínez-Rodríguez I, and Carril JM
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections blood, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections cerebrospinal fluid, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid microbiology, Cerebrospinal Fluid microbiology, Cryptococcosis blood, Cryptococcosis cerebrospinal fluid, Cryptococcus neoformans isolation & purification, Erythema Multiforme etiology, Fungemia microbiology, Humans, Lung Diseases, Fungal microbiology, Male, Meningitis, Cryptococcal cerebrospinal fluid, Middle Aged, Radiography, Radionuclide Imaging, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnostic imaging, Cryptococcosis diagnostic imaging, Gallium Radioisotopes, Lung diagnostic imaging, Lung Diseases, Fungal diagnostic imaging, Radiopharmaceuticals
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. [Bacteroides fragilis meningitis in HIV patient].
- Author
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Martínez Tudela S, Jover Díaz F, Cuadrado Pastor JM, and Ortiz de la Tabla Duccase V
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections mortality, Anti-Bacterial Agents administration & dosage, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Bacteroides Infections diagnosis, Bacteroides Infections mortality, Cerebrospinal Fluid microbiology, Fatal Outcome, HIV Infections mortality, Humans, Imipenem administration & dosage, Imipenem therapeutic use, Male, Meningitis, Bacterial diagnosis, Meningitis, Bacterial microbiology, Meningitis, Bacterial mortality, Middle Aged, Time Factors, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, Bacteroides Infections complications, Bacteroides fragilis isolation & purification, HIV Infections complications, Meningitis, Bacterial complications
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. [Ulcerative lymphadenitis due to Mycobacterium fortuitum in an AIDS patient].
- Author
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Mederos LM, González D, Banderas F, and Montoro EH
- Subjects
- Adult, Humans, Male, Meningitis, Cryptococcal complications, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous complications, Skin Ulcer microbiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Lymphadenitis microbiology, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous microbiology, Mycobacterium fortuitum isolation & purification, Skin Ulcer etiology
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Histoplasmosis in a Brazilian center: clinical forms and laboratory tests.
- Author
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Leimann BC, Pizzini CV, Muniz MM, Albuquerque PC, Monteiro PC, Reis RS, Almeida-Paes R, Lazera MS, Wanke B, Pérez MA, and Zancopé-Oliveira RM
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections epidemiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections pathology, Academies and Institutes, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antibodies, Fungal blood, Bone Marrow microbiology, Brazil epidemiology, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid microbiology, Cerebrospinal Fluid microbiology, Female, Histoplasma immunology, Histoplasma isolation & purification, Histoplasmosis diagnosis, Histoplasmosis microbiology, Histoplasmosis pathology, Humans, Lung Diseases, Fungal diagnosis, Lung Diseases, Fungal epidemiology, Lung Diseases, Fungal microbiology, Lung Diseases, Fungal pathology, Male, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Retrospective Studies, Histoplasmosis epidemiology
- Abstract
Histoplasmosis, caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, is endemic in many regions of the Americas, Asia and Africa. It has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, from asymptomatic infection to severe disseminated disease. A retrospective study was carried out to describe the clinical forms and assess the clinical significance of the laboratory diagnostic tests of patients with histoplasmosis during the period of July 1987 to December 2003 at Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas/ FIOCRUZ, RJ, Brazil. Seventy-four patients were included. Forty-nine percent of the cases (n = 36) occurred in HIV positive patients who presented with disseminated disease. The remaining 38 cases were classified in different clinical forms. Histoplasma capsulatum was isolated from 69.5% of the clinical specimens sent to culture. Immunodiffusion and immunoblot were positive in 72.6% and 100% of the performed tests, respectively. Histopathologic findings suggestive of H. capsulatum were found in 63.2% of the performed exams. Serology had a lower proportion of positivity amongst AIDS patients, when compared with HIV negative patients (X2 = 6.65; p lower than 0.008). Statistical differences between AIDS and non-AIDS patients were not observed with culture and histopathology. The specific role of each test varies according to the clinical form. Physicians need to know the value and limitations of the available diagnostic tests, but before that, they have to think about histoplasmosis and consider this clinical entity in their differential diagnosis.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Imported and autochthonous histoplasmosis in Italy: new cases and old problems.
- Author
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Farina C, Rizzi M, Ricci L, Gabbi E, Caligaris S, and Goglio A
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections epidemiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Adult, Cote d'Ivoire ethnology, Emigration and Immigration, Female, Humans, Italy epidemiology, Latin America, Male, Middle Aged, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Retrospective Studies, Tanzania, Travel, Histoplasmosis epidemiology
- Abstract
In the past the Italian soil was considered as a low-endemic pabulum for H. capsulatum var. capsulatum and only few autochthonous cases of histoplasmosis were reported in Italy, especially in the Po valley. The aim of the paper was to evaluate this possibility by reviewing the literature and providing our own personal data. Four additional cases of histoplasmosis were observed during 1999-2003 in AIDS immigrant or in Italian citizens, and in travellers to endemic areas. One of the AIDS patients was an autochthonous case of histoplasmosis. The Italian literature was reviewed. Recent cases and literature data confirm the possible autochthonous presence of histoplasmosis in Italy, especially in the Northern regions.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. [Nocardiosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection].
