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Objectives A qualitative study was performed to characterize experiences of women going through menopause, as well as to identify barriers and facilitators for participating in a lifestyle program targeting weight management during menopause. Study Design Perimenopausal and postmenopausal Black women with a self-reported desire to lose or maintain weight during menopause participated in a total of six focus groups. Main Outcome Measures Women were asked about their past experiences with diet, exercise, and weight management; their menopause experiences; as well as specific components and considerations for developing a lifestyle program for weight management. Thematic analysis was conducted on coded transcripts and four main themes emerged, each containing three to seven subthemes. Results Twenty-seven Black women (age 54±4 years, BMI 35.1 ± 9.0 kg/m2) were enrolled. Overall, women felt unprepared for the changes they experienced during menopause and had difficulty maintaining or losing weight. While women were receptive to trying different diets and exercises, they wanted a diet that was flexible with their lifestyle and exercises that considered their existing health status. Women were also interested in learning about menopause alongside other women, stating that medical professionals did not provide them with adequate information or help. Social support, accountability, and seeing results were perceived critical to achieve long-lasting behavioral change. Conclusions Women were interested in receiving menopause information and improving their overall health as part of a lifestyle program during menopause. Associating with other women affected by menopause will allow for the creation of more sustainable lifestyle programs during menopause. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04487782.

This paper analyses the networks, experiences and aspirations of Nepalese workers in Southern Portugal's farms and greenhouses. The main research objective is to analyse how recruitment networks, which supported the move of Nepalese to Portugal, were established and have rapidly consolidated. These networks impacted not only the increase of irregular migration flows but also the migration experience and vulnerability in the country of destination, including the passive acceptance of a certain degree of exploitation. By highlighting the perspective of the migrants themselves, we examine the impact on their lives, both of the migration experience and of paying large sums to smugglers, usually obtained through indebtment, to enter Portugal. We relate this impact to a context of immigration where the existence of a large informal labour market facilitates these workers being hired as irregular migrants. The study employed secondary data, in-depth interviews and participant observation. As well as migrants, greenhouse owners and recruiters were also interviewed for the study. The main finding is that the disposition of Nepalese to migrate, in which the pressure of the family plays a key role, tends to be reinforced by the action of the networks of recruiting agents. Secondly, the costs of migration and labour exploitation tend to be accepted by the migrants as a way to fulfil their social aspirations and economic necessities. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Cybercrime and cybersecurity are like two sides of the same coin: They are opposites but cannot exist without each other. Their mutual relation generates a myriad of ethical issues, ranging from minor to vital. The rapid development of technology will surely involve even more ethical concerns, like the infamous example of a fitness tracking company allegedly paying $10 million worth of ransom. Every cybersecurity solution, tool, or practice has to be ethical by design if it is to protect people and their rights. To identify the ethical issues that cybersecurity/cybercrime might bring about in the future, we conducted the first broad and comprehensive horizon-scanning study since the COVID-19 pandemic arose. As we began this project, nobody had the slightest idea that the coming months would bring the COVID-19 pandemic, and that the reality we had known was about to change dramatically. As it soon became apparent, the deadly coronavirus brought completely new cybersecurity/cybercrime ethical dilemmas to light, and some of the ones known before were transformed or shifted. This article presents the results of our horizon-scanning study concerning the ethical dilemmas that emerged amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

Karl Popper published, in 1968, a paper that allegedly found a flaw in a very influential article of Birkhoff and von Neumann, which pioneered the field of "quantum logic". Nevertheless, nobody rebutted Popper's criticism in print for several years. This has been called in the historiographical literature an "unsolved historical issue". Although Popper's proposal turned out to be merely based on misinterpretations and was eventually abandoned by the author himself, this paper aims at providing a resolution to such historical open issues. I show that (i) Popper's paper was just the tip of an iceberg of a much vaster campaign conducted by Popper against quantum logic (which encompassed several more unpublished papers that I retrieved); and (ii) that Popper's paper stimulated a heated debate that remained however confined within private correspondence., 17 pages, 1 table. Contains the reproduction of an unpublished rebut to Popper's 1968 paper on quantum logic (as figures in Appendix). Accepted for publication in Studies on History and Philosophy of Modern Physics

Entropy's inexorable push towards chaos seems to give structure to the universe, says Michael Brooks. So why can nobody agree on what it is?.

We introduce two pieces of information, denoted memes, into a diffusion process in which memes are transmitted when individuals meet and forgotten at an exogenous rate. At most one meme can be transmitted at a meeting, which introduces opportunity costs in the process. Individuals differ according to which meme they find more interesting, and that is the one they transmit if they face a choice. We find that both memes survive under the same parameter values, and that relative interest is the main determinant in the number of people informed of a meme in the long run. We apply our framework to analyze the impact of segregation and find that segregation leads to polarization. Segregation also reduces the overall number of people informed in the long run. Our final set of results shows that agents are more likely to prefer segregation if their information preferences are more extreme, if they have few social contacts, or if they prefer a meme that is preferred by only a small fraction of the population.

