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A fundamental challenge for interorganizational innovation projects is employing diverse actors’ knowledge, expertise and perspectives for situation-specific demands of complex innovation. Innovation advancement is dependent on the degree to which knowledge is used and synthesized to address emerging and situation-specific demands of innovation. The goal of this study is to shed light on organizing for joint knowledge creation in a strategic interorganizational innovation project. Based on an inductive analysis of interview data from one strategic interorganizational innovation project, we identified the iterative process, self-organizing working groups and dynamic participation as practices through which the actors involved arranged and enacted their joint efforts, namely, knowledge creation and progress of innovation. This study contributes to research on managing strategic interorganizational projects by suggesting that organizing, which involves structural and informal organizing practices, supports managing strategic interorganizational projects where the diverse actors’ knowledge integration is at the core of the innovation project's goals. Post-print / Final draft

This paper investigates whether and how interfirm coopetition—the combination of cooperation and competition—affects collaborative innovation performance in competitive environments. We address this issue by introducing interfirm knowledge creation as a mediating mechanism based on knowledge creation theory and by examining the moderating effects of environmental competitiveness and dysfunctional competition. The hypotheses are tested using survey data from a sample of 170 Chinese high-tech firms. The results show that interfirm knowledge creation mediates the impact of interfirm coopetition on collaborative innovation performance. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the positive relationship between interfirm coopetition and interfirm knowledge creation is stronger under higher levels of environmental competitiveness but weaker under higher levels of dysfunctional competition. The positive relationship between interfirm knowledge creation and collaborative innovation performance is more evident under higher levels of environmental competitiveness. These findings enrich the interfirm coopetition literature, contribute to knowledge creation theory by extending it to the interfirm context, and provide a better understanding and useful advice for enterprise managers and government officials.

This study examines the effect of big data powered artificial intelligence on customer knowledge creation, user knowledge creation and external market knowledge creation to better understand its impact on B2B marketing rational decision making to influence firm performance. The theoretical model is grounded in Knowledge Management Theory (KMT) and the primary data was collected from B2B companies functioning in the South African mining industry. Findings point out that big data powered artificial intelligence and the path customer knowledge creation is significant. Secondly, big data powered artificial intelligence and the path user knowledge creation is significant. Thirdly, big data powered artificial intelligence and the path external market knowledge creation is significant. It was observed that customer knowledge creation, user knowledge creation and external market knowledge creation have significant effect on the B2B marketing-rational decision making. Finally, the path B2B marketing rational decision making has a significant effect on firm performance.

The research domains and solutions of information technology have been rapidly changed as information technology continuously and deeply deployed into our society. On the other hand, it can be considered that there are some common knowledge creation processes in information technology researches. In this paper, we propose a common research process on creating new researches which were extracted by retrospectively reengineering knowledge creation model of our Information Technology research papers that were conducted with my co-authors. The research creation model is applied and evaluated by our publications.

Because of its long experience with water scarcity, South Africa has built a highly active research and innovation capacity in the water sector, which is spearheaded by the Water Research Commission (WRC). As a result, South African scientists have been among the significant contributors to new knowledge creation in the water innovation domain, especially in water treatment technologies. This innovation dynamism has however not been translated into a large-scale harnessing of technological innovations to avert the looming threat of water shortage. This paper combines innovation diffusion theory with the technology maturation framework to explore the main factors that help explain the pace of innovation diffusion in the South African water sector. Data from key informant interview analysis as well as available secondary sources indicate that financing constraints and technical validation difficulties are among the main hurdles limiting the ability of innovators to scale up their inventions for commercialisation. Adoption costs and lack of municipal support budget are the most important factors that limit the ability of low income rural households to adopt water innovations. Policy measures to support diffusion strategies are necessary to ensure that innovators have the means to overcome the multiple diffusion obstacles that they are confronted with.