- Author
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Biscione F, Cecchini D, Ambrosioni J, Bianchi M, Corti M, and Benetucci J
- Subjects
- Adult, Argentina epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Retrospective Studies, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections epidemiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Nocardia Infections diagnosis, Nocardia Infections drug therapy, Nocardia Infections epidemiology, Nocardia asteroides
- Abstract
Background: Nocardiosis is a bacterial disease that occurs in immunocompromised patients, including those infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of 27 HIV-positive patients with nocardiosis seen during the period of 1993 to 2004. Clinical presentations, diagnostic methods, predominant species, antimicrobial therapy and outcome were analyzed., Results: Among the total, 81% were males and the median age was 30 years. There was an elevated percentage of alcoholism (89%), smoking (80%) and intravenous drug use (82%). A previous positive serology for HIV infection was present in 85% of the patients. Plasma CD4+ T cell count at the time of diagnosis in 15 of 17 patients (88%) was below 50 cells/microl (median 15 cells/microl). The most frequent clinical onset was pulmonary in 70%, followed by cutaneous in 11% and disseminated in 11%. The main specimens for diagnostic bacterial isolation were sputum (54%), skin and soft tissues (22%) and bronchoalveolar lavage (19%). The predominant pulmonary radiological pattern was alveolar infiltration (74%), followed by cavitations (32%). The species was identified in 13 patients (48%); Nocardia asteroides was isolated in 84% (n = 11). The main antimicrobial drugs prescribed were cotrimoxazole (78%), amikacin (59%) and ciprofloxacin (33%). Dual therapy was used in 78% of the cases, with cotrimoxazole-amikacin being the most frequent. Overall mortality was 37%., Conclusions: Nocardiosis is an unusual infection among HIV-infected patients. The diagnosis should be considered in patients with CD4+ T cell counts below 50/microL and lung or pericardial involvement.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. [Lung nodules in a patient with human inmmunodeficiency virus infection].
- Author
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Del Arco Jiménez A, Aguilar García J, Prada Pardal JL, de la Torre Lima J, and Funez Liébana R
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Adult, Aspergillosis complications, Humans, Lung Diseases, Fungal complications, Male, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, Aspergillosis diagnosis, HIV Infections complications, Lung Diseases, Fungal diagnosis
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. [Primary cutaneous mucormycosis. Report of a case in a HIV patient].
- Author
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Pérez-Uribe A, Molina de Soschin D, Arenas R, and Reyes M
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections pathology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections surgery, Adult, Amphotericin B therapeutic use, Antifungal Agents therapeutic use, Catheterization adverse effects, Combined Modality Therapy, Debridement, Drug Therapy, Combination therapeutic use, Fasciitis, Necrotizing complications, Fasciitis, Necrotizing drug therapy, Fasciitis, Necrotizing microbiology, Female, Forearm, Humans, Klebsiella Infections complications, Klebsiella Infections drug therapy, Mucormycosis drug therapy, Mucormycosis pathology, Mucormycosis surgery, Occlusive Dressings adverse effects, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis complications, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis drug therapy, Skin Ulcer etiology, Skin Ulcer microbiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Mucormycosis etiology
- Abstract
Primary cutaneous mucormycosis is an unusual mycotic infection associated to immunosupression. We present a 34 year-old woman with HIV infection with a necrotic primary mucormycosis of the skin associated to a venous catheter. She was treated with amphotericin B and surgical debridement.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. [Clinical cases in medical mycology. Case No. 16].
- Author
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Negroni R and Tuculet MA
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, Adolescent, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, Antifungal Agents therapeutic use, Blood Sedimentation, Female, Fluconazole therapeutic use, Foot Dermatoses drug therapy, Foot Dermatoses microbiology, HIV Infections blood, HIV Infections drug therapy, Hand Dermatoses drug therapy, Hand Dermatoses etiology, Hepatomegaly etiology, Herpes Zoster etiology, Humans, Hypergammaglobulinemia etiology, Immunocompromised Host, Onychomycosis drug therapy, Tinea drug therapy, Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination therapeutic use, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Foot Dermatoses etiology, HIV Infections diagnosis, Onychomycosis etiology, Tinea etiology
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Extracellular enzymatic activity and serotype of Cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated from AIDS patients in Brazil.