150 years ago, Jules Verne formulated a vision for technological advances propelling ocean exploration and exploitation of resources within the carrying capacities of marine ecosystems, but he also projected the pathway leading to today's overexploitation of resources. We build on the novel's prophecies to consider steps conducive to a sustainable ocean economy.

Summary Nobody chooses the academic life for the glamour and the pay. At the same time, an offer as an assistant professor at an R1 institute is statistically unlikely, and the road to tenure is tenuous at best. If you’re one of the lucky few to start down this path, you may appreciate some tips for the journey.

Background Given fathers’ potential role in bringing about desired child welfare case outcomes, researchers have begun to identify factors that impact agency efforts to identify and involve fathers. Racial-ethnic inequality and bias are not among factors studied, despite longstanding evidence that racial-ethnic minority children make up a disproportionate share of the child welfare population. Objective We set out to identify racial-ethnic patterns in initial casework activity with nonresident fathers and explore whether select factors explain racial-ethnic differentials. Participants and Setting Caseworkers of 1,754 children in foster care in four U.S. states were surveyed. Methods Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with whether agencies identified, located, and contacted nonresident fathers. Results Agencies were less likely to identify nonresident fathers of Black, Latinx, and Multiracial children, relative to those of White children. Among fathers whom agencies identified, Black and Latinx fathers were less likely to be located. Among fathers whom agencies located, Black and Latinx fathers were less likely to be contacted. Whereas greater rates of international mobility among Latinx fathers explained agencies’ disproportionately low rates of contact, no other factor explained racial-ethnic differentials. Conclusion We find evidence of historical racial-ethnic disproportionalities across the three initial stages of casework practice with nonresident fathers in U.S. child welfare systems. Though more recent data are needed, this research suggests that racial-ethnic minority foster children are more likely than White foster children to be denied the benefits of agency-father contact, whether due to societal or systemic racial inequalities.

Nobody knows what happens when you enter a black hole, but there is no shortage of ideas. Chelsea Whyte lets you choose your own unsettling adventure

This paper presents some insights on introducing control concepts to middle and high school STEM students. It summarizes the author’s experience in introducing control to such students at multiple workshops preceding control conferences. The author has found that if one understands and works with the most common skill sets for such students, principles of feedback and feedforward control can be introduced to such students with considerable success. The students are always engaged through the talk, with nobody looking at their phones. In Part 1 (this paper), we share here the ideas behind the success of these talks. In Part 2 (Abramovitch (2019)), we show how to discuss control systems math to students who have not had calculus or differential equations.

There’s a $ 3 to 4 billion dollar bootleg outstanding in 0651-0031, involving three collections of information. The change of administrations offers a good time to resolve it with nobody taking the blame. In 2012, the PTO (Patent and Trademark Office) ran a 60-day notice that would have, for the first time, recognized “Amendments and Responses” as an information collection that requires approval.1 The PTO’s three long-neglected collections of information totaled over 8 million hours, times an attorney hourly rate of $340, for a total of over $ 3 billion. These estimates were included in a Supporting Statement that the PTO filed with OMB in January 2013.2 However, for reasons not explained in the record, the relevant information collections were removed from a July 2013 Supporting Statement,3 and that July Supporting Statement was approved.

Millennials have long been portrayed as a politically disengaged and apathetic generation. In recent years, however, that portrayal has changed drastically. The rise of mass movements such as Black Lives Matter, Extinction Rebellion, the ‘Greta Thunberg movement’ and Momentum, together with the ‘campus culture wars’, have turned perceptions upside down. Today, Millennials are much more commonly described as a hyper-politicised generation, which embraces ‘woke’, progressive and anti-capitalist ideas. This is increasingly extended to the first cohorts of the subsequent generation, ‘Generation Z’. Surveys show that there is a lot of truth in the cliche of the ‘woke socialist Millennial’. Younger people really do quite consistently express hostility to capitalism, and positive views of socialist alternatives of some sort. For example, around 40 per cent of Millennials claim to have a favourable opinion of socialism and a similar proportion agree with the statement that ‘communism could have worked if it had been better executed’. For supporters of the market economy, this should be a cause for concern, but so far they have mostly chosen to ignore this phenomenon, or dismiss it with phrases such as ‘Young people have always gone through a juvenile socialist phase’ or ‘They will grow out of it’. But this is simply not borne out by the data. There are no detectable differences between the economic attitudes of people in their late teens and people in their early 40s. It is no longer true that people ‘grow out’ of socialist ideas as they get older. To fill in some of the remaining gaps in the literature, the IEA has commissioned an extensive survey into the economic attitudes of Millennials and ‘Zoomers’ (i.e. Generation Z), which broadly confirms and deepens the impression we get from previous surveys. For example, 67 per cent of younger people say they would like to live in a socialist economic system. Young people associate ‘socialism’ predominantly with positive terms, such as ‘workers’, ‘public’, ‘equal’ and ‘fair’. Very few associate it with ‘failure’ and virtually nobody associates it with Venezuela, the erstwhile showcase of ‘21st Century Socialism’. Capitalism, meanwhile, is predominantly associated with terms such as ‘exploitative’, ‘unfair’, ‘the rich’ and ‘corporations’. 75 per cent of young people agree with the assertion that climate change is a specifically capitalist problem (as opposed to a side-effect of industrial production that would occur in any economic system). 71 per cent agree with the assertion that capitalism fuels racism. 73 per cent agree that it fuels selfishness, greed, and materialism, while a socialist system would promote solidarity, compassion and cooperation. 78 per cent of young people blame capitalism (not NIMBYism and supply-side restrictions) for Britain’s housing crisis. Consequently, 78 per cent also believe that solving it requires large-scale government intervention, through measures such as rent controls and public housing. 72 per cent of young people support the (re-)nationalisation of various industries such as energy, water and the railways. 72 per cent also believe that private sector involvement would put the NHS at risk. 75 per cent of young people agree with the statement that ‘socialism is a good idea, but it has failed in the past because it has been badly done (for example in Venezuela)’. The cliche that ‘real socialism has never been tried’ is not just a cliche: it is also the mainstream opinion among Millennials and Zoomers. None of this means that Britain is full of young Marxist-Leninists. Socialist ideas are widespread, but they are also thinly spread. When presented with an anti-capitalist statement, the vast majority of young people agree with it (in our survey, this was true of every single anticapitalist statement, without exception). However, when presented with a diametrically opposed pro-capitalist statement, we often find net approval for that statement too. This suggests that when young people embrace a socialist argument, this is often not a deeply-held conviction. It may simply be the argument they are most familiar with. None of our results mean that supporters of capitalism should throw in the towel, concede defeat in the battle of ideas and just accept that the future belongs to socialism. But it does suggest that they should take ‘Millennial Socialism’ far more seriously than they currently do. They should treat it as a challenge and engage with it, rather than dismiss it or deny it exists.