The understanding of knowledge creation in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is a rising issue in the academic debate and in the political agenda; still, there is a lack of a comprehensive theory despite the number of research published so far. This paper offers a novel theoretical framework for knowledge creation in SOEs by the study of innovation in SOEs from the perspective of the theory of the entrepreneurial firm and the theory of knowledge management, which together provide new insights that explain the factors that enable innovation in SOEs. These factors are managerial autonomy and government coordination. The theoretical development is important because considers SOEs as both firms and public entities, a double nature that combines the advantages of state-ownership and corporate governance. The theoretical contribution provides support to the increasing academic attention on the entrepreneurial state and the rise of SOEs as innovative actors.

The dynamics of knowledge processes represents a major research topic in management studies. The interpretation of the different tools and methods as enablers for knowledge creation has important implications for achieving innovation, namely in lean product development contexts. Previous researchers have classified the different tools and methods in lean product development using the Socialization–Externalization–Combination–Internalization (SECI) theoretical framework for knowledge management. The aim of this paper is to examine empirically how obeya is used to create knowledge and how it is possible to frame its adoption in the light of the SECI model. We explored this relationship using two obeya experiences at Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, within a project that was part of the development of a new longitudinal engine for the Alfa Romeo Giulia.

The current study examines the role of knowledge management (KM) in green innovation and corporate sustainable development (CSD) activities. The researcher collected data from lower, middle and upper-level managers of small, medium and large-sized manufacturing and services firms located in Pakistan. The data was analysed through structural equation modelling (SEM) to investigate how KM processes, namely knowledge creation, acquisition, sharing and application, impact on green technology and green management innovation and environment, social and economic aspects of sustainability. As per the results, KM significantly impacts on green innovation and CSD activities. Green innovation also indicated significant positive impact on CSD. The dimensional analysis indicated that with the exception of knowledge creation and acquisition, which indicated an insignificant impact on social sustainability, all the paths indicated significant results. Moreover, KM is found as equally important for all sizes manufacturing and services firms.

Building information modelling (BIM) teams, hereafter referred to as BIM-based construction networks, are teams whose possibly geographically dispersed members from various organisations and disciplines, perform project tasks on BIM-enabled projects. In recent years, BIM-based construction networks have progressively become the norm in executing BIM activities on projects. However, even though achieving BIM's full capabilities relies on effective collaboration among the team members in BIM-based construction networks, it is still a struggle for these members to collaborate. Nonetheless, only a few studies have been conducted to identify the barriers to strengthening team collaboration in BIM-based construction networks. To address this gap, the current study, by examining 73 journal articles on collaboration in BIM-based construction networks, builds upon a theoretical review of the literature. A conceptual model is presented to capture the main barriers to collaboration in BIM-based construction networks. The study benefits researchers as well as project managers. For researchers, the conceptual model provides an intermediate theory, namely, a theoretical basis to direct further knowledge creation attempts on the topic. In addition, the conceptual model supports project managers on BIM-enabled projects. That is, it simplifies the knowledge now available for practical applications enabling it to be translated into guidelines and practical instructions on real-life projects.

•Intellectual motivation influences the outcomes of academia–industry collaboration.•Collaborative experience of the academic influences the outcomes of collaboration.•Collaboration outcomes significantly improve research and teaching of the academic.•Improvement in research outweighs the improvement in teaching.•Collaboration outcomes lead to new networks of knowledge creation and utilization.

WOS: 000463765500005, A synthesis of existing Industry 4.0 literature depicts that knowledge management and decision making strategies are crucial factors for organizations. This article highlights the need and develops a framework for knowledge management and decision-making style by reviewing existing management literature. This research proposes a framework that supports the relationship between knowledge management enabling factors (i.e., organizational member's collaboration, T-shaped skills, learning and IT-support) and organizational performance, and the mediating effect of knowledge creation process. The article also propose that decision-making style (i.e., intuitive and/or rational) will moderate the relationship between knowledge creation process and organizational performance. A set of propositions that represent anempirically driven research agenda, and also describe the relationships between the focal variables are presented to enhance audience's understanding within a business context.

