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The purpose of this study is to examine the association between gender expression, peer victimization, and disordered weight-control behaviors (DWCBs) in four population-based samples of U.S. high school students.Analyses include data from 5,488 U.S. high school students from the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys in four jurisdictions (Broward County, FL; Chicago, IL; Los Angeles, CA; San Diego, CA). Participants were 56% Hispanic/Latino, 21% black/African American, and 14% white. Two items asked about perceived gender expression; responses were classified into three groups: highly gender conforming (e.g., very masculine boys), moderately gender conforming, gender nonconforming (e.g., feminine boys). Sex-stratified multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between gender expression, peer victimization, and DWCBs in previous month (fasting, using diet pills/liquids/powders, and purging [vomiting or using laxatives]), controlling for potential confounders.Overall, 12% of respondents reported fasting, 6% reported diet pill use, and 5% reported purging, with significantly higher prevalence among gender nonconforming than among gender conforming male students (p.001). In adjusted models, gender nonconforming male students had greater odds of fasting (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 3.0 [2.0-4.7]), diet pill use (6.1 [3.7-9.9]), and purging (7.2 [3.6-14.8]), relative to moderately conforming males. No significant associations were found among female students. Adding peer victimization to models modestly attenuated the association between gender nonconformity and DWCBs for male students.In probability samples of U.S. high school students, we observed marked differences by gender expression in DWCBs among male students but not among female students. Gender expression-related stigma should be addressed within clinical and school-based interventions to prevent DWCBs.

BACKGROUND: Loss of control (LOC) eating is associated with poor weight loss outcomes following bariatric surgery. It is not clear whether eating patterns (e.g., total number of daily meals/snacks, eating after suppertime, eating when not hungry) and unhealthy weight control behaviors (e.g., smoking, using laxatives) are associated with or predictive of LOC eating. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether eating patterns and unhealthy weight control behaviors are associated with LOC eating, and, if so, whether they predict LOC eating in bariatric patients. SETTING: Multicenter study, United States. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery-2 study. Assessments were conducted at pre-surgery, and 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 84 months after surgery. Logistic mixed models were used to examine the longitudinal associations between eating patterns, unhealthy weight control behaviors, and LOC eating. Time-lag techniques were applied to examine whether the associated patterns and behaviors predict LOC eating. RESULTS: Participants (N=1,477) were mostly women (80%), white (86.9%), and married (62.5%). At the time of surgery, the mean age was 45.4±11.0 years, and mean body mass index was 47.8±7.5 kg/m(2). Total number of daily meals/snacks, food intake after suppertime, eating when not hungry, eating when feeling full, and use of any unhealthy weight control behaviors were positively associated with LOC eating (p

Objective This study was aimed to describe the body image and weight-control behavior among adolescent girls with low-mid socioeconomic background. Methods A cross-sectional study with 148 adolescent girls from low-rank public senior high school were conducted. Figure Rating Scale was used to measure body image, and a self-administered questionnaire was distributed to collect information on weight-control behavior. Data then analyzed descriptively. Results It was found that 56.1% of the respondents have negative body image, in which 35.8% of respondents desired to have a smaller body, and 20.3% of respondents desired to have a heavier body. The majority of respondents were ever tried to lose and avoid weight gain (50%) or gain and avoid weight loss (23.0%). The most frequent healthy weight loose behavior performed by respondents were exercised and ate more fruits and vegetables. Moreover, the most frequent unhealthy weight loos behavior has skipped the meal and ate little food. In addition, some of the respondents were tried to gain weight by changing eating patterns, physical activity, and use supplementation. Conclusions Body dissatisfaction is prominent among adolescent girls with low-mid socioeconomic background. The form of dissatisfaction is not limited to the desire to be thinner but also the desire to look heavier. Further intervention is needed to build positive body image and promote healthy eating behavior among adolescent girls from the low-mid socioeconomic background.

Background The microbiota, essential oils, and diet have been shown to interact with one another in ways that influence weight control. Scope and approach The review focus on gut microbiota, essential oils, and diet for weight control, (1) specifically addressing the role of diet on gut microbiota in weight control, (2) to assess the effectiveness of essential oils in the diet in weight control, (3) discussing the interconnections and implications of gut microbiota, essential oils, and diet in weight control. Key findings and conclusions The effects of essential oils on gut microbiota and weight management are rather complex similar to the case with many other natural products. Essential oils are effective in weight control by affecting microbiota and various molecular targets. Changing the gut microbiota by diet and inclusion of essential oils to balance its composition can be a promising approach for weight control.

We address a bilevel knapsack problem where a set of items with weights and profits is given. One player, the leader, may control the weights of a given subset of items. The second player, the follower, outputs the actual solution of the resulting knapsack instance, maximizing the overall profit. The leader receives as payoff the weights from those items of its associated subset that were included in the solution chosen by the follower. We analyze the leader's payoff maximization problem for three different solution strategies of the follower and discuss the complexity of the corresponding problems. In particular, we show that, when the follower adopts a greedy strategy, setting the optimal weight values is NP -hard. Also, it is NP -hard to provide a solution within a constant factor of the best possible solution. However, a MIP-formulation can be given. Moreover, the truncated greedy strategy allows an easy answer for the revision of weights. For the additional case, in which the follower faces a continuous (linear relaxation) version of the above problems, the optimal strategies can be fully characterized and computed in polynomial time.

