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The development of microbial products for cancer treatment has been in the spotlight in recent years. In order to accelerate the lengthy and expensive drug development process, in silico screening tools are systematically employed, especially during the initial discovery phase. Moreover, considering the steadily increasing number of molecules approved by authorities for commercial use, there is a demand for faster methods to repurpose such drugs. Here we present a review on virtual screening web tools, such as publicly available databases of molecular targets and libraries of ligands, with the aim to facilitate the discovery of potential anticancer drugs based on microbial products. We provide an entry-level step-by-step description of the workflow for virtual screening of microbial metabolites with known protein targets, as well as two practical examples using freely available web tools. The first case presents a virtual screening study of drugs developed from microbial products using Caver Web, a web tool that performs docking along a tunnel. The second case comprises a comparative analysis between a wild type isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and a mutant that results in cancer, using the recently developed web tool PredictSNPOnco. In summary, this review provides the basic and essential background information necessary for virtual screening experiments, which may accelerate the discovery of novel anticancer drugs.

Introduction: There are various scales designed to determine the risk of malnutrition at hospital admission in children. However, most of these instruments are developed and published in English. Their cross-cultural adaptation and validation being mandatory in order to be used in our country. Objectives: Cross-culturally adapt three scales designed to determine the risk of malnutrition linked to the disease and determine the validity of their content. Material and methods: Cross-cultural adaptation using the translation-back-translation met-hod in accordance with the recommendations of the International Test Commission Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests. Content validity was measured by a panel of experts (under seven basic selection criteria adapted from the Fehring model) who evaluated each item of the scales by measuring 4 criteria: ambiguity, simplicity, clarity and relevance. With the extracted score, Aiken's V statistic was obtained for each item and for the complete scales. Results: Starting from three independent translations per scale, 3 definitive versions in Spanish of the PNRS, STRONGkids and STAMP scales were obtained semantically equivalent to their original versions. The PNRS and STRONGkids scales presented an Aiken's V greater than 0.75 in all their items, while the STAMP scale presented a value less than 0.75 for the item "weight and height". Conclusion: This study provides the transculturally adapted Spanish versions of the PNRS, STRONGkids and STAMP scales. The PNRS and STRONGkids scales present valid content to be applied in the state hospital context. STAMP requires the adaptation of its item "weight and height" to consider its use in a Spanish child population adequate. (c) 2021 Asociacion Espanola de Pediatr?? acute accent a. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/ 4.0/).

Background The loco-check has been widely used to raise awareness of locomotive syndrome (LS) not only in the general population but also among medical practitioners. However, a screening tool of the loco-check for LS-1, LS-2, and LS-3 has not yet been established. The present study developed a screening tool for use with the loco-check to detect LS-1, LS-2, and LS-3. Methods A cross-sectional study of 1659 community-dwelling older adults (730 males, 929 females) with a mean age of 73.8 ± 6.0 years old (range, 65–96 years old) was conducted, based on the Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD). All subjects underwent the loco-check as an index test and the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25) as a reference standard at the same time. Subjects with a GLFS-25 total score of ≤6 points, 7–15 points, 16–23 points, and ≥24 points were diagnosed with non-LS, LS-1, LS-2, and LS-3, respectively. A conventional receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was used to confirm the optimal cut-off values of the loco-check score and their sensitivity and specificity to identify LS-1, LS-2, and LS-3, with a preference for a slightly higher sensitivity as the tool is intended primarily for screening purposes. Results The optimal cut-off values of the loco-check score to discriminate LS-1, LS-2, and LS-3 as a screening tool were 1 point (sensitivity 85.4% and specificity 64.9%), 2 points (sensitivity 88.8% and specificity 75.1%), and 3 points (sensitivity 87.6% and specificity 84.6%), respectively. Conclusions Our findings may help both the general population and medical practitioners become roughly aware of and estimate the severity of LS, which will contribute to its use in community health activities and the dissemination of the concept of LS.

BACKGROUND Selection of residents is a challenging process. The use of personality inventories to evaluate applicants has been validated in professions outside of healthcare. It has been shown that job applicants could not game the personality evaluation. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine if orthopaedic surgery residents could game the personality assessment to make themselves seem like a better fit for orthopaedic surgery residencies. METHODS In 2017, 20 orthopaedic surgery residents at a single program were administered a validated personality assessment twice. On one occasion, they were instructed to answer honestly. On the other, they were instructed to shade their answers in a way that they would want a program to see them. Assessments were scored on 9 scales to determine how many were modified to a more desirable result based on previously determined results for desirability of orthopaedic residents. RESULTS Nineteen of 20 subjects had at least one of the nine scales that was “undesirable” when taking the test honestly. The average was 2.1. Forty-two out of a possible 180 results were “undesirable” when the test was taken honestly. 41 of the 42 became desirable when the subjects were instructed to shade their answers. CONCLUSIONS Orthopaedic surgery residents were able to modify their answers to a personality assessment enough to hide most “red flag” findings when they were instructed to shade questions toward answers they thought would be desirable by a program. This limits the utility of personality assessments as screening tools for residency applications.

Mental health problems are more common in children with pediatric rheumatologic diseases (PRDs) than healthy peers. Mental health problems affect disease-related outcomes and health-related quality of life (HRQOL), so addressing these problems can improve clinical and psychosocial outcomes. Mental health screening tools are available, and there are resources available to aid in integrating mental health care into the clinical setting. By implementing these tools, mental health problems can be recognized and addressed.

This cross-sectional study measured the sensitivity and specificity of muscle ultrasound (MUS) in the assessment of patients with suspected limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD). Sixty patients with suspected LGMD from the Neuromuscular Unit, Myology Clinic, Ain Shams University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt, and a series of healthy subjects were included. The patients underwent real-time B-mode ultrasonography performed using a General Electric ultrasound machine (GE Logiq P7) and a General Electric 7.5 MHz linear array ultrasound probe (USA). All images were obtained and scored by a single examiner, and muscle echo intensity was visually graded semiquantitatively using Heckmatt's scale. The examiner was blinded to the clinical evaluations and patients' investigations. Statistical analysis using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that the total upper-limb (UL) Heckmatt's US score at a cutoff point1 predicted patients with dystrophy, with good (88%) accuracy and with sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 75%, respectively (p 0.01). Moreover, the total lower-limbs (LL) Heckmatt's US score at a cutoff point1 predicted patients with dystrophy, with excellent (91%) accuracy and with sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 75%, respectively (p 0.01). Finally, the total Heckmatt's US score at a cutoff point2 predicted patients with dystrophy, with good (89%) accuracy and with sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 75%, respectively (p 0.01). Thus, MUS can be considered a valid screening tool in the assessment of patients with suspected LGMD.