After more than 50 years of the European Building process, common institutions, and more representation of the people of Europe via the European Parliament, has result in a process were the European identity is growing but is still far to unseat the national identities as the main source of identification for the European people. Nobody in the European Union wants to destroy the national identities; the European Union is just adding another level. The first level of identification could be the family, the second location, where we can include friends and work, after that regional identification and finally the national one, with its capital as the common space of all the citizens of the state.

How does the distribution of individual preferences evolve as a result of marriage between individuals with different preferences? Could a family rule be self-enforcing given individual preferences, and remain such for several generations despite preference evolution? We show that it is in a couple’s common interest to obey a rule requiring them to give specified amounts of attention to their elderly parents if the couple’s preferences satisfy a certain condition, and the same condition is rationally expected to hold also where their children and respective spouses are concerned. Given uncertainty about who their children will marry, a couple’s expectations will reflect the probability distribution of preferences in the next generation. We show that, in any given generation, some couples may obey the rule in question and some may not. It is also possible that a couple will obey the rule, but their descendants will not for a number of generations, and then obey it again. In the long run, if matching is entirely random, either everybody obeys the same rule, or nobody obeys any. If matching is restricted to particular subpopulations identifiable by some visible trait, such as religion or color of the skin, different subpopulations may obey different rules. The policy implications are briefly discussed.

In April, Brian L. Frye released “OK Landlord: Copyright Profits are Just Rent”, an article I absolutely adore that expresses an idea I absolutely agree with. Brian insists that if copyright holders wish to treat their copyrighted works as real property and insist on their right to be paid for it as a use of their real property, then we should take them seriously. We should regard them as we do landlords. Nobody loves a landlord in a crisis, while everyone seems to love a copyright holder as long as we call them “artists” or “Authors.” However, Brian closes the article with a paragraph that qualifies his assertion by saying he has nothing against landlords or copyright holders. His point is that they are the same, not that they are bad. My point is that they are the same and bad. The corollary of Brian’s piece is clear: if you love copyright holders and hate landlords, then you contradict yourself. Copyright holders are landlords and we must despise them for it. The class conflict between copyright holders and "consumers" perverts our way of life, paralleling the class conflict between landlords and tenants in a startling number of ways. I call for a revolution against the rhetoric of landlordism that has pervaded copyright law discussion for far too long.

Avoid seeking medical care deemed necessary has severe negative effects on health. Indeed, delayed presentation of patient puts significant burden on healthcare costs. There is limited literature examining the avoidance behavior of people. Our study explores the reasons of avoiding considering the Turkey case. TurkStat’s health research survey 2012 data is employed to examine why people avoid visiting the specialist doctor when needed to consult a specialist for healthcare service. Descriptive statistics analysis is conducted. It is seen that among 15+ aged nationally representative sample of 28,056 respondents 12.6% were avoider. Compared to non-avoiders, avoiders were more likely to be female, to live in rural area, to make out of pocket health payments, to be illiterate and to have lower income. Indeed, the avoiders were more likely to have worse perceived health, negative emotions, mental disorders, serious health problems and chronic diseases. It is found that for approximately one third of avoiders’ the main reason of avoiding was high costs and 22% of the avoiders reported that they do not have enough time. The other avoiding reasons were organizational factors, fear of medical treatment/surgery, distance/transportation, late appointment dates, having nobody to accompany and non-supportive family/relatives. Moreover, we observe that having nobody to accompany and distance to health institution are crucial problems mainly for female and fear of surgery threats male. In Turkey, interventions combating healthcare avoidance behaviors for the disadvantaged populations should be developed.