Summary Purpose This study was conducted to estimate the impact of the food practices of high-level judokas on body composition, muscle performance and food habits. Methods Thirteen elite judokas were distributed in two groups: a group with weight-control practice (group D, n = 6) and a group without it (group ND, n = 7). Eating habits, sport performance and body composition were evaluated three times during the experiment: out (ES), pre (PRE C) and post-competitive (POST C) periods. Results For the D group, we observed a decrease of body mass index, of the sum of skin folds thickness and of circumference of thigh between ES and PRE C periods, and an increase between PRE C and POST C periods. For the ND group, no difference was observed whatever the considered period. For strength tests, there is no difference between groups and between the different periods. Total energy intake and macronutrient intake of the D group decreased between ES and PRE C periods. This decrease concerned mainly fat intake. These parameters increased between PRE and POST C periods. Conclusion In this study carried out on elite female judoka, changes in body composition and total energy intake had no effect on muscle performance and did not cause eating disorders.

Unhealthy weight control behaviors (UWCBs) can lead to numerous health problems. Adolescents who engage in UWCB are more likely to abuse substances than other adolescents. However, few studies have examined the relationship between UWCB and substance use, despite the fact that their co-occurrence can result in greater morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to examine the association between UWCB and substance use patterns among Korean adolescents using nationally representative data.This study involved an analysis of statistical data collected from 27,284 adolescent participants (13-18 years old) in the 2017 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey.The Chi-squared test and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to demonstrate the association between substance use patterns (energy drink intake, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, electronic cigarette use, and drug use) and UWCB (one-food diets, fasting, diet pill use, and purging). All statistical analyses were performed to reflect complex sampling weights.More female than male adolescents reported to be engaged in any of the following UWCBs: one-food diets (female: 9.6%, male: 4.8%), fasting (female: 11.6%, male: 7.4%), diet pill use (female: 2.9%, male: 1.5%), and purging (female: 4.1%, male: 2.2%). The prevalence of all UWCBs tended to increase as energy drink intake (P 0.001), cigarette smoking (P 0.001), and electronic cigarette use (P 0.001) increased.Health professionals who work with adolescents need to be aware of the importance of screening for UWCB, including one-food diets, fasting, diet pill use, and purging, especially as a co-occurrence with substance use.

Disordered eating behaviors are prevalent in Mexican-American college-enrolled women and contribute to compromised physical and psychological health. Although disordered eating behaviors are multi-determined, few studies have examined individual difference factors that contribute to disordered eating behaviors in Mexican women beyond acculturation. Evidence suggests that individual differences in the constellation of identities may be an important factor influencing the disordered eating behaviors. We hypothesized that individual differences in the collection of identities (self-schemas) increases susceptibility to defining oneself as fat (fat self-schema) and contribute to disordered eating behaviors over time in Mexican American college women. A 12-month longitudinal design was used to measure the level of disordered eating behaviors at 5 points over 12 months in 477 Mexican American women. Identity properties (i.e., positive self-schemas, negative self-schemas, fat self-schema) were measured at baseline. Controlling for relevant covariates, latent growth curve models showed that Mexican American women with few positive and many negative self-schemas were more likely to define themselves as fat, which in turn, predicted purging and fasting/restricting behaviors across the year. However, identity properties were not predictive of binge eating and excessive exercise episodes. Interventions focused on development of positive self-schemas that reflect areas of interest and competence and the revision of negative self-schemas may protect against purging and fasting/restricting in Mexican American college-enrolled women.

Background Children with higher body weights engage in more healthy weight control behaviors (HWCBs) and unhealthy weight control behaviors (UWCBs) compared to healthy weight peers. Parent restrictive feeding (parental attempts to limit what and how much children eat in an effort to manage youth weight) has also been associated with youth weight. However, there is limited research on parental feeding practices among non-Caucasian samples, despite evidence that parental feeding may function differently across races. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine the mediating role of parent restrictive feeding on the relationship between youth body mass index (BMI) z-score and youth use of HWCBs and UWCBs among African American youth. Methods Measures were completed by youth (ages 10–13 years) and their parents at a pediatric primary-care appointment. Youth completed a weight control behavior questionnaire asking youth to answer whether or not they have engaged in specific behaviors to lose weight. Parents completed a questionnaire on parent-feeding practices. Youth height and weight were obtained from their medical records. Results Mediation models revealed parent restrictive feeding significantly mediated the relationship between youth BMI z-score and HWCB use, but not between youth BMI z-score and UWCB use. Conclusion Results from the current study suggest parent restrictive feeding in African American populations may encourage health promoting youth weight management behaviors. Additional research is warranted to investigate how cultural factors may impact the relationships between parent restrictive feeding practices and youth weight control behaviors as there may be important clinical implications when working with diverse populations.

Acceptance-based behavioral therapy (ABT) is a promising new approach for weight control. ABT builds upon several core strategies from standard behavioral treatment for obesity, including self-monitoring, stimulus control, goal setting, and problem solving. However, ABT acknowledges that these strategies, while necessary, are often insufficient as they may not sufficiently address uncomfortable internal experiences, including hedonic drives, emotions, and physical sensations, that may arise when one engages in weight control. ABT aims to enhance adherence to weight control by cultivating mindful awareness and acceptance of uncomfortable internal experiences, and developing willingness to persist in weight control behaviors in the service of one's values. This theoretical model of ABT for weight control is described in detail in this review. In addition, we summarize the growing body of empirical literature, including analog studies, open-trials, and randomized controlled trials, that suggests that ABT is an efficacious weight loss intervention. Finally, we describe future research directions, including the examination of potential moderators and mediators of ABT for weight control.

The cross-directional (CD) basis weight control on paper machines is improved by optimizing the path of the scanning measurement. The optimal path results from an LQG problem and depends on how the uncertainty of the present estimate of the basis weight and the intensity of process noise vary in CD. These factors are assessed by how accurately the CD basis weight estimate predicts the measured optical transmittance with a linear adaptive model on synchronized basis weight and transmittance data. Simulations on optimized scanner path in disturbance scenarios are presented, and the practical implementation of scanner control is discussed.