Cell migration is a process that underlies the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms, with profound implications in various pathologies. The study of cell migration is fundamental in various fields of basic biology and pharmaceutical development. Wound healing assay is an indirect way to assess cell migration. Conventional methods, such as the scratch test, are inexpensive and easy to execute but have the disadvantages of being poorly reproducible and difficult to perform on a high-throughput scale. Meanwhile, commercial strategies are expensive. In the present work, we developed a lab-made wound healing assay device that is inexpensive, easy to handle, and reproducible. We designed 3D-printed stoppers compatible with cell culture in 96-well plates. These stoppers did not affect HaCaT cells viability. The stopper-produced initial wound size was reproducible on a high-throughput scale. Also, stoppers demonstrated their effectiveness to evaluate cell migration and allowed differentiating treatments with and without fetal bovine serum. Finally, proliferation assay was determined in this wound healing model. In conclusion, our lab-made 3D-printed stopper-based assay is a more economical alternative to currently available strategies for developing reproducible, high-throughput assays to assess cell migration and proliferation.

Despite the prevalence of treatment-resistant depression, many pharmaceutical companies have abandoned the development of new antidepressants. Experts have attributed this, in part, to the low quality of preclinical tests available in this field, often citing over-reliance on animal behavioral screens, such as the forced swim test (FST). This retrospective review assessed whether compounds tested in the FST by major pharmaceutical companies were shown to have antidepressant effects in humans. Of 109 compounds identified, only 28% had been explored for antidepressant effects in humans. Of these, there were only three for which the FST appeared to positively predict antidepressant efficacy, but none are currently approved to treat any type of depression. With such poor accuracy for identifying novel antidepressants, the FST might not be a useful screening tool for this purpose.

Summary In this editorial, we examine how the STRoke After Surgery (STRAS) screening tool and similar risk scoring systems can be used to identify high-risk patients for postoperative stroke. Specific challenges to develop and implement preventative measures aimed at improving postoperative outcomes are discussed. Finally, we suggest potential future areas of research in this field.

Frailty is an important clinical syndrome of age-related decline in physiologic reserve and increased vulnerability. In older adults, frailty leads to progressive multisystem decline and increased adverse clinical outcomes. The pathophysiology of frailty is hypothesized to be driven by dysregulation of neuroendocrine, inflammatory, and metabolic pathways. Sex-specific differences in the prevalence of frailty have been observed. Treatment interventions of geriatric care can be applied to the care of frail older women with these differences in mind. As additional evidence regarding sex-specific differences in frailty emerges, research efforts should encompass the development of screening tools and therapeutic interventions that optimize outcomes.

This article discusses the current breast cancer screening guidelines and the impact of the development and implementation of a Breast Cancer Screening Algorithm (BCSA). The BCSA combined the most conservative screening guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Breast Cancer Genetics Referral Screening Tool. Implementation occurred at an employer-based health center in Indiana with an order rate of 5.6% for screening mammograms among women ages 40 to 74. Compared with the Healthy People 2030 target of 77.1% for screening mammograms, this employer-provided health center demonstrated need for improvement. Use of the BCSA significantly increased the breast cancer screening rate within the health center.

With knowledge about red flags, health professionals can better identify sex trafficking victims. This research seeks to confirm a match between items on one screening tool and trafficked youth’s actual experiences. Also considered are high levels of adverse childhood experiences, another red flag among trafficked youth. Both provide evidence that health care professionals should regularly screen for trafficking risk factors, including personal and family adversity, among youth in all health care settings. Existing clinically oriented tools can serve as a starting point for nurse leaders to integrate system-wide interventions to identify youth at risk for and currently being trafficked.

This article provides an overview of the prevalence and cause of postpartum depression in women and postnatal depression among their male partners, as well as a review of related symptoms, risk factors, and effects on children. Evidence-based screening tools, management options, and resources for patients and providers are also presented.

Introduction Using pediatric social determinants of health screening data from a large medical system, we explored social needs dislosures and identified which needs were associated with resource connection requests. Method Data came from records of outpatient pediatric patients (0–18 years) seen between October 2018 and March 2020 (39,251 encounters). We assessed percent of encounters where families (1) indicated a social need, and (2) requested a resource connection. We conducted multivariable logistic regression to identify which needs were associated with resource connection requests. Results Among all encounters, 8% indicated a need and 2% requested a resource connection. Among families indicating a need, needs associated with resource requests included: housing (odds ratio [OR], 3.49 [2.42–5.03]), employment (OR, 3.15 [2.21–4.50]), food (OR, 1.89 [1.41–2.52]), and transportation (OR, 1.82 [1.30–2.56]). Discussion Families seldom requested resource connections to address social needs. Better understanding families’ interests in receiving assistance is an important next step in pediatric social determinants of health screening system development.

Measuring the dietary intakes of individuals for research and monitoring purposes is notoriously challenging and is subject to both random and systematic measurement error. In this review, the strengths and limitations of current methods to assess dietary and supplemental exposures are described. Traditional methods of dietary assessment include food records, food frequency questionnaires, 24-hour recalls, and screening tools; digital and mobile methods that leverage technology are available for these traditional methods. Ultimately, the choice of assessment method is dependent upon the research question, the study design, sample characteristics, and the size of the sample, to name just a few. Despite their challenges, dietary assessment tools are an important dimension of nutrition research and monitoring.

Patients are required to obtain preoperative screening 30 days before elective surgery with an emphasis on testing and screening tools to identify patients at risk for perioperative, intraoperative, and postoperative complications. Surgical complications are being reported in patients who have recently consumed cannabis before surgery. As cannabis use becomes more prevalent for both medicinal and recreational reasons, the lack of evidence-based guidelines for preoperative screening in the primary care setting and surgical setting is problematic. To prevent surgical complications, advanced practice registered nurses must obtain a thorough cannabis history with education on abstaining from use before elective surgery.