Consumer Behaviour is a complicated procedure. It relies upon a lot of elements that may incorporate the socio-political situation, monetary condition, and psychological profile of the purchaser. It, to a great extent, relies upon the buying intensity of the clients also. Presently from the earliest starting point of 2020, COVID-19 has affected all the business sectors all around on a scale which nobody could have anticipated, and in this way, the state of the economy has changed to such an extent that even financial experts do not have the option to accurately foresee the effect of this pandemic in the market situation. In this circumstance, the primary target of this study paper is to propose a few different ways the retail advertisers can take up after because of the impact of this frightening circumstance. To effectively anticipate and outline the connection between the customer conduct in Retail advertise, this paper has taken a generally littler market size and focused on just retail parts of Bihar state. The document has an accurate overview result, and it's an investigation that has been directed among different age gathering and individuals with the diverse socio-prudent foundation. In light of the study, the paper has spoken to an alert module that shows how the shopper conduct may move in post-COVID-19 and how it will affect the Retail advertise. As a feature of the paper, a proposed arrangement has been given, which shows a few measures to the retailers to follow to support the significant move and critical difference in customer conduct.

Considering the fact and avoid its huge impact on economy, Nepal must take dramatic action to make sure economy is moving through this disaster. There will be the impact of 8 to 10 percent of GDP in this FY 2020 if this lockdown continue for 2 to 3 months. Government must make extra fund available for banks to lend to companies it is because business is already taking hit and nobody knows how bad it will hit but this is confirm that it depends on long this spread lasts. It is due to cost of isolation which will be higher and more dependable for each country. Protecting measures of governmental and non-governmental are severely affecting the economic activities. There is high impact on GDP but this impact is directly related to number of days the lockdown will be there. Extending the days for lockdown means extending the adverse impact on economy. Although global economy is projected contract by -3 percent in 2020, in reality, just projection and indices will not solve the issue, GDP forecast for bad or worst itself is dubious prediction of international financial institutions, businessmen, economist, media. What is confirm is that the impact will be much higher in Asian country and more in Nepal due to landlocked, open boarder and remittance based economy. In the recovery process, primary sector is necessary to mobilize well so that secondary and tertiary sector of the economy can get the opportunity of expansion and resource mobilization.

The entire space cryptocurrency/blockchain space is dominated by false claims, conspiracy theories, muddled thinking, and outright fraud of many kinds. It is remarkable how much academic, journalistic and popular writing on blockchain accepts at face value dogma that any dispassionate investigation shows to be false, This paper consists mainly of two lists: falsehoods that nobody who is interested in the world as it really is should ever repeat, at least not without heavy qualification; the second a list of truths and rules of thumb about cryptocurrency and blockchain that have been demonstrated repeatedly (often for many years) but escape notice far too often. Each item in the list is accompanied with some, but only a small subset, of the evidence available to support it.

In this Essay, I examine President Trump’s uses of executive privilege, both explicit and implicit, to stymie the congressional investigations that led to his impeachment in late 2019. Like so much else in his presidency, Trump’s sweeping claims of exemption from oversight are both symptomatic of a long trend toward presidential imperialism, and especially brazen and dangerous manifestations of the same. In the Essay, I take both a wide and a long view of Trump’s impeachment intransigence. That is, I consider how his behavior reflects and thus far, has exacerbated judicial and political branch trends favoring presidential power. Looking to the future, I acknowledge that executive aggrandizement episodes tend to build on themselves, contributing to a ratchet effect that enhances presidential power. I argue, however, that this one-way trajectory is not inevitable. Indeed, some presidential abuses become anti-canonical and spark a backlash against future such actions. President Trump’s obstruction deserves to meet this fate.

Internal whistle-blowing systems are supposed to fight misconduct within organizations. Because it is difficult to study their efficacy in the field, scientific evidence on their performance is rare. This is problematic, because these systems bind substantial resources and might generate the erroneous impression of compliance in a company in which misconduct is prevalent. We therefore suggest a versatilely extendable experimental workhorse that allows the systematic study of internal whistle-blowing systems in the lab. As a first step, we tested the efficacy of whistle-blowing systems if internal punishment for misconduct is mild and hesitant which is usually the case in practice, as several fraud surveys confirm. Our results show that under these conditions almost nobody blew the whistle, and misconduct occurred even more frequently with than without a whistle-blowing system. The institutionalization of whistle-blowing seemed to crowd out the intrinsic motivation to act compliantly. Moreover, when a whistle-blowing system was either unavailable or not used, misconduct was highly contagious and spread quickly. Yet, when we implemented severe and ensured punishment for misconduct, whistle-blowing systems could deter wrongdoing. In such a setting, people were willing to blow the whistle and the prevalence of misconduct dropped substantially. Altogether, our results highlight the interaction between institutions and preferences and can support the design of compliance measures within organizations. For compliance managers a key takeaway is that if companies preach a zero-tolerance policy, they should practice it as well. Otherwise, they might even worsen the situation.