Background Workers in high technology industry are experiencing stressful environment and have been ranked as a high risk group for adverse health effects. The effectiveness of worksite health promotion is important for occupational health. This study is to investigate the effect of health interventions on body measurement changes while examining the role of their lifestyle factors. Methods A total of 904 participants aged over 30 years were recruited from 14 semiconductor worksites in Taiwan from 2011 to 2015. A multi-settings, quasi-experimental study was conducted that assigned participants into two intervention programs, including exercise program and diet-plus-exercise program. The outcomes include the changes of body weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), and biophysiological indicators. Lifestyle variables include alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and regular exercise. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to test the association. Results The findings have demonstrated that one kilogram body weight reduction is associated with a decrease of 0.58 mmHg SBP (p

Altres ajuts: AstraZeneca, Spain [grant number ESR-16-12628]; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR); Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands (ARC EM); NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII); Fondo Investigación sanitaria (FIS); Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). Aim: To compare the changes in HbA1c, the effect on body weight or both combined after the addition of a DPP-4i, SGLT-2i, or sulfonylureas (SU) to metformin in real-world condition. Methods: We used a primary care SIDIAP database. The included subjects were matched by propensity score according to baseline age, sex, HbA1c, weight, inclusion date, diabetes duration, and kidney function. Results: Mean absolute HbA1c reduction was: 1.28% for DPP4i, 1.29% for SGLT2i and 1.26% for SU. Mean weight reduction was: 1.21 kg for DPP4i, 3.47 kg for SGLT2i and 0.04 kg for SU. The proportion of patients who achieved combined target HbA1c (≥0.5%) and weight (≥3%) reductions after the addition of DPP-4i, SGLT-2i or SU, was: 24.2%, 41.3%, and 15.2%, respectively. Small differences in systolic blood pressure reduction (1.07, 3.10 and 0.96 mmHg, respectively) were observed in favour of SGLT-2i. Concerning the lipids, we observed small differences, with an HDL-cholesterol increase with SGLT-2i. Conclusion: Our real-world study showed that the addition of SGLT-2i to metformin was associated with greater reductions in weight and the combination target of weight-HbA1c compared to SU and DPP4 inhibitors. However, similar hypoglycaemic effectiveness was observed among the three-drug classes.

It was recently shown that food neophobia (FN) shows consistent patterns of relationships with the factors from the Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ). The data reported in Jaeger et al. (2021) [Appetite, 105056], based on consumer surveys in USA, Australia, and New Zealand indicate that each of 11 FCQ factors are negatively associated with FN except for Convenience and Familiarity, which were both positively associated with FN. The present study, based on online surveys with 5752 adults aimed to replicate, using another USA sample, and extend, using samples from the UK and Germany, the earlier findings. In addition, behavioural validation of the observed FN-FCQ linkages was undertaken by directly relating FN to stated frequency of selected food and beverage (F&B) purchases and consumption. The US and UK results largely replicated the findings of Jaeger, Roigard et al. (2021), and for the two exceptions found – Convenience and Weight Control – the directional relationships matched those expected. The German results also partially supported replication, in that the relationships between FN and FCQ factors were in the expected directions, but mostly they were non-significant. Examination of self-reports of F&B purchase and consumption frequencies tended to validate the observed FN-FCQ linkages with the exceptions of Convenience and Sensory Appeal (USA and UK consumers), although these linkages were less evident in the German consumers. We suggest that the concept of high arousal underlying the food choices of those high in FN may help explain why some F&B characteristics and not others reflect FN-FCQ linkages. These findings, along with those presented in Jaeger et al. (2021) have increased knowledge about how FN and FCQ factors influence consumer choices. It is increasingly clear that FN not only influences which specific foods are consumed but also shapes the reasons for food choice itself. Understanding this link therefore allows us to predict at a more global level those reasons that influence consumers with different degrees of FN in choosing foods.

This study investigated the relationship between Millennials’ attitudes towards drinking craft beer and food choice factors grounding the Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) to explore consumer priorities and concerns towards this alcoholic beverage. A survey was administered online to five craft beer thematic groups on Facebook (N = 273 craft beer enthusiasts), including FCQ’s items and items assessing attitudes towards drinking craft beers. Correlation analysis after defining the factor structure of the FCQ that best describes the sample indicated that sensorial appeal, mood and (online)convenience had a positive association with attitude towards drinking craft beer; weight control, instead, discourages the consumers’ attitude towards drinking craft beer. Results confirmed the validity of the FCQ and pinpointed as craft breweries must consider these factors both in designing their products and tailoring communications strategies.

We analyze the effect of four US airline mergers using three retrospective techniques: standard difference-in-differences regression, synthetic control, and nearest neighbor matching. In doing so, we compare the performance of the most recently developed merger-retrospective methodologies. Each method compares an outcome of interest, such as price, in a set of ``treated'' markets where a merger occurred to a set of ``control'' markets that are unaffected by the merger. The three methodologies, however, differ in how they select and weight control markets. We find that the three methods do not always align in the direction or statistical significance of the estimated merger effect. Furthermore, synthetic control and nearest neighbor matching are sensitive to the set of characteristics used to select control markets. Overall, we find that the American Airlines/USAir merger lowered prices, whereas the United/Continental merger increased prices. Even so, these findings are not robust across methodologies or specifications. We are unable to draw any consistent conclusions about the Southwest/AirTran or Delta/Northwest mergers.