While Open Source Software (OSS) communities provide opportunities for knowledge creation, we have a limited understanding of how entrepreneurs leverage OSS communities for their entrepreneurial ventures. Using social capital theory in a mixed methods case study, we compare entrepreneur and non-entrepreneur behaviors to investigate how entrepreneurs build social capital within an OSS community. This study shows that entrepreneurs differentiate themselves from non-entrepreneurs by focusing on cognitive and relational capital building activities, which in return makes it possible for them to leverage their social capital to influence and shape the environment in which they are operating. Our findings suggest that entrepreneurs strategically select which activities within the community to expend their limited resources on (e.g., developing code over participating in email conversations) and build their social capital more through their actions than through their words (e.g., showing their commitment to the community through code commits, bug fixes, and documentation). Given the liabilities of newness and smallness as well as other challenges faced by entrepreneurs, applying an open innovation strategy in OSS communities could be one approach where entrepreneurs, by developing and freely revealing their intellectual property to the community, share their way to success via OSS-infused entrepreneurial business ventures.

Knowledge transfer plays a significant role in knowledge-driven teams. In this study, we built a knowledge transfer measurement model based on the graph theory, in which we also built an individuals’ correlated matrix. We devised a knowledge transfer solution algorithm and the optimal knowledge transfer path’s evaluation indexes and principles. And then, an experiment was conducted by a knowledge-driven team, from which the proposed model and algorithm have been confirmed. The results presented here may offer insight into reallocating the team’s resources and knowledge management effectively and efficiently.

The Middle East, as a region, contributes proportionally less to new knowledge generation than other parts of the world. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has sought to correct this imbalance through efforts to promote a knowledge-based economy and through educational investment. In light of these advances, significant challenges still remain in the promotion and production of high quality research in the social sciences, including business. The current monograph highlights the vital importance of such research to the social and economic development of the UAE. Reflecting on nearly a decade of conducting research in the UAE with varying degrees of success the authors highlight critical incidents, experiences and observations which serve to illustrate the challenges of new knowledge creation in the business and social sciences. Discussions focus on identifiable barriers to high quality research at both the micro and macro levels, within and outside the UAE, with specific recommendations on how such barriers can be overcome. JEL classification: J00, O10, O20, O30, Z10, Keywords: Research challenges, Middle East, Diseases of academic research

In this paper, we analyse the role that inter-agency and inter-business linkages have in the process of technological innovations in the forestry sector in Uruguay. We focus on what types of interaction prevail in the process of creating new knowledge and diffusing existing ones and what role different types of organizations have during this process. This paper offers new insights into the role that innovation in multinational firms has on knowledge creation and diffusion in developing countries as they interact with and reinforce weak sectoral innovation systems. Our findings indicate that multinational companies follow three main strategies to cope with the limitations of the local innovation system: cooperate among them, establish links with international research centres and, have a network of suppliers of technology. The spillovers to local agents are greater in case of networks established with the purpose of generate new knowledge.