2020 is being painted, with some justification, as the most extraordinary year ever in capital markets. The scale of disruption makes attempts to calibrate data and reliably generate forecasts impossibly challenging and attempts to find precedents for H2 2020 confusing and contradictory. Can history provide any guide to the direction of various asset classes in the second half of 2020 & beyond, after such an extraordinary period? As Santoli notes “specific circumstances are always different, but the markets tend to metabolize information in familiar ways based on crowd psychology and the feedback loops inherent in capitalism.” If the rally runs out of the impetus that it has been given by monetary and especially fiscal stimuli and the gravitational pull of economic contraction reinforced by negative feedback loops leads to another downturn, then the direction of capital markets will be even more dependent upon policy responses. In which case there are really 2 extreme outcomes – policymakers will either act in a way that is both sufficiently timely and aggressively to put a floor under markets or they won’t. The range in between these is almost infinite but recognizing our inability to process potentially infinite outcomes, we’ve focused on the extremes and used the most relevant indicators of how these might turn out. The rally looks to be in danger of running out of fuel. Investors need to be watchful although of course confirmation is, by nature, ex-post. If you’re not preparing ex-ante, you’ll likely be too late. If it does run out of steam, nobody can know the effectiveness of policy response. We’d expect it to be of a ‘shock and awe’ scope and scale.

Scientists of all countries are sparing no effort and money fighting over the problem of earthquakes, but all is in vain. Nobody knows anything. Neither the Chinese, nor the Russians, nor the Americans, nor the Japanese, nor anyone else on Earth! Time passes, and understanding of the process of earthquakes, and, consequently, the adoption of some measures to counter earthquake does not occur. The situation would have seemed disastrous for people, if not for plumbers. According to the calculations made, an earthquake is not some mysterious phenomenon, but an ordinary water hammer that happens in water supply systems and is well known to any plumber.

With a string of well-reviewed movies since his directorial debut in 1995, Hirokazu Kore-eda ranks among Japan’s most celebrated cinema directors today. His 2018 film, Shoplifters, won the 2018 Palme d’Or prize as the top film at the 71st Cannes Film Festival.

During the pandemic, some universities have required as much “in person” teaching as possible everywhere on campus — including a university’s law school. Universities and their administrators who did this were wrong for three reasons. First, their fears that students would not enroll unless taught “in person” turned out to be unfounded. National postgraduate and professional school enrollment, including law school enrollment, actually increased even though almost half the country’s colleges and universities began the fall semester or quickly went primarily or entirely online. Second, these weren’t decisions about public health alone. They were also decisions about the quality of education. “In person” usually turned out to be an untested and primitive form of hybrid instruction that has no track record and has never been used on any scale before. During the pandemic the choice has never been between genuine “in person” teaching and online teaching. Public health concerns continually put some students online because of contagion risks. The real choice has been between fully online teaching (nobody in a classroom) and simultaneous hybrid teaching (some students in a classroom while others participate online). In many but not all situations, simultaneous hybrid teaching is demonstrably worse than fully online teaching. Third, university administrators who made unilateral decisions about methods of instruction violated basic rules on shared governance under the nationally authoritative 1966 AAUP Statement on Government of Colleges and Universities. The AAUP has already begun investigating some colleges and universities on this basis. And to the extent a university’s unilateral decisions included a law school, the university’s actions also violated the American Bar Association’s accreditation standards and the Association of American Law Schools’ Bylaws. A law school needs ABA accreditation for its graduates to take the bar exam, and nearly all law schools are AALS members. The ABA accreditation standards and AALS Bylaws combine to require that decisions about modality — modes of teaching — be made by a law school’s faculty, not by administrators elsewhere and imposed on the law school.

Optimal policy during an epidemic calls for depressed economic activity to slow down the outbreak. Sometimes, these decisions are left to local authorities (e.g. states). This creates an externality, as the outbreak doesn't respect states' boundaries. A strategic Pigouvian subsidy that rewards states which depress their economies more than the average corrects that externality by creating a race-to-the-bottom type of response. In equilibrium nobody receives a subsidy, but the allocation is efficient. If local authorities are concerned about unequal burden of the lockdown costs but cannot easily issue new debt to finance transfer payments, then lockdowns will be insufficient in some areas and excessive in others. When that's the case, federal stimulus checks can flatten the infection curve.

Drawing on thought from sociolinguistics and theoretical and historical pragmatics, this paper argues that Negative Inversion (NI) sentences such as Can't nobody beat them are the diachronic descendants of Modal Existential (ME) sentences such as There can't nobody beat them. The expletive subject of the ME has undergone a deletion process in the twentieth century, leaving behind what is now considered to be the NI. This diachronic understanding enables a clear account of the so-called “definiteness effects” (Milsark, 1974) associated with the present NI. The paper makes a significant contribution here to the empirical understanding of the construction as well. It has been universally maintained since Labov et al. (1968) that NIs prohibit definite subjects, much like Milsark's characterization of there-existential sentences. I show, however, that definite subjects are accepted, but that they are restricted by pragmatic constraints: the same ones, it turns out, that Ward and Birner (1995) have shown to constrain the appearance of definite subjects in there-existentials.