Parental restriction of food intake has been associated with heightened eating disorder psychopathology in some longitudinal research. Yet, relatively little is known about the determinants of restrictive feeding practices. This cross-sectional study explored the association between parents' anti-fat attitudes and their use of restrictive feeding practices in a mixed British (41.10% England, 39.90% Scotland, 4.20% Other) and Irish (14.80%) sample. Parents and caregivers (N = 472; 94.10% female; 70.90% university level education) of children between the ages of 4-8 (48.20% female; 91.10% rated as "normal weight" by their parents) completed self-report questionnaires assessing their anti-fat attitudes (dislike, fear, and blame subscales), use of restrictive feeding practices (for weight control, health purposes, and covert restriction), and how influential their child's body-weight and -shape is for their perception of themselves as parents. Overall, our hypothesis that parental anti-fat attitudes would be significantly associated with restrictive feeding practices was supported. Anti-fat attitudes related to disliking higher body-weight people and blaming parents for their child's weight were significant predictors of all forms of restrictive feeding (all ps .05). Additionally, our hypothesis that the associations between anti-fat attitudes and restrictive feeding practices would be stronger for parents for whom their child's body-weight and -shape more strongly influenced how they judged themselves as parents was not supported (the interaction term was not significant in two out of three analyses). Future research is needed to investigate these associations across time and in samples of higher body-weight children.

This paper investigates the relationships among food choice motivations and the relevance of packaging elements (visual and informative elements) in the adolescent market. In addition, these relationships are re-tested in two different frameworks: high-involved consumers and low-involved consumers. 590 young consumers between 13 and 17 years were interviewed at the door of their public or private schools. Structural Modelling was used to test our hypotheses. The first analysis was done considering the global sample. The second one split off the sample into two groups: 351 high-involved adolescents and 239 low-involved adolescents. Our results showed, on one side, that weight control and familiarity motivations do significantly affect the relevance of visual packaging cues. On another side, price motivations and weight control motivations do affect the relevance of informative packaging cues. The rest of food choice motivations are not linked to packaging cues. Second, regarding involvement, our results could not demonstrate that high-involved adolescents will also be higher food choice motivated consumers with a greater concern with the packaging decisions.

Background: High whole grain intake has consistently been associated with lowered risk of developing a number of chronic diseases. Among cereals, rye has highest content of dietary fiber, together with a wide variety of bioactive compounds. There is accumulating evidence from intervention studies of physiological effects of rye foods with potential health benefits. Scope and approach: This review summarizes the state of the art of rye and health and identifies future directions for research and innovation, based partly on findings presented at the international conference "The Power of Rye", angstrom land, Finland, 7-8 June 2017. Key findings and conclusions: Rye foods have well-established beneficial effects on insulin metabolism compared with wheat bread under isocaloric conditions and at standardized amounts of available carbohydrates, which may have positive implications for diabetes prevention. Recent findings suggest that alterations in blood glucose flux partly explain these effects. Moreover, several studies have shown beneficial effects of rye-based foods on satiety, which is one plausible mechanism behind recently demonstrated beneficial effects on weight management. Emerging results indicate beneficial effects of rye intake on inflammation and blood lipids. More research is needed to uncover underlying mechanisms for other demonstrated effects and the long-term implications for health. A challenge with rye-based foods is making them palatable and widely acceptable to consumers. Development of innovative and tasty rye products and targeted communication strategies is crucial in increasing awareness and consumption of rye foods. Novel results in this regard are presented in this review.

Dieting is often recommended as a means of weight loss, yet research consistently shows that self-reported dieting does not result in weight loss. Toward resolving this discrepancy, this study assessed the daily dietary intake and weight control strategies of people who self-identified as dieting. College women (N = 266) provided a report of their eating pattern (dieting, "watching what I eat," and/or "eating healthy") followed by three daily diaries (24-hour recalls of dietary intake and weight control strategies) elicited on randomly selected days during a one-month period. Dieters were expected to report fewer daily calories, more daily exercise, and more daily weight control strategies than non-dieters. At baseline, 122 participants (45.9%) endorsed both "watching" and "eating healthy" ("Concerned Eaters") while 55 (20.7%) endorsed current dieting along with "watching" and "eating healthy" ("Dieters"). Just 3 (1.1%) endorsed dieting only, and 31 (11.7%) endorsed no eating pattern ("Unconcerned Eaters"). Dieters' mean BMI was in the overweight range; the mean BMIs of other groups were in the normal weight range. Dieters did not consistently endorse dieting across diaries. Nevertheless, Dieters reported fewer daily calories, and more overall weight control strategies, including more healthy weight control strategies, than Concerned Eaters. Across groups, participants' weights did not change significantly during the study. Dieters appear to engage in weight control strategies which could result in weight loss; however, their reports of whether they are dieting vary across days, suggesting a need for more consistent behavior. These results have clinical and research implications in the area of weight loss.

INTRODUCTION: Determining the population-based scope and stability of eating, activity, and weight-related problems is critical to inform interventions. This study examines: (1) the prevalence of eating, activity, and weight-related problems likely to influence health and (2) trajectories for having at least one of these problems during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. METHODS: Project EAT I-IV (Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults) collected longitudinal survey data from 858 females and 597 males at four waves, approximately every 5 years, from 1998 to 2016, during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Analyses were conducted in 2017–2018. Measures included high fast food intake (≥3 times/week), low physical activity (

Prescribing weight loss to reverse or prevent cardiometabolic disease may not be effective for yo-yo dieters. Current research on weight control shows that although initial weight loss improves metabolic health, for many people, the weight returns. Part of the reason for this may be the host of biochemicals at work to prevent or reverse lost energy stores. Disruption of homeostasis can trigger compensatory reactions favoring weight gain. Recent evidence supports alternative ways to improve metabolic health in the chronic dieter, including eating intuitively, improving sleep and gut health, and engaging in moderate- and/or high-intensity exercise.