Spanish Abstract: Los colombianos no hemos caido en cuenta que el pais tiene alrededor de veintiseis ciudades con mas de 200.000 habitantes y que esta es una condicion importante para poder competir plenamente como pais en medio de la globalizacion de los mercados. Se dice que las ciudades son un factor de crecimiento economico, movilidad social, concentracion y difusion de informacion y tambien una fuente de creacion de conocimiento. El modelo conocido como Crecimiento Convergente, que es en el fondo un postulado que propone la equidad, sugiere que bajo ciertas condiciones de apertura economica, las regiones que para nuestro caso son ciudades-region y tambien los pobres o menores ingresos familiares per capita, pueden crecer, incluso mas rapido que los llamados ricos. En este modelo, el nuevo papel de las ciudades intermedias del pais puede convertirlas en un factor de crecimiento a largo plazo, especialmente si logramos ciertos grados de economias de aglomeracion como los economistas han propuesto tan lejos en el tiempo, pero tan visionarias como Alfred Marshall y Paul Krugman. Las primeras economias de escala relacionadas con la aglomeracion de empresas, y la segunda nos informaron en su trabajo "Desarrollo, Geografia y Teoria Economica" que existen posibilidades teoricas esperanzadoras para dirigir nuestro futuro proceso de crecimiento y desarrollo en una ruta en la que los costes de transporte en las regiones si disminuyen, pueden generar rendimientos en la economia. English Abstract: We Colombians have not fallen into account that the country has about twenty-six cities with more than 200,000 inhabitants and that this is an important condition to be able to compete fully as a country in the midst of the globalization of markets. Cities are said to be a factor of economic growth, social mobility, concentration and dissemination of information and also a source of knowledge creation. The model known as Converged Growth, which is at heart a postulate that proposes equity, suggests that under certain conditions of economic openness, the regions that for our case are cities-region and also the poor or lower relative per capita income, can grow, even faster than so-called rich. In this model, the new role of the country's intermediate cities can make them a long-term growth factor, particularly if we achieve certain degrees of agglomeration economies as economists have proposed as far apart in time, but as visionary as Alfred Marshall and Paul Krugman. The first related economies of scale to the agglomeration of companies, and the second informed us in his work "Development, Geography and Economic Theory" that there are hopeful theoretical possibilities to direct our future process of growth and development on a route in which transport costs in the regions if decreasing, can generate yields in the economy.

This paper examines the joint effects of mobile phone technology, knowledge creation and diffusion on inclusive human development in 49 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. The empirical evidence is based on Tobit regressions for the period 2000–2012. The net effects of interactions between the mobile phone, knowledge creation and diffusion variables are positive indicating that the combined effects of these variables improve inclusive human development in SSA countries. Further analysis dividing the dataset into a number of fundamental characteristics based on economic, legal, religion and political stability associated with African economies show that mobile phone penetration and associated innovation in SSA improve inclusive human development irrespective of the country’s level of income, legal origins, religious orientation and the state of the nation. The pupil-teacher ratio exerts a negative influence on the outcome variable which is favourable for inclusive human development because higher ratios denote lower education quality since more pupils are accommodated by fewer teachers. The study contributes to innovation diffusion theory and economic development literature.

Intelligent manufacturing is driven by innovation, and it is also the facilitator and activator of innovation. Yang et al. (2020) find that intelligent manufacturing has a significant promoting effect on enterprise innovation, but the effect mechanism is still a black box to be opened. In terms of technology potential, intelligent manufacturing promotes enterprise innovation through digital-enabled knowledge absorptive capability, networked-enabled knowledge recombination capability, and intelligent-enabled knowledge creation capability, but this role cannot be separated from the support of organizational learning. In order to investigate the role of organizational learning in intelligent manufacturing and enterprise innovation, this study uses the public data of listed enterprises in China's manufacturing industry to conduct research using continuous time difference-in-differences method. The results show that intelligent manufacturing can promote both innovation input and innovation output of enterprises. Further mechanism research from the perspective of organizational learning, finds that intelligent manufacturing promotes organizational learning by improving organizational learning environment, learner quality and organizational learning investment, and thus promotes enterprise innovation.

We provide a simple proof of the convergence of the so-called alternating harmonic series. This suggests that the alternating harmonic series could be termed the more harmonious sibling of the harmonic series. As a byproduct of this proof (and the associated technique) we arrive at the convergence of a few other series related to Pi and other related results. We also provide a proof with actual numbers or a numerical illustration of the convergence of the series. Despite the simplicity of the proof (and our belief that these results are surely known), we were surprised that we could not find these results easily elsewhere indicating that an unintended consequence of the many advances in mathematics (and related knowledge creation) might be that some knowledge could either be getting lost or just becoming harder to find, which is the equivalent of getting lost in many cases.