This paper investigates the acoustic correlates of single and Double Negation (DN) readings of English negative indefinites in question–answer pairs. Productions of four negative words (no one, nobody, nothing, and nowhere) were elicited from 20 native English speakers as responses to negative questions such as “What didn't you eat?” in contexts designed to generate either a single negation reading or a logically affirmative DN reading. A control condition with no negation in the question was employed for comparison. A verification question following each item determined whether tokens were interpreted as expected and, therefore, produced with the target interpretation. Statistical analysis of the f0 curves revealed a significant difference: DN is associated with a higher fundamental frequency than single negation. In contrast, the single negative and control conditions were not significantly different with respect to f0. Analysis of the verification question responses showed significant differences between all three conditions (Control > DN > single negation), suggesting that single negation is more difficult to interpret than DN as a response to a negative question. The results are compared with previous work on Romance, and we demonstrate how English behaves like a prototypical Negative Concord language in that DN is the prosodically marked form.

A number of recent studies have raised critical questions about the gendering of academic labour in the contemporary university as workplace. This paper focuses on gendering discourses of work around student writing which surfaced in an ethnographically oriented study of fourteen academic teacher participants based in six diverse UK Universities in a range of disciplines. I draw on study findings to show that work with undergraduate writing and writers is often understood through feminising discourses of ‘care’ which explicitly and implicitly invoke stereotypically female caring roles in ways which reflect and perpetuate the marginalised status of writing work and at the same time infantilise students. I argue that the reassertion of care as a core academic value is necessary to counter such feminising discourses because such a reassertion challenges an unhelpful dichotomous separation between academic knowledge-making on one hand, and student writing as a personal issue on the other.

Nobody teaches you how to deal with the death of your first patient—neither in training nor as an attending. It had been a couple of months since starting my first job after cardiology fellowship when I received an e-mail that I had been expecting the least: one of my first patients, whom I had

We consider client experience on projects. The topic of customer experience is receiving a lot of interest in marketing. It is believed that vendors that manage customer experience achieve better results than those who do not. All the work to date has been done in retail. We consider the nature of client experience on projects. Nobody has previously research client experience on projects, but several authors have written on issues relevant to the topic. We review that literature. We have interviewed five clients who have experience of interacting with contractors on projects. We report the results. We find that clients on projects have similar experiences to customers in retail. But on projects the client controls the interactions whereas in retail it is the vendor that controls the interactions. We suggest that on projects we should also consider contractor experience. Also on projects, maintaining interaction between the client and contractors leads to better performance.

Intrinsic disorder is a new reality that appears to penetrate every corner of modern protein science. It is difficult to imagine that only 20 years ago the situation was completely different, and almost nobody had heard about ‘structure-less’ but functional proteins. As a matter of fact, for many at that time, this idea was completely heretical when viewed in light of the then dominating lock-and-key model describing the protein structure-function relationship, where a unique amino acid sequence defines a unique crystal-like 3D structure that serves as a prerequisite for a unique function of a protein. It seems like the entire field of protein intrinsic disorder has magically emerged at the turn of the century due to a revelation to a small group of researchers. Although this may very well be true, literature shows that the first observations contradicting the lock-and-key view of protein functionality started to appear almost immediately after this model was proposed. The goal of this article is to provide a brief chronology (though admittedly a subjective one) of the events in the field of protein science that eventually culminated in the discovery of the protein intrinsic disorder phenomenon. The entire process represents a good example of the “dwarf standing on the shoulders of giants” (Latin: nanos gigantum humeris insidentes) metaphor, where the truth is discovered by building on previous discoveries.

Summary In debates over whether a society should recognize the right of an individual person to end his or her own life (and to enlist the services of a physician to do so), the question is often formulated in terms of ownership: Who owns my body? Those who advocate for self-ownership of their body see the reason for the public enforcement of this right to be “autonomy.” Those who advocate for societal ownership of anyone's body see the reason for the public recognition of this right to be “heteronomy.” And those who advocate for God's ownership of anybody see the reason for the public enforcement of this right to be “theonomy.” Advocates of autonomy, though, have difficulty in justifying a right of self-ownership, since humans are far more dependent on others than they are on themselves. Self-ownership implies a largely fictitious self-sufficiency. Advocates of heteronomy, though, have difficulty in justifying a right of public ownership, since this has been the justification of totalitarian regimes to eliminate persons arbitrarily deemed dangerous or even useless to them. And advocates of theonomy, though, have difficulty in justifying the killing of any living being that is a creature of God. This paper will argue that the whole ownership model is morally flawed. Instead, a model of mutual care is morally more adequate. In this model, we are all both the subjects and objects of care, and that we couldn’t survive were this not so. We come into the world as infants totally dependent on the care of others. As we grow into adulthood, we become the subjects of the claims of others to care for them and for ourselves along with them. Society's task is to coordinate our mutual roles as care-receivers and caregivers. No functioning adult is only a caregiver or only a care-receiver. As caregivers we have duties; as care-receivers we have rights. Autonomy should only be invoked when society claims ownership of any of its members. Heteronomy should only be invoked when an individual person acts as if his or her decision to live or die involves nobody else, and nobody else should be concerned. And theonomy should be invoked whenever an individual person or a society claims to have created himself or itself and to have the right to do with themselves whatever they please. Therefore, individual persons have the right to call for their society to care for them when they cannot help themselves, instead of the right to call for society to help them eliminate themselves from society even when they want to do so. A society has the right to call for individuals to care for themselves and others when they can do so, instead of the right of a society to eliminate individual persons it no longer wants to care for. And religious believers can affirm both the duty of individuals to care themselves, and the societal duty to care for its individual members, are to be exercised in imitation of the God who cares for creation and who commands human creatures to act accordingly. God's unique ownership of creation, however, is another matter and, as such, it is inimitable.