Introduction and objectives The pocket sized KardiaMobile (KM) is a monitoring device for ECG recording through a smartphone-based application. This system is generally aimed as screening tool to detect alterations in cardiac rhythm but its diagnostic potential for detection of ST changes remains largely unknown. This study sought to assess the diagnostic sensitivity of the KM system for detection of ST changes in patients with ST elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods Patients admitted with diagnosis of STEMI were consecutively included. Recordings with KM were obtained in leads I, II and anterior precordial. KM recordings were obtained as well from healthy individuals. All recordings were submitted for blinded assessment. Results A total of 112 patients with STEMI and 25 healthy individuals were included. Among those showing ST changes, these consisted mostly in depression (75%). Sensitivity was modest for individual leads (57-58%). The combination of 2-leads, when including the precordial, and the combination of 3-leads markedly increased sensitivity (88-98% and 100% respectively) for both inferior and anterior STEMI. Specificity was very high (96-100%) and the Youden's J statistic was excellent for the 2-leads combinations that included the precordial lead (0.84-0.94) and for the 3-leads combination (0.96). Conclusions The Kardia Mobile system with the combination of 2-leads (I + precordial or II + precordial) or 3-leads shows a very high sensitivity for both anterior and inferior STEMI.

No established methodology exists for diagnosis of aortic stenosis (AS) using focused cardiac ultrasound (FOCUS). We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of our developed visual AS score for screening AS in an emergency department.Seventy-two emergency outpatients with suspected cardiovascular disease were studied. Emergency physicians assessed the visual AS score in addition to conducting the standard FOCUS, and then the aortic valve area index (AVAI) was measured by expert sonographers in the echocardiography laboratory. AVAI values0.85 cmSeventeen (24%) patients had moderate or severe AS. Visual AS scores assessed by emergency physicians and by expert sonographers showed excellent agreement (κ = 0.93), and a strong association was noted between the visual AS score assessed by emergency physicians and the AVAI assessed by expert sonographers (R = -0.71, p0.0001). A visual AS score ≥3 assessed by emergency physicians had a sensitivity of 82%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, and negative predictive value of 95% for diagnosing moderate or severe AS. The prevalence of new-onset AS-related events during hospitalization was higher in patients with visual AS score ≥3 assessed by emergency physicians than in the remaining patients [7 (50%) vs. 2 (3%), p0.0001].The visual AS score is a useful AS screening tool for emergency physicians who are not expert cardiologists.

Summary Background & aims Cancer is one of the leading causes of death for children; however, appropriate nutritional status can positively affect disease progression and outcome. The aim of this study was to present our self-developed nutritional risk screening method, relate it to another validated tool and to objective bio-impedance measures. We intended to recommend a screening algorithm which can be used in our pediatric oncology facilities. Methods We analysed data from 109 pediatric oncology patients (age 3–18) at the 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University between 2017 and 2018. The nutritional status was assessed by the Nutrition screening tool for childhood cancer (SCAN), Nutrition risk screening for pediatric cancer (NRS-PC) our own self-developed screening tool and Bio-impedance analysis (InBody 720 and S10). Classifier properties for low muscle mass measured by Bio-impedance analysis were compared for SCAN and NRS-PC in the overall sample and in the different phases of the disease. Results The AUC of 0.67 [95% CI:0.58,0.75] of the SCAN was significantly lower (Z = −2.46, p = 0.014) than in the case of the NRS-PC (AUC = 0.75 [95% CI:0.67,0.82]), indicating that NRS-PC has better classifier properties to identify children with lower muscle mass. No significant difference was found in the different phases of the disease. Conclusions Based on our results, we suggest screening high BMI patients first with NRS-PC. However, in case of low BMI bio-impedance measures provide more precise information on muscle mass and nutritional risk. Further data are needed to decide whether the NRS-PC is sensitive enough in normal BMI patients.

Elder abuse affects many older adults and can be life threatening. Older adults both in the community and long-term care facilities are at risk. An emergency department visit is an opportunity for an abuse victim to seek help. Emergency clinicians should be able to recognize the signs of abuse, including patterns of injury consistent with mistreatment. Screening tools can assist clinicians in the diagnosis of abuse. Physicians can help victims of mistreatment by reporting the abuse to the appropriate investigative agency and by developing a treatment plan with a multidisciplinary team to include a safe discharge plan and close follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: Routine pregnancy intention screening in the primary care setting is a promising practice to help patients achieve their reproductive goals. We aim to describe the utilization of a pregnancy intention screening tool integrated in the electronic health record (EHR) of a national network of community health centers (CHCs) and identify clinic-level factors associated with tool use. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a clinic-level retrospective observational study to assess tool utilization during the first three years after the tool was made available in the EHR (November 2015 - October 2018). We describe characteristics of clinics with higher tool utilization (≥90(th) percentile) versus lower utilization (

Summary Background and aims Malnutrition is highly prevalent in the hemodialysis population. Nutritional screening is important to identify patients at risk of malnutrition. This study aimed to investigate the concurrent validity of BMI cut-offs (BMI Design A Single-centered cross-sectional study design. Methods A total of 98 patients on maintenance hemodialysis, who were at least 18 years old (mean age: 51.33 ± 14.12) and subjected to hemodialysis for at least 3 months, were screened. Concurrent validity was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis as well as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, NPV, LR+ and LR−, against diagnosed malnutrition. Results The patients considered malnourished were 71.4% (n = 70), with the majority being females (60%), and possessed a BMI distribution of 28.2 ± 6.3 kg/m2. DMS (score ≥ 14) agreed with diagnosed malnutrition (κ = 0.450 (95% CI 0.26–0.64) Conclusion DMS is a useful screening tool for detecting the risk of malnutrition in hemodialysis patients. On the contrary, BMI

Depression and anxiety are common conditions in adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) and often coexist with behaviour problems. We examined whether behaviour problems can be used to screen for depression and anxiety in ID. Clinical prediction models (CPM) generated from independent databases supported the utility of the depression screen, especially in severe/profound ID. CPM did not support the utility of the anxiety screen at any ID level. Given the paucity of screening tools to improve ascertainment of mental ill-health in ID, the short depression screen would be clinically useful in identifying those who need to undergo a full diagnostic evaluation.