English Abstract: This impact paper focuses on consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for higher education research and innovation and the entrepreneurship system. This impact paper shows through a bottom up approach, how this disruptive context calls for rethinking links between the components of this system while integrating new methods and approaches towards building a performant, impactful and sustainable national system of innovative entrepreneurship, consistent with the European strategy for innovation. French Abstract: Cet article explore les consequences de la pandemie de Covid-19 sur le systeme d'enseignement superieur, de la recherche, d'innovation et de l’entrepreneuriat innovant. Il explique a travers une approche ascendante, comment ce contexte perturbateur appelle a repenser les liens entre les composants de ce systeme tout en integrant de nouvelles methodes et d’approches pour developper un systeme national d'entrepreneuriat innovant performant impactant, durable et en coherence avec les objectifs europeens dans ce domaine.

While the enhanced connectivity between customers and hospitality brands via online platforms dramatically increases the potential for customer engagement in innovation processes, existing research has not focused on how to facilitate open innovation knowledge creation via customer engagement. The purpose of this research is to explore open innovation processes by examining the impact of customer empowerment and social recognition rewards on both open innovation engagement intentions and the creativity of proposed innovation ideas. Two scenario-based experimental studies and a field survey were conducted. The studies found that customer empowerment, mediated by intrinsic motivations, increased open innovation engagement intentions and also had a positive effect on the creativity of proposed innovation ideas. Social recognition rewards, as a form of extrinsic motivation, did not contribute to either open innovation engagement intentions or the creativity of innovation ideas. This empowerment-intrinsic motivational process for open innovation engagement was confirmed in a field survey.

In this paper we explore how the MNE subsidiary’s role internally within its corporation evolves through knowledge creation in accordance with an evolving external local knowledge network, and the extent to which the interwoven coevolving context matters for, and may be guided by the subsidiary. We conducted a qualitative investigation of purposely selected subsidiaries as case studies and longitudinally tracked the interwoven co-evolving contexts of their internal corporate role and external knowledge network. We show why role evolution may be differential and illustrate how competence-creating subsidiaries can balance and simultaneously manage the guided co-evolution of both contexts to advance their roles for knowledge creation. We develop a dynamic framework of subsidiary role evolution at the nexus of these interwoven co-evolving contexts. This advances theory on the dual embedded subsidiary as previous studies have predominantly been cross-sectional and static rather than evolutionary.

This article addresses the prospects for advanced biofuels in Canada by examining whether recommendations of two literatures for overcoming the unfavourable market conditions and policy uncertainty facing advanced biofuels are met in Canada. Our empirical analyses demonstrate the presence of conditions posited by the innovation policy literature. That is, Canadian governments provide financial support for biofuels research infrastructure and private R&D, invest in training highly qualified personnel, and support knowledge creation and mobilization across industry, academia and government. However, our analyses indicate deficiencies in the conditions posited by the policy network and governance literature for policy innovation. The Canadian state's policy analytical capacity, autonomy from industry, and coordination capabilities are low, as is the organizational development of industry actors. Consistent with the recommendations of the policy network and governance literature, we conclude that improving the prospects for the Canadian advanced biofuels sector requires the Canadian government augment its personnel, expertise and budgetary resources for advanced biofuels policymaking, and strengthen its interdepartmental and intergovernmental coordination mechanisms. Greater cooperation between the two organizations representing Canada's advanced biofuels sector is also recommended.

This paper presents a case study of a Swedish municipality, focusing on how local industry and local authorities, collaborating through industrial energy efficiency networks (IEENs), can increase the amount of realized energy efficient measures. The Swedish case discussed here has similarities to a German/Swiss organizational model with the purpose of supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in their implementation of energy efficient measures. Both models have a strong focus on knowledge creation through practice rather than on information sharing. The background, design, benefits, and drawbacks of the Swedish case model are discussed here through document studies and interviews with participants in the project. The Swedish model implies that by supporting knowledge creation in SMEs through a practice dimension, the amount of realized energy efficient measures can be increased. This model should therefore be recognized as an effective policy instrument for municipalities that are interested in supporting local industry. Another conclusion is that information sharing in networks must be complemented by the creation of situated local knowledge through practices. Finally, value, situated practical experience, trust, knowledge creation, and informal meetings are important factors that enabled the network to fully support SMEs in implementing energy efficient measures.