The murder of Catherine (Kitty) Genovese in New York in 1964 by Winston Moseley has generated numerous academic publications. One of the major focal points in the debates is the role of gender in bystanders' reactions to violent incidents. Some analysts drew on experiments that found that men did not intervene in incidents involving a man as a perpetrator and a woman as a victim to explain the lack of intervention in the incident by the so-called 38 bystanders falsely reported by The New York Times in 1964. This current article analyzed three videos containing four different assaults that occurred on the busy streets of Argentina, the United States and the United Kingdom to assess whether the gender of the perpetrators and victims affected bystanders' reactions or not. In Incident 1 and Incident 2 involving men as perpetrators with female victims, none of the male and female bystanders physically intervened. In Incident 3 involving a man as a perpetrator and a woman as his victim, both male and female bystanders intervened to save the victim. However, in Incident 4 involving a woman as a perpetrator with a male victim, nobody intervened instead, some of the bystanders laughed at the male victim. The article concludes that whilst gender seemed to have determined intervention in Incident 3 (saving a female victim from a violent man) and its lack in Incident 4 (leaving a male victim to save himself from a violent woman), other factors could be responsible for lack of intervention in Incident 1 and Incident 2 and these include the duration of the assault, the level of violence applied by the perpetrator and bystanders' perception of their own safety. The implications of the bystanders' reactions were highlighted.

Transparency is a key principle of EU data protection law and the obligation to inform is key to ensuring transparency. The purpose of this obligation is to provide data subjects with information that allows them to assess the compliance and trustworthiness of the data controller. Despite the benefits of categorising personal data for this purpose, a coherent and consistent approach to doing so under the obligation to inform has not emerged. It is unclear what a ‘category’ of personal data is and when this information must be provided. This results in reduced transparency for data subjects and uncertainty for data controllers regarding their legal obligations, defeating the purpose of this obligation. This article highlights these issues and calls for clarification on them. It also posits that in clarifying the law, a new approach to categorising personal data is required to achieve the benefits of categorisation and increase the transparency of personal data processing for data subjects.

Aristotle's Poetics has been the basis for theories of entertainment for over 2,000 years. But the general approach it uses has led to a number of gaps, contradictions, and difficulties in predicting the success of books, plays, movies, and entertainment as a whole, so much so that sayings like "there are no rules, but you break them at your peril," and "in Hollywood, nobody knows anything" have become widespread and accepted. However, it turns out that a model of entertainment that defines literary conventions by the pleasurable feelings they release in the brain, and then equates them with outside experiences that people subconsciously attach to the literary work, in the same way that we can be conditioned to feel love when we view our wedding rings, can actually resolve almost every seeming contradiction in Aristotle's ideas and traditional theories of storytelling when compared to real-world results. Furthermore, this approach can be extended to the other major forms of art, including painting, music and even video games, leading to a "Non-Aristotelian" theory that modifies the fundamental aspects of each of these fields, but in a natural and necessary way, which strengthens both our understanding and our ability to predict the success or failure of art in the future. My work as a vlogger and writer, mostly done via my Youtube channel "StoryBrain," has been viewed over 6 million times, and written about in MovieMaker magazine, Creative Screenwriting magazine, on the front page of major sites like Reddit, Roger Ebert online, and in international newspapers like the Sydney Morning-Herald in Australia and Fotogramas in Spain. My work is also the subject of a chapter of the currently-in-release book "Neuro-Design," by Kogan Page publishing, called "The Neuro Movie Analyst." This paper is a detailed introduction to the theory of Emotional Indiscretion which I have talked about in my work.

This paper assesses the utility of economic theory of rational trade wars to predict such events or to prescribe courses of action to control their consequences. Trade wars are fundamentally political events whose causes are almost completely political and whose consequences are to a significant degree also political. Contemporary economic theory has developed during a uniquely peaceful and liberal period in world history, affecting how economists have thought about trade conflicts, leaving the profession unprepared to provide serious analysis or advice.