Background As a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, many Pediatric Surgery Fellowship programs were forced to convert their normal in-person interviews into virtual interviews. This study sought to determine the perceived value of virtual interviews for Pediatric Surgery Fellowship. Methods An anonymous survey was distributed to the applicants and faculty at a university-affiliated, free-standing children's hospital with a Pediatric Surgery fellowship program that conducted one of three interview days using a virtual format. Results All applicants who responded to the survey had at least one interview that was converted to a virtual interview. Faculty (75%) and applicants (87.5%) preferred in-person interviews over virtual interviews; most applicants (57%) did not feel they got to know the program as well with the virtual format. Applicants and faculty felt that virtual interviews could potentially be used as a screening tool in the future (7/10 Likert) but did not recommend they be used as a complete replacement for in-person interviews (3.5-5/10 Likert). Applicants were more likely than faculty to report that interview type influenced their final rank list (5 versus 3/10 Likert). Conclusions Faculty and applicants preferred in-person interviews and did not recommend that virtual interviews replace in-person interviews. As the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic continues, more virtual interviews will be necessary, and innovations may be necessary to ensure an optimal interview process. Type of study Survey. Level of evidence N/A.

As adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapies are being increasingly approved for use in humans, it is important that we understand vector-host interactions in detail. With the advances in genome-wide genetic screening tools, a clear picture of AAV-host interactions is beginning to emerge. Understanding these interactions can provide insights into the viral life cycle. Accordingly, novel strategies to circumvent the current limitations of AAV-based vectors may be explored. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the various stages in the journey of the vector from the cell surface to the nucleus and contextualize the roles of recently identified host factors.

VDD pacemakers are regarded as a second choice in patients with atrio-ventricular blocks mainly due to the potential failure of atrial sensing, leading to a loss of atrio-ventricular synchrony. This single-centre study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of loss of atrial sensing and its potential determinants in patients with VDD pacemakers.142 patients with an implanted VDD device underwent long-term follow-up with clinical evaluation, electrocardiogram, device interrogation and echocardiogram.Over a long follow-up period [median 110 (68-156) months], 17 patients (12%) in sinus rhythm presented loss of atrial sensing. This was most often intermittent, but three patients required a permanent switch to VVI mode. ECG showed higher prevalence of interatrial blocks (50% vs 26.6%, p = 0.057) and longer P wave duration (116 ± 19 vs 105 ± 15 ms, p = 0.019) in patients with loss of atrial sensing. Echocardiography revealed larger left atrial (LA) volumes (p 0.05) in patients with loss of atrial sensing, and lower LA ejection fraction (0.40 vs 0.47, p = 0.0037) and expansion index (0.63 ± 0.26 vs 0.90 ± 0.31, p = 0.003). P wave duration on ECG proved to be independently associated with loss of atrial sensing on multivariable analysis (OR 1.062, 95% CI 1.015-1.110; p = 0.008). The prevalence of atrial fibrillation and subsequent switch to VVI mode was high (16%).In the long-term follow-up, the loss of atrial sensing is present in 12% of patients with implanted VDD pacemakers. ECG and echocardiographic parameters may serve as screening tools for the detection of atrial myopathy which is associated with the loss of atrial sensing.

espanolObjetivo Adaptar transculturalmente y validar la metodologia COPCORD en poblacion indigena Wayuu del estado Zulia, Venezuela. Metodologia Se realizo un estudio de corte transversal en indigenas Wayuu de los municipios Mara y Guajira del estado Zulia, Venezuela, se adapto transculturalmente la version venezolana del cuestionario COPCORD y se tradujo del espanol venezolano al wayuunaiki (idioma Wayuu). Cien indigenas Wayuu aceptaron participar y se les administro el instrumento, casa por casa, por personal de salud bilingue capacitado. Los individuos COPCORD positivos fueron evaluados por reumatologos. Se realizo analisis descriptivo de variables, se midieron alfa de Cronbach, correlacion de Spearman, analisis de prueba de cribado (sensibilidad, especificidad, VPP y RVs+). Resultados El 66% fueron mujeres, edad promedio 41,4 anos, el 20% monolingues, el 21% analfabetos, el 69% unidos/casados, el 57% con trabajo informal. El 62% reportaron dolor, el 56% con criterios de enfermedades reumaticas; las mas frecuentes fueron: osteoartritis (32,3%), lumbalgia mecanica (13,9%) y sindrome doloroso regional reumatico (12,3%). Cinco dimensiones del instrumento presentaron alfa de Cronbach > 0,7. La sensibilidad fue del 100% y la especificidad del 11,1%, VPP 14,3%, RVs+ 1,13%. Conclusion El COPCORD es valido y util como herramienta de cribado para la deteccion de malestares musculoesqueleticos y enfermedades reumaticas en la poblacion indigena Wayuu. EnglishObjective To adapt cross-culturally and validate the COPCORD methodology in the indigenous Wayuu population of Zulia state, Venezuela. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted on Wayuu indigenous people from the Mara and Guajira municipalities of the state of Zulia, Venezuela. The Venezuelan version of the COPCORD questionnaire was transculturally adapted and translated from Venezuelan Spanish to Wayuunaiki (Wayuu language). One hundred indigenous Wayuu, agreed to participate, they were administered the instrument, house by house, by health personnel, who were bilingual and previously trained. Positive COPCORD individuals were evaluated by rheumatologists. A descriptive analysis of variables was performed, Cronbach's alpha was measured, Spearman's correlation, screening test analysis (sensitivity, specificity, VPP and SVR+). Results 66% were women, average age 41.4 years, 20% monolingual, 21% illiterate, 69% in a couple/married, 57% with informal work. Sixty-two percent reported pain, 56% with criteria of rheumatic diseases, the most frequent were: osteoarthritis (32.3%), mechanical lower back pain (13.9%), and regional rheumatic pain syndrome (12.3%). Five dimensions of the instrument presented Cronbach's alpha > 0.7. The sensitivity was 100% and specificity 11.1%, VPP 14.3%, SVR+ 1.13%. Conclusion The COPCORD is valid and useful as a screening tool for the detection of musculoskeletal complaints and rheumatic diseases in the indigenous Wayuu population.