The management of information technologies facilitates knowledge creation. In the most competitive, complex, and turbulent environments, knowledge is the most important resource for firms and countries to develop. In such environments, organizations must use their knowledge to improve their competitive position. With the support of the Journal of Business Research, the 2017 Global Innovation and Knowledge Academy (GIKA) Conference is proud to announce a special issue on “Innovation, knowledge, judgment, and decision-making as virtuous cycles.” This special issue comprises outstanding contributions selected from papers that were presented at the 2017 GIKA Conference, held at ISEG Lisbon School of Economics and Management, Lisbon, Portugal, from June 28 to 30, 2017. This special issue contributes to research on strategic relationships between knowledge management processes, innovation, and decision-making. The initial submissions underwent double-blind peer review, with 34 articles accepted for publication in this special issue.

Knowledge Management is gaining momentum and organizations look towards knowledge management for improving the individual capacity of employees. Knowledge creation is a continual process and effective management and creation of new knowledge is an integral part of any organization. Organizations should provide an environment to nurture and create new knowledge. This paper explores the knowledge creation practices and how does it influence the work performance of employees. Research model has been developed to determine the impact of knowledge creation on work performance of employees and to understand which of four knowledge creating ‘ba's has a greater impact on work performance. The research revealed that of the four ‘ba's, dialoguing ba showed significant impact on work performance, thus illustrating that most of new knowledge created is mainly through dialogues and interaction among employees. The study further discusses how the organizations can develop the enabling context and conditions for creation new knowledge.

Knowledge creation is increasingly a collaborative process, but empirical studies provide conflicting evidence on whether the relation between knowledge creation and number of collaborators is positive, negative, or nonexistent. The simulation model developed in this paper offers a deeper formal theoretical understanding and analyzes the feedback between the processes of knowledge creation and network collaboration. The model is formed by two functions, one for the formation of the network and another for the creation of knowledge, that suffice to reproduce the three coevolution scenarios described in the empirical literature. Due to the feedback mechanisms between the two functions, changes in one of the parameters deeply affect the outcome of the model, both in the amount of knowledge produced and the structure of the resulting network, as well as in the relation between them. Analyses of collaborative knowledge creation would benefit from taking into account this feedback., The authors acknowledge funding by the Generalitat Valenciana (Project GV/2012/018). E.M. Tur's Ph.D research was supported by a CSIC JAE-PreDoc fellowship co-financed by the ESF.

This study examines the quantitative relationship between knowledge management, innovation, and performance. We aim to shed some light on the consequences of Knowledge Management (KM) activities on firm's innovation and performance. Organizations are unaware of real implications of KM. According to the literature review, we develop a research model showing a positive relationship between knowledge management, and performance as well as its impact on innovation, which in turn contributes to the firm's performance. Using data from 120 firms that are members of the Iranian Power Syndicate, this model was tested empirically. Based on the Structural Equation Model (SEM) results by Partial Least Square (PLS) method, research hypotheses were supported. Results show that KM activities impact innovation and organizational performance directly, and indirectly through an increase in innovation capability. It is found that knowledge creation, knowledge integration, and knowledge application facilitate innovation and performance. Knowledge creation has more significant effects on innovation speed, innovation quality, and innovation quantity, whereas innovation quality, knowledge creation, and knowledge integration has more significant effects on performance. Findings presented in this paper may help academics and managers in designing KM programs to achieve higher innovation, effectiveness, efficiency, and profitability.

This paper investigates how business incubators facilitate the international growth of start-up clients originating from emerging markets. Drawing key insights from a network perspective, we explore the processes by which business incubators create international linkages between the networks of knowledge creation and knowledge application. Our analysis of interviews and archival data on five Chinese high-tech business incubators reveals that clients-interface, market-interface, and knowledge recombination practices of the business incubators create international knowledge linkages, which in turn facilitate the international growth of their start-up clients. This role of incubators as knowledge intermediaries is achieved through several networking and learning mechanisms, including clustering and coaching of international clients, upstream and downstream networking in international markets, and client-market matchmaking internally. This study demonstrates business incubators as an efficient modality of internationalization for locally bound international knowledge and network scarce start-up clients.