There is beauty in ethics, which in one of its declinations can be translated into this concept: there is beauty in undertaking the right action, even when nobody is watching. Within this, we can see an antidote to past failures, and an element necessary to attract the change that laws and regulations can only ever be partially successful in achieving. What would a client look for in the financial system in order to hold it trustworthy? The underlying question to be addressed is to what extent laws and regulation are adequate in furthering ethical conduct and decision-making within the financial industry upon which trust rests. The focus is on the importance of ethical decision-making to uphold a client’s rights. The paper considers the role of ethics within financial institutions, and how codes of conduct encourage ethical behavior, explaining the nexus that often exists between a firm’s culture and a country’s tradition and ideologies. The last section discusses the role of ethics at the individual level, focusing on the conduct of the professionals working in the industry.

Incompleteness specifically refers to the fact that given any system of symbols, there will always be questions that can be formulated in that system that cannot be answered using just the symbols of that system. An example would be that if a person had a box of objects that person was holding, and an interrogator asked to show the objects in the box which cannot be shown. That would be a paradoxical question with no possible answer. Those sorts of questions can always be formulated, and this shows that there are some propositions that will be unresolvable no matter what the premises are of a system. So, if one wanted to judge an axiomatic system — as David Hilbert did at the turn of the last century — by whether it could have an answer for any question one could ask of it, then one will not be able to make that judgement of some system being more thoroughly 'complete' (able to answer questions asked of it) relative to another. Can, this, then can be applied to law and moral judgements? If one perceives law or morality as a propositional system then, yes, it would be applicable to moral judgements. Many pragmatists do not perceive law as such a propositional system, though. Some of the quotes I have collected refer to such pragmatists with that different approach. Morality cannot be approved and everything is subjective intent including law. So, in the same way that in the early 1900s Bertrand Russell’s attempts with mathematics were approved futile in Principia Mathematica. Are the philosophical foundations of law proved futile? How is Godel's incompleteness theorem as being a problem for morals? Nobody has "true" premises to go from? Therefore — it can be said — all our conclusions are subjective. Is this accurate?

Beginning on inauguration day, President Trump has attempted an executive repeal of the Affordable Care Act. In doing so, he has tested the limits of presidential power. He has challenged the force of institutional and non-institutional constraints. And, ironically, he has helped boost public support for the ACA’s central features. The first two sections of this article consider the uses of the President’s tools to advance and to subvert health reform. The final two sections consider the forces constraining the administration’s attempted executive repeal. I argue that the most important institutional constraint, thus far, is found in multifaceted actions by states – and not only blue states. I also highlight the force of public voices. Personal stories, public opinion, and 2018 election results – bolstered by presidential messaging – reflect growing support for government-grounded options and statutory coverage protections. Indeed, in a polarized time, “refine and revise” seems poised to supplant “repeal and replace” as the conservative focus countering liberal pressure for a common option grounded in Medicare.

When nobody would build a phone network for people in a rural Mexican village, they decided to go it alone.

Heterosexual men consistently overperceive women's sexual interest. Past studies have related overperception to individual and situational factors such as alcohol intoxication, but nobody has yet investigated personality factors that may contribute to sexual misperception. The present research takes a first step in that direction by examining the relation between attachment style and sexual misperception. Two studies revealed that men's romantic attachment anxiety and avoidance predicted the extent to which men estimated the sexual interest of a hypothetical woman in a nightclub scenario. Mediation analyses suggest that this is due to both motivated social perception and cognitive bias. Specifically, men's attachment anxiety predicts increased desire for intimacy, which predicts their hope that a woman will be sexually interested; consequently, men imagine themselves as more flirtatious in the scenario, which biases them toward imagining the woman as more flirtatious, too. A similar process occurred for attachment avoidance, but in the opposite direction.

International audience; A recurrent assumption is that marked grammatical configurations associate to pragmatic values that differentiate them from the default option in a category. How do we know whether a marked configuration indeed has a pragmatic value, and what the nature of that value is? An answer to these questions is proposed in this article by the analysis of the pragmatic value of negative doubling in four varieties of French. Whether the joint use of post-verbal negation with a n-word–illustrated by There wasn’t nobody meaning that nobody was there – is amenable to pragmatically-relevant contextual constraints is examined on the basis of real usage. The results demonstrate that negative doubling is characterised by a pragmatic value, that there is a need to distinguish two types of pragmatic values (activation and emphasis), and that the absence of a categorical pragmatic value is linked to the relatively higher frequency of the configuration in a variety.

The historian Eric Hobsbawm stated that ‘The safest empirical generalization about history is still that nobody heeds its obvious lessons much’. Whether at a macroeconomic level or within individual organisations there are numerous examples of this, such as the economic crash of 2008, the causes of which had many parallels with those that caused the great depression 80 years previously. On the other hand however, overly-relying on the past as a guide to the future has its own obvious dangers—not least that important future events may have no past precedent. As such, the present paper firstly provides a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of using the past as a guide to the future. It then examines the role of history in scenario work, arguing that history should receive greater emphasis as part of the scenario planning process. We suggest changes to the standard Intuitive Logics (IL) approach to scenario planning which would render learning from history a more central component of the scenario process, in contrast to its current peripheral role. Rather than diminishing scenario planning’s ability to facilitate a consideration of how the future may differ from the past, we show how a greater emphasis on history can enhance consideration of the causality of future change. An adapted IL that has more emphasis on historical analysis can augment scenario planning’s effectiveness as a tool for consideration of the future.