The Persuasion Knowledge Model identifies three knowledge structures (i.e., topic knowledge, persuasion knowledge and agent knowledge) that an individual has prior to exposure to a persuasive attempt. This study extends these knowledge structures by distinguishing between objective and subjective topic knowledge conceptualizations. Specifically, this study examines empirically how an individual's different knowledge structures, held prior to exposure to a web-based intervention, influence subsequent website attitudes and behavioral intentions. The UK's National Health Service (NHS) Live Well website relevant to weight control is used as the web-based intervention in this study. Results suggest that agent (i.e., NHS) knowledge is the most important predictor of website attitudes, while both agent and persuasion knowledge are associated with behavioral intentions to take weight control actions. The results also reveal that the distinction between objective and subjective weight control knowledge is essential given their differential effects on agent and persuasion knowledge. Goal frames, as indicated by the choice between the healthy eating and lose weight Live Well intervention web pages, are found to moderate the identified Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior links. Theoretical contributions, implications for practice and public policy and future research directions are discussed. Prior knowledge structures influence website attitudes and behavioral intentions.Objective and subjective knowledge have different effects on agent and persuasion knowledge.Agent knowledge is the most important predictor of website attitudes.Agent and persuasion knowledge predict behavioral intentions.Goal frames moderate the Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior links.

Microelectronics, as indispensable tools in clinics, can monitor physiological signals, treat diseases, and promote human health. An efficient and uninterrupted energy supply is key to the application of implanted and wearable devices. Traditional energy supply systems typically rely on batteries and connections to external power sources; however, the inconvenience of charging, limited working life of the battery, and the risk of reoperation limit their applications, and meanwhile prompt investigation of self-driven, long-term power supplies. The nanogenerator, as an ideal power supply, collects biomechanical energy from physiological activities such as muscle movement, heartbeat, respiration, gastric peristalsis, and performs electrical signal conversion for detection of physiological/pathological indicators, cardiac pacing, nerve stimulation, tissue repair, and weight control. Here, we review the design of nanogenerators and their biomedical applications, which may inspire future development of self-powered medical devices.

Exercise and training for sports are associated with a number of psychological and health benefits. Research on exercise, however, suggests that such benefits depend on the reasons why individuals participate in sport. The present study investigated whether individual differences in perfectionism predicted different reasons for training and examined four dimensions of perfectionism (perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, coach pressure to be perfect, parental pressure to be perfect) and three reasons for training (avoidance of negative affect, weight control, mood improvement) in 261 athletes (mean age 20.9 years). Regression analyses showed that perfectionistic concerns positively predicted avoidance of negative affect and weight control, whereas perfectionistic strivings positively predicted mood improvement. The findings suggest that individual differences in perfectionism help explain why athletes train for different reasons.

Background This study examined whether racial/ethnic minority early adolescents with overweight/obesity are at increased risk of disordered weight control behaviors, defined as unhealthy behaviors aiming to control or modify shape and weight, ranging from self-induced vomiting to the use of dietary supplements. Methods U.S. Middle school children (n = 12.511) provided self-report of gender, race/ethnicity, height, and weight as well as dieting and disordered weight control behaviors. Results In the entire sample, 25.6% (n = 1514) of girls and 16.6% (n = 1098) of boys reported dieting within the last month, while 3.5% (n = 200) of girls and 2.7% (n = 176) of boys reported DWCB. Within all racial/ethnic groups, participants classified as being overweight/obese (34% to 50%) were more likely to report dieting compared to their counterparts without overweight/obesity (9.6% to 29.6%). Racial/ethnic minority children with overweight/obesity had an increased risk of dieting and disordered weight control behaviors compared to their counterparts without overweight/obesity, and, for some outcomes, compared to their White peers with overweight/obesity. Conclusions Racial/ethnic minority early adolescents with overweight/obesity are a particularly vulnerable group for disordered eating.

Background knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent condition. Little is known about whether treatments provided by physiotherapists to patients with knee OA in Nigeria follow recommended clinical practice guidelines. Objective The aims of this study were to investigate Nigerian physiotherapists' treatment preferences for knee osteoarthritis (OA) and to evaluate if their preferences were in line with contemporary clinical practice guidelines and recommendations. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 267 physiotherapists from various health institutions in Nigeria were surveyed, using a structured questionnaire incorporating a clinical vignette on knee OA. Results Based on the clinical vignette, the majority of the respondents (68.2%) recommended review of x-rays as part of the diagnostic process for knee OA. Thermotherapy was the most utilized modality (86.1%), followed by therapeutic exercise (81.3%). Only 11.1% of the physiotherapists used therapeutic exercise alone. Manual therapy in conjunction with other modalities was the choice for 18% of the physiotherapists. Only 49.1% of the physiotherapists reported including advice on weight control and up to 39% reported bed rest as part of the treatment approach. Conclusion There was a poor consensus among the physiotherapists in Nigeria on how knee OA is managed compared with contemporary clinical guidelines and recommendations which emphasized application of core modalities, such as therapeutic exercises, patients' education, and weight control over passive modalities. Some areas of practice are in line with contemporary guidelines, while some were in conflict with evidence-based practice.

Losing weight is a goal for many people, but it is hard to pursue. However, dieting cues in the environment hold promise for improving individuals' eating behavior. For example, exposure to thin, human-like sculptures by the artist Alberto Giacometti has been found to promote healthy snack choices at a vending machine. Whether health- or weight-related processes drive such effects has not yet been determined. However, a detailed understanding of the content-related drivers of environmental cues' effects provides the first indications regarding a cue's possible use. Therefore, two laboratory studies were conducted. They examined the Giacometti sculptures' effects on unhealthy and healthy food intake (Study 1) and on the completion of weight- and health-related fragmented words (Study 2). Study 1 indicated that the sculptures are weight-related by showing that they reduced food intake independent of food healthiness. Furthermore, the “Giacometti effect” was moderated by restrained eating. Restrained eaters, who are known for their weight-control goal, ate less after having been exposed to the thin sculptures. The results of Study 2 pointed in the same direction. Restrained eaters completed more weight-related words after being exposed to the sculptures. Overall, these studies suggest that the thin sculptures are primarily weight-related cues and particularly helpful for restrained eaters. Environmental weight-control cues such as the Giacometti sculptures could act as a counterforce to our obesogenic environment and help restrained eaters pursue their weight-control goal. In this way, they could nudge food decisions in a healthier direction.