- Author
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Vidotto V, Melhem M, Pukinskas S, Aoki S, Carrara C, and Pugliese A
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections epidemiology, Brazil epidemiology, Colorimetry, Cryptococcosis epidemiology, Cryptococcus neoformans classification, Cryptococcus neoformans growth & development, Cryptococcus neoformans isolation & purification, Humans, Serotyping, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Cryptococcosis microbiology, Cryptococcus neoformans enzymology, Extracellular Fluid enzymology, Fungal Proteins analysis, Peptide Hydrolases analysis, Phospholipases analysis
- Abstract
One hundred and fifty-one Cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated from AIDS patients in Brazil and maintained in the Adolfo Lutz Institute (São Paulo, Brazil) were tested for phospholipase, protease and other extracellular enzymatic activities and their serotypes determined. Production of extracellular phospholipase and protease was tested by the agar plate methods. Determination of extracellular enzyme profile of the strains was performed by using the API-ZYM kit system, which can test 19 different enzymes. The serotypes were determined by cell agglutination using the Crypto-check method. Among the 151 strains, 147 were identified as serotype A and four strains were serotype AD. Production of extracellular phospholipase and protease was extensive and observable at early stages of incubation. All of the tested strains were positive for the production of both enzymes. In the API-ZYM tests, more than 90 % of the 151 tested strains were positive for esterase C4 (No. 3), esterase lipase C8 (No. 4), leucine arylamidase (No. 6), phosphatase acid (No. 11), naphtol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase (No. 12), alpha-glucosidase (No. 16) and beta-glucosidase (No. 17). Differences in enzymatic activities between the Brazilian strains and strains isolated in other countries were observed. The phospholipase, protease and other enzyme activities may play a role in host tissue invasion by C. neoformans.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. [Male with fever and cutaneous lesions].
- Author
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Aguilar J, del Arco-Jiménez A, Rodrigo MI, and de la Torre-Lima J
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Adult, Cryptococcosis etiology, Dermatomycoses etiology, Hepatomegaly etiology, Humans, Lymphatic Diseases etiology, Male, Substance Abuse, Intravenous complications, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, Cryptococcosis diagnosis, Dermatomycoses diagnosis, Fever etiology
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. [Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia in patients with HIV].
- Author
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Valencia ME, Enríquez A, Camino N, and Moreno V
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, Adult, Bordetella Infections diagnosis, Bordetella Infections etiology, Community-Acquired Infections etiology, Hodgkin Disease complications, Humans, Immunocompromised Host, Lymphoma, AIDS-Related complications, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Bacterial etiology, Sputum microbiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Bordetella Infections microbiology, Bordetella bronchiseptica isolation & purification, Community-Acquired Infections microbiology, Pneumonia, Bacterial microbiology
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. [Pyomyositis associated with HIV-1 infection].
- Author
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Corti M, Villafañe MF, Esquivel P, and Palmieri O
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Adult, Cryptococcosis complications, Fatal Outcome, Fungemia complications, Fungemia microbiology, Hepatitis C complications, Humans, Immunocompromised Host, Male, Myositis complications, Staphylococcal Infections complications, Substance Abuse, Intravenous complications, Suppuration, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, Cryptococcosis diagnosis, Fungemia diagnosis, HIV Infections complications, HIV-1, Myositis diagnosis, Staphylococcal Infections diagnosis
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. [Disseminated tuberculosis with bilateral psoas muscle abscesses in an AIDS patient].
- Author
-
Corti M, Palmieri OJ, Villafañe MF, and Muzzio E
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, Adult, Antitubercular Agents therapeutic use, HIV-1, Humans, Male, Psoas Abscess diagnostic imaging, Psoas Abscess drug therapy, Radiography, Tuberculosis, Miliary drug therapy, Tuberculosis, Splenic etiology, Ultrasonography, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Psoas Abscess etiology, Tuberculosis, Miliary etiology
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. [Fever and left lower limb edema in a 39-year-old man].
- Author
-
Monsalvo R, Moreno R, López-Medrano F, and Costa JR
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections complications, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Adult, Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections complications, Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections microbiology, Humans, Iliac Vein microbiology, Inguinal Canal, Lactococcus lactis pathogenicity, Male, Thrombophlebitis complications, Thrombophlebitis microbiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, Abscess complications, Edema etiology, Fever etiology, Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections diagnosis, Lactococcus lactis isolation & purification, Thrombophlebitis diagnosis
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. [Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in a HIV-infected patient].
- Author
-
Berbegal J, Martínez P, Femenia M, and Serrat C
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, Adult, Fatal Outcome, Humans, Male, Mycoses drug therapy, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Antifungal Agents therapeutic use, Mycoses microbiology, Penicillium isolation & purification
- Published
- 2003
50. [Acute maxillary sinusitis in a patient with VIH infection].
- Author
-
Mirón M, Vidal F, Raventós A, and Richart C
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnostic imaging, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Actinomycosis diagnostic imaging, Actinomycosis microbiology, Acute Disease, Adult, Female, Humans, Maxillary Sinusitis diagnostic imaging, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Actinomyces isolation & purification, Actinomycosis diagnosis, Maxillary Sinusitis microbiology
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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