Summary Objective To propose a short instrument for the screening of dysphonia in the Brazilian population through the investigation of traditional voice self-assessment instrument items. Methods We analyzed the medical records of 139 individuals with an average age of 37.4 years and a minimum and maximum age of 18 and 77 years, respectively. The participants were classified as dysphonic (D) or non-dysphonic (ND) according to an analysis of the combination of vocal complaints and laryngological reports. Responses to the items of the following self-assessment instruments were collected: the Questionario de Qualidade de Vida em Voz – QVV (Voice-Related Quality of Life – V-RQOL), the Indice de Desvantagem Vocal – IDV (Voice Handicap Index – VHI) and the Escala de Sintomas Vocais – ESV (Voice Symptom Scale – VoiSS). These items were analyzed regarding their predictive capacities for dysphonia through logistic regression models. Results The model containing items of the QVV was not observed to be valid. The model for the IDV produced a set of three items (10, 13, and 14), and the ESV model showed two items (4 and 20) to be significant. A Global model combining the previous models shows that items “I feel I have to force my speech” from the IDV and “Is your voice hoarse?” from the ESV are the most significant in the classification of the presence of dysphonia. This decision-making model was considered the most efficient to identify the dysphonia, with the highest level of accuracy compared to the other models investigated (83.4%). Conclusion Dysphonia screening can be performed using a simple, rapid protocol with a high-efficiency index that includes two items taken from traditional voice self-assessment instruments.

Early identification of patients at risk of malnutrition or who are malnourished is crucial in order to start a timely and adequate nutritional therapy. Yet, despite the presence of many nutrition screening tools for use in the hospital setting, there is no consensus regarding the best tool as well as inadequate adherence to screening practices which impairs the achievement of effective nutritional therapy. In recent years, artificial intelligence and machine learning methods have been widely used, across multiple medical domains, to aid clinical decision making and to improve quality and efficiency of care. Therefore, Yin and colleagues propose a machine learning based individualized decision support system aimed to identify and grade malnutrition in cancer patients by applying unsupervised and supervised machine learning methods on nationwide cohort. This approach, demonstrate the ability of machine learning methods to create tools to recognize malnutrition. The machine learning based screening serves as a first layer in a nutritional therapy workflow and provides improved support for decision making of health professionals to fit individualized nutritional therapy in at-risk patients.

Mass spectrometry has recently been proposed as a novel sensitive screening tool for monoclonal gammopathies. In a small study we have tested the ability of quantitative immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry (QIP-MS) to identify low level monoclonal immunoglobulins not currently detected by the initial serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) screen. QIP-MS positively identified the primary monoclonal immunoglobulins in all 11 patient samples alongside additional monoclonal immunoglobulins in a subset of patient samples. We conclude that QIP-MS has clinical utility as a first-line screening tool for monoclonal gammopathy investigation, identifying monoclonality in patients with higher sensitivity and resolution compared to the current standard methods.

Maternal sepsis is a major contributor to global maternal mortality. The physiological changes associated with pregnancy can obscure some of the recognised signs and symptoms of sepsis. Modified early obstetric warning score charts and sepsis screening tools aid the early identification of the septic patient. Management of maternal sepsis should involve the whole multidisciplinary team and is centred on urgent resuscitation, promt initiation of antimicrobial therapy and source control. There are logistical challenges in managing maternal sepsis in the peripartum period requiring close collaboration betwen critical care and maternity services.

The authenticity of tea has become more important to the industry while the supply chains become complex. The quality and price of tea produced in different regions varies greatly. Currently, a rapid analytical method for testing the geographical origin of tea is missing. XRF is emerging as a screening technique for mineral and elemental analysis with applications in the traceability of foodstuffs, including tea. This study aims to develop a reliable multivariate classification model using XRF spectroscopy to obtain the mineral content. A total of 75 tea samples from tea producing countries throughout the world were analysed. After variable shortlisting, 18 elements were used to construct the multivariate models. Tea origin was determined by classifying the tea into 5 major geographical regions producing most of the global tea. PCA showed initial clustering in some regions, although the types of teas included in the study (black, green, white, herbal) showed no discrete cluster membership. The prediction power of each classification model developed was determined by using two multivariate classifiers, SIMCA and PLS-DA, against an independent validation set. The average overall correct classification rates of PLS-DA models were between 54-85% while the results of SIMCA models were between 70-84% resolving the poor clustering initially shown by PCA. This study demonstrated the potential of geographical origin of tea prediction using elemental contents of tea. Naturally, the classification can be linked not only to origin but to the type of tea as well. Practical application Wholesalers and retailers need a rapid and robust screening tool to confirm the origin and type of tea they sell to consumers. X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy proved a good technique for achieving this in commercial teas sourced worldwide. Building on multivariate models, broad classification was accomplished both in terms of origin (Asian vs non-Asian) and in tea type with zero sample preparation and low cost of analysis., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Investigated if elemental content (XRF) can indicate origin of commercial teas. • Only 18 elements were selected for analysis based on their repeatability performance. • Multivariate classification was used to classify in five or two global regions. • Asian vs non-Asian classification reached 85% correct prediction rate. • Classification linked not only with origin but with type of tea as well.

The patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is one of the most widely used self-report instruments in primary care. There is no criterion validity of the PHQ-9 in Colombia. The objective was to validate the PHQ-9 as a screening tool in primary care. A cross-sectional, scale criterion validity study was performed using as reference criterion the mini neuropsychiatric interview (MINI) in male and female adult users of primary care centres. We calculated the internal consistency and convergent and criterion validity of the PHQ-9 by analysing the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and the area under the curve (AUC). We analysed 243 participants; 184 (75.7%) were female. The average age was 34.05 (median of 31 and SD = 12.47). Cronbach's α was 0.80 and McDonald's ω was 0.81. Spearman's Rho was 0.64 for HADS-D (P0.010) and 0.70 for PHQ-2 (P 0.010). The AUC was 0.92 (95% CI 0.880-0.963). The optimal cut-off point of PHQ-9 was ≥7: sensitivity of 90.38 (95% CI: 81.41-99.36); specificity of 81.68 (95% CI: 75.93-87.42); PPV 57.32 (95% CI: 46.00-68.63); NPV 96.89 (95% CI: 93.90-99.88); Youden index 0.72 (95% CI: 0.62-0.82); LR+ 4.93 (95% CI: 3.61-6.74); LR- 0.12 (95% CI: 0.005-0.270). In sum, the Colombian version of PHQ-9 is a valid and reliable instrument for depression screening in primary care in Bucaramanga, with a cut-off point ≥7.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and behavioral disorders are 2 of the most common mental health diagnoses in child and adolescent patients. Many patients seeking treatment for these disorders will initially present to a primary care provider (PCP). PCPs need to be able to identify ADHD or behavioral disorders with a thorough history, possibly aided by a screening tool. Pharmacologic interventions are considered first-line treatment for ADHD, but behavioral interventions and school modifications can enhance care. PCPs suspecting a patient of having a behavioral disorder should refer to a psychiatric specialist for treatment.

Objective: Determine the accuracy of a questionnaire on xerostomia as a screening tool for hyposalivation. Methods: A total of 402 adults awaiting dental care at a public healthcare service answered an eight-item questionnaire addressing xerostomia and were submitted to stimulated sialometry, with ≤ 0.7 mL/min considered indicative of hyposalivation. Reproducibility and internal consistency of the questionnaire were evaluated. The correlation between the score and salivary flow was investigated. The total score was also compared between groups with and without hyposalivation and diagnostic precision measures were calculated. Results: Hyposalivation was identified in 162 participants (40.3%) and a total of 229 (57.0%) answered affirmatively to at least one question. The responses to each question revealed variable reproducibility (κ = 0.450–0.785) and satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.70). Individuals with a larger number of positive answers had lower salivary flow (Spearman’s ρ = –0.193; P < 0.001). The mean number of positive answers was greater in the group with a clinical diagnosis of hyposalivation compared to those without low salivary flow. The sensitivity of the screening tool was 64.8%, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.60 (95% confidence interval: 0.547–0.645; P < 0.001). Conclusion: The questionnaire proved to be useful for the epidemiological screening of individuals with possible hyposalivation.

BACKGROUND Better tools are needed to diagnose and identify children at risk of clinical malnutrition. OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare body composition (BC) and malnutrition screening tools (MSTs) for detecting malnutrition on admission; and examine their ability to predict adverse clinical outcomes [increased length of stay (LOS) and complications] in complex pediatric patients. METHODS This was a prospective study in children 5-18 y old admitted to a tertiary pediatric hospital (n = 152). MSTs [Pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS), Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Pediatrics (STAMP), and Screening Tool for Risk of Impaired Nutritional Status and Growth (STRONGkids)] were completed on admission. Weight, height, and BC [fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) by DXA] were measured (n = 118). Anthropometry/BC and MSTs were compared with each other and with clinical outcomes. RESULTS Subjects were significantly shorter with low LM compared to reference data. Depending on the diagnostic criteria used, 3%-17% were classified as malnourished. Agreement between BC/anthropometric parameters and MSTs was poor. STAMP and STRONGkids identified children with low weight, LM, and height. PYMS, and to a lesser degree STRONGkids, identified children with increased LOS, as did LM compared with weight or height. Patients with complications had lower mean ± SD LM SD scores (-1.38 ± 1.03 compared with -0.74 ± 1.40, P

Higher hemoglobin levels are associated with incident metabolic syndrome (MetS), and higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is associated with adverse outcomes. The objective of this study is to evaluate the combined effect of MCV and hemoglobin levels on incident MetS.In our cross-sectional study, we analyzed the prevalence of MetS in 20,162 middle-aged Japanese subjects without anemia and with normal MCV levels, as they underwent physical checkups. We subsequently analyzed incident MetS in 11,110 subjects. In order to evaluate the combined effect on incident MetS, the subjects were divided into four study groups according to cutoff values of hemoglobin and MCV for identifying the prevalence of MetS.In the cross-sectional study, hemoglobin (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.02; P 0.0001 in men and OR, 1.04; P 0.0001 in women, per 1.0 g/L) and MCV (aOR, 0.93; P 0.0001 in men and OR, 0.94; P = 0.0005 in women, per 1.0 fL) were independently associated with the prevalence of MetS. In the longitudinal cohort study, hemoglobin (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR, 1.12; P = 0.0006, per 1.0 g/L) and MCV (aHR, 0.96; P 0.0001, per 1.0 fL) were independently associated with incident MetS in men but not in women. Then, the lower hemoglobin/higher MCV group showed decreased HRs for incidence of MetS compared with other groups of men but not of women.Among the subjects without anemia and with normal MCV levels, higher hemoglobin or lower MCV levels were associated with higher prevalence of MetS in men and women. In addition, lower hemoglobin with higher MCV showed a decreased risk of MetS in men. We suggested that the assessment of hemoglobin and MCV levels could be used as practical screening tool for MetS.

Objectives To assess the utility of multiparametric MRI in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) by comparing PI-RADSv2 scores with International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) pathologic grading criteria. Methods Data from 137 patients were retrospectively analyzed. PI-RADSv2 scores were compared with pathologic grade using ISUP criteria. Pathologic grades were divided into clinically significant (groups 3-5) and clinically insignificant lesions (groups 1-2). Chi-squared analysis was performed for to assess correlation. Results Sensitivity and specificity of PI-RADSv2 score 3-5 lesions for detecting csPCa was 100% and 18.5%, respectively. Negative predictive value (NPV) is 100% for these lesions. When considering only PI-RADSv2 score 4-5 lesions, sensitivity decreases to 90% and specificity increases to 67.5%, with a NPV of 98.5%. When only PI-RADSv2 score 5 lesions are considered, sensitivity decreases to 50% and specificity increases to 90%, with a NPV of 95%. Conclusions Multiparametric MRI has excellent sensitivity for detecting csPCa. Specificity is poor for PI-RADSv2 score 3 lesions but improves significantly for PI-RADSv2 score 4 and 5 lesions. Overall, mpMRI is an excellent screening tool for csPCa, as designated by the recently validated ISUP criteria. Advances in Knowledge Multiple limitations of the longstanding Gleason pathologic scoring system have led to the development of new ISUP pathologic criteria, which is more focused on the clinical significance of lesions. There are currently insufficient studies evaluating and validating the ISUP criteria with PIRADS v2 evaluation of the prostate.