The aim of this study was to examine whether compulsive exercise mediates the relationship between clinical perfectionism and eating pathology, based on the cognitive behavioral model of compulsive exercise. Participants were 368 adults who participated regularly in sport/exercise and completed online measures of perfectionism, compulsive exercise and eating disorders. In support of the well-established link between perfectionism and eating disorders, clinical perfectionism predicted eating pathology both directly and indirectly mediated by compulsive exercise. In addition, there were also direct effects of clinical perfectionism on the avoidance/rule-driven behavior, weight control, and mood improvement subscales of the Compulsive Exercise Test (CET). There was a direct effect of the CET weight control subscale on eating pathology and a negative direct effect of the CET subscale mood improvement on eating pathology. Findings lend support to the cognitive behavioral model of compulsive exercise in which clinical perfectionism is conceptualized as related to eating disorders directly and indirectly through the mediation of compulsive exercise. Compulsive exercise was also found to have a direct effect on eating disorders. Compulsive exercise may be a symptom of eating pathology, rather than an antecedent, however causal inferences could not be established given the correlational design. Longitudinal research using cross-lagged panel designs to examine a bidirectional relationship between compulsive exercise and eating disorders is needed.

This study examined whether maternal adiposity, acculturation, and perceived-ideal body size discrepancy for daughters were associated with daughters’ engagement in unhealthy weight control behaviors. A total of 97 Hispanic mother-daughter dyads completed surveys, rated a figure scale, and had their height, weight, and adiposity assessed. Mothers (Mage = 39.00, SD = 6.20 years) selected larger ideal body sizes for their daughters (Mage = 11.12, SD = 1.53 years) than their daughters selected for themselves. Mothers had a smaller difference between their perception of their daughters’ body size and ideal body size compared to the difference between their daughters’ selection of their perceived and ideal body size. More acculturated mothers and those mothers with larger waist-to-hip ratios were more likely to have daughters who engaged in unhealthy weight control behaviors. These findings highlight the relevant role that maternal acculturation and adiposity may have in influencing daughters’ unhealthy weight control behaviors.

Purpose Weight stigma is implicated in disordered eating, but much of this research focuses on forms of stigma such as weight-based teasing. Methods In a large cohort of adolescent girls (N = 2,036), we tested the hypothesis that being labeled as "too fat" by others predicts subsequent greater disordered eating cognitions and behaviors. Results Compared with girls who did not report weight labeling, girls who were labeled at age 14 showed an increase in unhealthy weight control behaviors and disordered eating cognitions over the subsequent 5 years. These effects were independent of objective body mass index, race, parental income and education, and initial levels of disordered eating. Conclusions Exploratory analyses suggest that weight labeling from family members is more strongly associated with disordered eating than labeling from nonfamily members. This study highlights how the long-term consequences of weight stigma can potentially begin when one is labeled as "too fat."

Introduction Concern about weight gain is a barrier to smoking cessation. E-cigarettes may help quitters to control their weight through continued exposure to the appetite-suppressant effects of nicotine and behavioural aspects of vaping. This study explored the views and practices of smokers, ex-smokers and current e-cigarette users relating to vaping and weight control. Methods Cross-sectional survey of past-year smokers (n = 1320), current smokers (n = 1240) and current e-cigarette users (n = 394) in England, conducted April–July 2018. Data were weighted to match the English population on key sociodemographic characteristics. Results Of e-cigarette users, 4.6% (95%CI 2.6–6.6) reported vaping for weight control, and 1.9% (95%CI 0.6–3.2) reported vaping to replace meals/snacks. It was rare for individuals who had smoked in the past year to have heard (8.8%, 95%CI 7.3–10.3) or believe (6.4%, 95%CI 5.1–7.7) that vaping could help control weight. Women (OR = 0.62, 95%CI 0.42–0.93) and older people (OR = 0.30, 95%CI 0.13–0.72) were less likely to have heard the claim and women were less likely to believe it (OR = 0.44, 95%CI 0.27–0.72). However, 13.4% (95%CI 11.3–15.5) and 13.1% (95%CI 11.0–15.2) of current smokers who did not use e-cigarettes said they would be more likely to try e-cigarettes or quit smoking, respectively, if vaping could help control their weight. Conclusion One in 16 English people who have smoked in the last year believe that vaping would prevent weight gain after stopping. One in 22 people who vape are using e-cigarettes for this purpose. However, should evidence emerge that e-cigarettes prevent weight gain, one in eight people who smoke would be tempted to quit smoking and use e-cigarettes., Highlights • Concern about weight gain is a barrier to smoking cessation. • E-cigarettes may help quitters to control their weight, but this is yet to be shown. • Few smokers are aware of a potential link between vaping and weight control. • If benefits could be demonstrated, smokers may be more inclined quit.

Background Youth may engage in healthy weight control behaviors (HWCBs) and unhealthy weight control behaviors (UWCBs) to lose or maintain weight. Youth observation of WCBs by supporter groups (parents/siblings/peers) and youth beliefs about the safety of WCBs may impact which WCBs youth use. The primary aim of this study was to examine the mediating role of youth safety perceptions of WCBs on the relationships between supporter group engagement in WCBs and youth engagement in WCBs. Youth BMI-z-score was analyzed as a moderator. Methods Participants were 219 youth (52.1% females), ages 10–17, attending an outpatient medical appointment. Participants completed questionnaires about their WCB use, whether they perceived WCBs as safe/unsafe, and whether they perceived parents, siblings and peers to use WCBs. A standardized formula including youth age, sex, height, and weight was used to calculate BMI-z-score. Results A moderated mediation model examining parental and youth engagement in UWCBs revealed that for youth in the healthy to overweight/obese (OV/OB) range, greater safety perception of UWCBs mediated the relationship between higher parent engagement in UWCBs and higher youth engagement in UWCBs. Furthermore, youth safety perception of HWCBs mediated the relationship between perceived parent, sibling, and peer engagement in HWCBs and youth engagement in HWCBs. Conclusion This study identifies perceived parent, sibling, and peer WCBs and youth safety perceptions as mechanisms affecting youth WCB engagement, particularly for youth in the OV/OB range. Intervention effectiveness may increase if parent, sibling, and peer WCBs are targeted and education about safe/unsafe ways to control weight is provided.

Self-weighing seems to have a primary role in weight-loss maintenance. The use of this strategy may help correct even slight weight regain and contribute to long-term weight stability. However, self-weighing has also been associated with negative psychological health consequences in specific subgroups. This study aimed to explore the use and the behavioral and psychological consequences of self-weighing in a group of weight-loss maintainers (WLoMs). We chose a qualitative design to conduct this investigation. Eighteen WLoMs were interviewed and compared to a matched comparison group of 18 participants with a lifelong normal stable weight (NSW). Analyses showed that most WLoMs needed regular self-weighing to be aware of their weight. The weight displayed on the scale helped WLoMs sustain the continuous efforts needed to maintain weight loss and also at times triggered corrective actions that were sometimes drastic. Weight changes generated both negative and positive affect among WLoMs, who could experience anxiety because of self-weighing or have their self-esteem impaired in the case of weight gain. In comparison, the NSW group rarely used self-weighing. They relied on a conscious way of living to control their weight and needed fewer strategies. NSW participants simply went back to their routine when they felt a slight increase in their weight, without experiencing consequences on their mood or self-esteem. Regular self-weighing as a component of weight-loss maintenance should be encouraged to help WLoMs regulate their food and physical activity, provided that potential consequences on psychological well-being, including self-esteem, are screened and addressed when needed.

Over the past 40 years, meal skipping and snacking in US adults have increased, and currently most eating occasions occur later in the day than previously. Whether these changes have played a causal role in the obesity epidemic is poorly understood. Observational studies are largely inconclusive due to methodological limitations. Experimental evidence does not support a causal role for eating frequency or breakfast skipping in weight control. Emerging evidence suggests that eating irregularity and eating later in the day may be detrimental for weight control, but more studies are needed. This article summarizes studies and highlights areas needing attention.

This paper investigates, first, to what extent adolescents highly involved in food are more worried about weight control and health than less involved adolescents. Second, it studies the impact of both food choice motivations on food packaging relevance, considering both, visual and informative packaging cues. Finally, these relationships are re-tested in two different frameworks: men and to this end, 589 adolescent consumers between 14 and 17 years were questioned. The interviews were done personally by an external company at the door of 30 different schools. Our results have confirmed the relevance of packaging informative cues over visual cues for adolescents highly worried about weight control and health. Women are significantly more involved in food than men, being also more worried about weight control and health than them. Even more, women pay significantly more attention than men on informative cues when they choose a food to control weight.

This article examines the progression of bariatric surgery since its creation more than 60 years ago with a focus on the effect of surgery on weight loss, comorbidity reduction, and safety. The success has been remarkable. It is possible to cure severe obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia in addition to the many other manifestations of the metabolic syndrome with remarkable safety. Equally important are the opportunities for research afforded by the surgery and its outcomes. Until better treatments become available, bariatric surgery is the therapy of choice for patients with morbid obesity for weight control and comorbidity improvement.

Objective Parents' emotion regulation difficulties are related to binge eating (BE), and to responses to children's negative emotion. However, less is known about how responses to children's negative emotion are related to eating and feeding in the parenting context. We examined the degree to which BE had both direct and indirect effects on parental restrictive feeding practices, through parents' reported responses to negative emotion. Method Parents of preschoolers ( n = 441) completed validated questionnaires about their feeding strategies, responses to children's negative emotion, and their children's eating behaviors. Height and weight were measured in children and self-reported by parents. Unsupportive (Distress, Minimizing, and Punitive), and Supportive (Emotion-focused, Problem-focused, and Expressive Encouragement) responses to negative emotion were measured using the Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale. Results Parent's BE was correlated with Distress responses, Restriction for health, and Restriction for weight control. Controlling for confounders, BE was associated with Restriction for weight control, and Restriction for health. Model testing revealed that BE had significant direct ( R 2 [SE] = .073 [.031], 95% CI [.013, .134]) and indirect effects ( R 2 [SE] = .011 [.005], 95% CI [.003, .023]) on Restriction for weight control, through Distress responses, but only indirect effects on Restriction for health ( R 2 [SE] = .018 [.009], 95% CI [.004, .039]). Conclusions This study shows an association between emotion regulation and energy-intake regulation in the parenting context. Efforts to modify feeding practices may be more effective if parents' eating behaviors and their emotional responsiveness to distress are taken into account.

This study investigated how information about weight-control effort influences obesity stereotyping. 763 participants (583 women, 172 men, 8 undeclared) read a brief vignette about a fictional woman who was described as either obese and of unhealthy weight or of normal/healthy weight, and who either did or did not make efforts to control her weight through diet and exercise, and then rated her across a number of personal characteristics. MANOVA revealed that the woman described as obese was rated as more likely to suffer from an illness in the future, more unattractive, weak-willed, lazy, unhappy, emotional, unpopular, unintelligent, unsuccessful, and less likely to find a romantic partner. Weight-control effort improved ratings of the normal-weight woman but made no difference to, or worsened, ratings of the woman described as obese. These results highlight the prevalence and persistence of obesity stereotypes, and are discussed in relation to attributional models of prejudice.