This article gives an overview of the current state of the evidence for prostate cancer early detection with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and summarizes current recommendations from guideline groups. The article reviews the global public health burden and risk factors for prostate cancer with clinical implications as screening tools. Screening studies, novel biomarkers, and MRI are discussed. The article outlines 7 key practice points for primary care physicians and provides a simple schema for facilitating shared decision-making conversations.

ReIMAGINE Screening is a single-centre study assessing the feasibility of biparametric magnetic resonance imaging as a screening tool for prostate cancer. The study outcomes will take us a step towards more accurate and less harmful prostate cancer screening.

Primary care providers (PCPs) have an important role in suicide prevention, knowing that among people who die by suicide, 83% have visited a PCP in the prior year, and 50% have visited that provider within 30 days of their death, rather than a psychiatrist.1 The psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic poses increased risk for suicide and other mental health disorders for months and years ahead. This article focuses on screening tools, identification of the potentially suicidal patient in the primary care setting, and a specific focus on suicide prevention during widespread, devastating events, such as a pandemic., Highlights • Primary Care Providers have an increasingly important role in intervening with the suicidal patient surrounding times of widespread crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. • Practice guidelines, including using the PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 as assessment tools, can be further tailored by adding probing questions that are adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic. • While anxiety and fear may be normal responses to perceived threats like a pandemic, hopelessness and lack of resilience put patients at a greater risk for suicidality. The importance of emotionally connecting with the suicidal patient, and helping them to build resilience in the face of uncertainty, is highlighted.

Dynamic pupillometry is a simple screening tool for quantifying pupillary light reflex (PLR), to indicate autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Heart rate variability (HRV) is the gold standard method for assessing ANS effects on the heart. The present study aimed to compare ANS activity as measured using dynamic pupillometry (DP) with short term HRV in healthy volunteers.The study includes 200 participants aged between 20-60 years. PLR was measured using infrared videography and categorized into different quantitative parameters that reflect ANS activity. Simultaneously, Lead II ECG was recorded for 5 min to evaluate the short term HRV of time and frequency domain parameters. The data obtained from the two methods were compared with each other to provide the relationship between PLR and HRV.Study participants' mean age was 36.95 ± 9.45 years. The different pupillary indices of PLR and all the HRV parameters were within the range of normative data. Several PLR indicators of the parasympathetic function include mean constriction velocity (MCV; r = 0.60, P 0.001), absolute constriction amplitude (ACA; r = 0.57, P 0.001) baseline pupil diameter (BPD; r = 0.44, p 0.001), and minimum pupil diameter (MPD; r = -0.35, p 0.001) were significantly correlated with high-frequency power (HF in normalized units) of HRV signal.PLR variables showed a significant relationship to HRV indices. Dynamic pupillometry can be a complementary tool to HRV for evaluating ANS activity.

Objectives: Examine growth and maturation trends in dynamic balance using the anterior reach Y-Balance test, and its utility as an injury risk screening tool. \ud Design: Cross sectional and prospective cohort.\ud Setting: Elite male youth soccer players.\ud Participants: 346 players grouped as pre, circa or post peak height velocity (PHV). \ud Main outcome measures: Pre-season anterior reach absolute and relative Y-Balance test scores and seasonal prospective lower extremity injury monitoring.\ud Results: Absolute reach distances were greatest post-PHV (p < 0.05). Relative to leg length, pre-PHV achieved the highest scores and increased between-limb differences. Significant associations between injury and anterior reach scores were present in pre (OR: 0.94, CI: 0.91 - 0.98, p < 0.05) and circa-PHV (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.05 – 1.10, p < 0.05). Increased age (OR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.04 – 2.13, p < 0.05) and height (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: .99 – 1.13, p = 0.82) were risk factors post-PHV. No differences in injury occurrence were shown between players with absolute reach difference > 4 cm in any group.\ud Conclusions: Anterior reach scores increased injury risk, but associations were small and inconsistent. The Y-Balance should be used with caution as a screening tool in this cohort.

Study objective Emergency department (ED) visits provide an important opportunity for elder abuse identification. Our objective was to assess the accuracy of the ED Senior Abuse Identification (ED Senior AID) tool for the identification of elder abuse. Methods We conducted a study of the ED Senior AID tool in 3 US EDs. Participants were English-speaking patients 65 years old and older who provided consent or for whom a legally authorized representative provided consent. Research nurses administered the screening tool, which includes a brief mental status assessment, questions about elder abuse, and a physical examination for patients who lack the ability to report abuse or for whom the presence or absence of abuse was uncertain. The reference standard was based on the majority opinion of a longitudinal, expert, all data (LEAD) panel following review and discussion of medical records, clinical social worker notes, and a structured social and behavioral evaluation. For the reference standard, LEAD panel members were blinded to the results of the screening tool. Results Of 916 enrolled patients, 33 (3.6%) screened positive for elder abuse. The LEAD panel reviewed 125 cases: all 33 with positive screen results and a 10% random sample of negative screen results. Of these, the panel identified 17 cases as positive for elder abuse, including 16 of the 33 cases that screened positive. The ED Senior AID tool had a sensitivity of 94.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 71.3% to 99.9%) and specificity of 84.3% (95% CI 76.0% to 90.6%). Conclusion This multicenter study found the ED Senior AID tool to have a high sensitivity and specificity as a screening tool for elder abuse, albeit with wide CIs.