Under the perspective of self-perception theory and objectification theory, this study aims to examine the association between selfie-posting on social networking sites (SNSs) and exercise for weight control among Chinese young women, as well as the mediating role of body surveillance. A sample of 467 Chinese female students with a BMI lower than 24 were recruited. Participants voluntarily completed questionnaires assessing their selfie-posting behavior on SNSs, body surveillance, and their weight control motivation for exercise. The results show that selfie-posting on SNSs is positively associated with exercise for weight control, and that body surveillance significantly mediates this association. The results suggest that interventions targeting selfie behaviors on SNSs may be an effective way to prevent unhealthy exercise motivations, such as exercise for weight control, among young women with a low BMI.

Introducing the concept of memory utility, we explore the effect of memory capacity on overweight and weight control by building a theoretical model and conducting related empirical research with a double-hurdle model. The result shows that better memory capacity can lead to a higher probability of overweight due to the higher discount rate and more food consumption when this person is not obese; while it helps the overweight individuals to lose weight due to memory disutility from obesity. The different effects of memory result from the tradeoff between memory utility from food consumption and memory disutility from obesity.

OBJECTIVES: Establishing a diet that follows the Dietary Guidelines for Americans has been associated with lower risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease and cancer. Some research has shown that individuals’ desire for weight control is an important factor in determining food choices. The aims of this study were to 1) examine dietary restraint in adolescence as a predictor of overall diet quality in young adulthood and 2) compare selected dietary components by levels of restraint. METHODS: Data were collected from participants enrolled in a longitudinal study in NC, the Right Track Health Study (n = 112). Dietary restraint was assessed using the 21-item subscale of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire. Three 24-hour dietary recalls were collected to estimate dietary intake and Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015) scores were calculated to determine diet quality. Multiple linear regression tested the association between restraint and diet quality, adjusting for sex, race, Body Mass Index-for-age percentiles and disinhibition in adolescence. Using the mean value for restraint (score of 6.64), “high restraint” and “low restraint” groups were created, and the specific HEI-2015 component scores were compared using t-tests. Level of significance was set at P

Mini-tablets are an age appropriate dosage form for oral administration to pediatric and geriatric patients, either as individual mini-tablets or as composite dosage units. Smaller size mini-tablets than the commonly used 2 mm or larger size would offer more tailored micro-dose delivery of investigational drugs. This work demonstrated drug substance particle size, drug loading and mini-tablet size ranges to achieve acceptable quality attributes of mini-tablets. A platform formulation with 60, 80, and 100 μm (particle size D6,3) ibuprofen at 3, 14, and 25% loadings were directly compressed into 1.2, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mm diameter mini-tablets. With an enhanced weight control approach, all the mini-tablet batches except the 1.2 mm diameter mini-tablets with 100 µm ibuprofen at 3% loading would achieve acceptable content uniformity as individual mini-tablets (USP L2 criteria) and as composite dosage units of five or more mini-tablets (USP L1 criteria). A dissolution method was developed and successfully utilized to evaluate the formulations herein. Small size mini-tablets, small ibuprofen particle size, and low dose (or low ibuprofen loading) enhanced the dissolution performance. In addition, hypothetical scenarios of potential dose flexibility, dose range, dose titration, and excipient burden were discussed. The results of this study provide guidance for development of smaller size mini-tablets that enable dosing as a single or composite dosage unit, reduce excipient burden and leverage dispensing technology to achieve enhanced dosing flexibility and micro-dosing.

Despite the ever-growing literature on weight-control diets, data about dieting among older adults are scarce.To describe the prevalence of weight-control dieting across age groups and weight statuses (from healthy-weight to overweight and obese). To identify cross-sectional associations of perceived health and perceived overweight status with dieting among older adults.Secondary analyses of the second and third waves of the Midlife in the US study (MIDUS). Sample included 2588 participants (40-93 years old, 54.5% females, age = 64.4 ± 11.1 years, BMI = 28.3 ± 5.9 kg/mAs many as 15% of participants had reported dieting during the previous year. Older age was associated with less dieting among healthy weight (p = .02) and overweight (p .001) participants, but not among participants with obesity (p = .36). Among participants younger than 75, overweight perception (vs. healthy-weight perception) was linked with higher likelihood for dieting (40-55 years: OR = 3.94[1.70-9.1]; 55-65 years: OR = 4.11[1.91-8.82]; 65-75 years: OR = 4.50[1.90-10.65]). Nevertheless, among participants older than 75, excellent (vs. good/fair/poor) perceived health was linked with higher likelihood of dieting (good vs. excellent: OR = 0.29[0.09-0.87]; fair/poor vs. excellent: OR = 0.12[0.03-0.54]).Older age is associated with less weight-control dieting among people without obesity. Although overweight perception may have a stronger impact on dieting during younger age, health perception may have a stronger impact on dieting during older age, suggesting that the motivation behind weight-control diets may potentially change throughout the adult lifespan.

Some athletes, particularly those who participate in activities that emphasize leanness such as competitive running, are at greater risk for eating disorder (ED) pathology. Compulsive exercise (CE) is linked with ED pathology among female athletes, with evidence that CE for weight control is most strongly correlated with ED thoughts and behaviors. Weight suppression (WS), the discrepancy between highest adult weight and current weight, is also linked with ED symptoms. Taken together, runners with greater WS may be more likely to engage in CE to influence their weight or shape and may subsequently report other associated ED symptoms. As such, the current study investigated associations between CE and ED pathology in a mixed-gender sample of adult distance runners (N = 277, 51% female), and tested the impact of WS on this association. Results indicated that females reported greater CE and ED pathology, whereas males reported greater WS. A significant interaction effect for CE x WS, (p < .05) indicated that the relation between CE and ED scores was stronger among male runners who reported higher WS. In contrast, WS did not impact the association between CE and ED pathology for female runners. Results from the current study have important implications for the assessment and treatment of ED in athletes, specifically runners, and suggest that WS is an important factor to consider when working with male athletes.