Malnutrition is a top priority in Lao PDR. In 2017, 33% of children under five years of age were stunted, 21.1% were underweight, 9% were wasted while 16.6% of adults in community settings were malnourished. Rates of malnutrition are presumed to be higher among hospitalized patients however, malnutrition risk screening in inpatient settings does not occur in Lao PDR. To address this gap, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of malnutrition among hospitalized patients and investigated the inter-user reliability and validity of a nutrition-risk screening tool (NRST).A cross-sectional study of pediatric (n = 69) and adult (n = 125) patients was conducted at two hospitals in Vientiane, Lao PDR. Inter-observer reliability of the NRST was determined by comparing final scores of two independent observers. Validity of the NRST was determined using sensitivity, specificity, and area-under-the-receiver-operating-characteristics (ROC) curve analyses.Among participants 0-4 years of age, 51% were diagnosed with malnutrition, while 58% of participants aged 5-17 years were malnourished. Among participants 18 years of age or older, 47% were diagnosed with moderate to severe malnutrition. The NRST showed 'fair' agreement between Observer 1 and Observer 2 NRST final scores (0.2737, p-value0.001). Observer 1 and Observer 2 had a 64% and 70% probability of correctly distinguishing a malnourished from a not malnourished participant. The Lao NRST had a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity 35%.There is a high prevalence of malnutrition among hospitalized patients in Lao PDR. This study provides proof of concept that a nutrition-risk screening tool can be successfully administered in a low-resource setting. Timely identification of malnutrition among newly admitted hospitalized patients will help minimize adverse patient health outcomes and reduce the economic burden of healthcare in Lao PDR.

New strategies that allow timely referral to outpatient palliative care (PC) for cancer patients are sought. The authors developed a 16-item checklist tool with 3 categories of care priorities based on patients' physical functionality. To evaluate the potential clinical impact of the use of these criteria in patients with advanced breast and gynecological cancer (ABGC) seen at oncology clinics.The study was divided into 2 phases. In Phase I, research nurse prospectively assessed the referral criteria among patients with ABGC who had not yet been referred to PC. The oncologists' (routine) referral rate was compared to the referral rate if the criteria were applied universally. In Phase II, we implemented routine screening with these referral criteria without automatic trigger. Patients not yet evaluated by PC were retrospectively evaluated regarding the rate of screening and how often they met criteria.Among the 120 patients evaluated in Phase I, oncologists referred 23 (19%) and the screening criteria identified another 82 (68%) who may benefit from PC, potentially increasing the PC referral rate by 3.2-fold. Patients would have been referred earlier using the criteria than based on oncologists' judgement (median survival 451 days vs. 178, p 0.001). In Phase II, among the patients who were not yet receiving PC, 38.6% (97 of 251) met at least one criterion.The use of referral criteria has the potential to significantly increase the number of timely palliative care referral. Further research is needed to test the implementation of these criteria.

Previously identified correlations between circulating cortisol and serotonin levels with aggressive, fearful or impulsive behavior in dogs have led to the suggestion that these measures be assessed as screening tools to aid in the identification of individual dogs with aggressive or fearful tendencies in applied settings, such as shelters or breeding programs. Previous studies investigating relationships between peripheral serotonin or cortisol and behavioral measures have several limitations, including single-breed sample groups, small sample sizes, and inconsistent methods used to collect behavioral data. This study used previously validated questionnaires to investigate relationships between owner-reported histories of dogs' behavior and peripheral cortisol and serotonin measures collected upon presentation to a novel environment, in a mixed-breed and mixed-age sample of dogs. No notable relationships were found between these measures in this group, indicating that circulating cortisol and serotonin are poor candidates for use in applied behavioral assessments for mixed breed pet dogs of varying ages. Differences between results reported here and previous literature are discussed. ispartof: Journal Of Veterinary Behavior-Clinical Applications And Research vol:38 pages:96-102 status: accepted

The prescription drug crisis has affected all sectors of the population, and so it is inevitable that dentists will increasingly see at-risk patients or those with substance use disorders in the course of their professional activities. Recognizing these patients and the special needs that they may have is now part of the standard of care for the profession. Screening for substance misuse involves a thorough history and review of the patient's medical record and, as appropriate, reviewing prior records and use of available screening tools.

Objective To describe the prevalence of sarcopenia in a large group of community-dwelling older adults using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 definition and algorithm. Design Cross-sectional data analysis of a cohort study. Setting The Nationwide Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study (KFACS). Participants A total of 2123 ambulatory community-dwelling older adults, aged 70 to 84 years (mean, 75.9 ± 3.9 years; 49.5% women) were enrolled in the KFACS. Methods Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Physical function was assessed by handgrip strength, usual gait speed, the 5-times-sit-to-stand test, the timed up-and-go test, and the Short Physical Performance Battery. In a case-finding assessment, screening for sarcopenia was performed using the calf circumference (CC), SARC-F questionnaire, and SARC-F combined with CC (SARC-CalF). Results According to the AWGS 2019 algorithm, 43.5%, 7.5%, and 26.0% of the subjects in the whole study sample were classified as those at risk for sarcopenia according to CC, SARC-F, and SARC-CalF, respectively. The prevalence rates of possible sarcopenia using 3 screening tools for case-finding and muscle strength or physical performance tests according to the AWGS 2019 diagnostic algorithm were 20.1% in men and 29.2% in women. The prevalence rates of sarcopenia, when defined as low muscle mass plus low handgrip strength and/or slow gait speed, were significantly higher according to the AWGS 2019 (21.3% in men and 13.8% in women) than the AWGS 2014 (10.3% in men and 8.1% in women) definitions. The prevalence of severe sarcopenia was 6.4% in men and 3.2% in women. Conclusions/Implications The results of our study suggest that the use of CC and SARC-CalF to screen for possible sarcopenia may be more suited than using the SARC-F questionnaire alone according to the AWGS 2019 diagnostic algorithm in community-dwelling adults aged 70 to 84 years. The prevalence of sarcopenia was significantly higher according to the AWGS 2019 than AWGS 2014 criteria.

The brain controls all human activity — both voluntary and involuntary. Better, more functional models of the healthy and diseased human neural tissue are crucial to elucidate complex mechanisms of neurobiology, to develop reliable drug screening tools, and to provide a pathway to tissue therapeutics. Bioprinting using stem cells represents an exciting combination of technologies with tremendous potential to revolutionize the field of neuroscience. Methods are rapidly evolving that combine multiple cell types, biomaterials, and bioactive molecules in a patterned manner to mimic the complexity of the human neural tissue. Combining three-dimensional bioprinting with stem cells also provides a novel way to engineer neural tissue in a rapid and reproducible manner. Here, we cover recent developments in neural tissue engineering using various stem cell and three-dimensional bioprinting technologies and provide avenues for future work.