The organisational mechanisms through which algorithms can be exploited in the process of converting data into relevant knowledge for operational decision-making have not yet been fully investigated from an absorptive capacity perspective. Previous studies underlined a rise in new digital specialised roles, but they said little about how the organisational knowledge and structures should be redesigned to take advantage of these data-rich operational environments. In this article, we present the findings of a case study on the way algorithms can be exploited in the electrical sector to shed light on these issues. We then develop a framework to theorise how the organisational mechanisms associated with absorptive capacity influence the way algorithms can be exploited to convert data into relevant knowledge for operational decision-making. Our emerging framework reveals that to convert data into relevant knowledge for operational decision-making, the involvement of line employees and liaison roles are required to introduce system-level knowledge that algorithms are able to capture less effectively. Additionally, more formalisation is needed in operational work to ensure the quality of the data that feed such algorithms. Finally, socialisation tactics facilitate the convergence between the knowledge produced from algorithms and the experiential knowledge of line employees.

We explore the linkage of specific sets of enablers for the knowledge-creation process (KCP) mobilized in innovative projects co-developed by biotech SMEs and the role of industrial clusters in easing the access to enablers. Two French and one Brazilian high-tech SMEs belonging to two biotechnological clusters were investigated. Deductive and inductive approaches were applied in a complementary manner. Findings revealed a larger set of enablers at the company's level than predicted in the literature. We identified two sets of KCP enablers at the cluster's level, classified as open access and restricted access, which are used for different purposes and simultaneously. These dynamics enabled the studied SMEs to improve their co-developed innovative projects in a more effective way. Data also revealed that the enablers that benefit SMEs are more likely provided by the cluster organisations.

In the 21st century, academic libraries continue their transition from warehouses of information to laboratories of knowledge creation. This case study examines the disconnect between the assessment by academic library users of what library resources and services are important and their lack of use of those resources and services. Focus group interviews with selected target populations explore differences based on level of study and discipline. The key finding is the importance of the library as place and what resources and services contribute to a library's sense of place.

This paper explores the formation of knowledge strategies in digitalization of healthcare organizations. Adopting a case study design, we investigate how divergent professional groups including the management team, healthcare professionals and IT engineers in a Chinese hospital come together to develop coherent knowledge strategies during its digital transformation. The findings reveal four phases by which the interplays between the professional groups shaped the knowledge strategies. We systematically analyze the drivers, formation processes and outcomes of the knowledge strategies. Based on the findings, we propose four lessons that may help professional organizations at different stages of digitalization structure knowledge strategies that can stimulate knowledge creation, application, and synthesis. The study advances the understanding of knowledge strategy by emphasizing the interactions between diversified professional groups and the integration of different types of knowledge in achieving organizational goals. It also sheds light on the complexity and dynamics of knowledge strategy in the digitalization process of knowledge-intensive organizations.

Efficient National Innovation Ecosystems (NIEs) create appropriate conditions for the generation of new knowledge, collaboration, and innovation, which are key determinants of countries’ economic growth and competitiveness in the era of a globalized, knowledge-based economy. Prior studies have therefore focused on measuring both the efficiency of NIEs and key attributes occurring within them. This has led to the assessment of countries in terms of their ability to effectively convert inputs into outputs and has provided a benchmark for less successful economies and their NIEs by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and its modifications. However, while these methods have measured the efficiency of individual economic entities, they do not show how to achieve this efficiency. Therefore, we propose a novel, hybrid two-step model combining DEA and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. This enables us to examine the relationships between all possible combinations of inputs and outputs within the NIEs of OECD countries and to identify configuration paths showing how to achieve effective outputs in terms of cooperation, knowledge creation, and innovation. We also show that countries could benefit from multiplication and crowding-in effects emerging from combinations of different R&D expenditures rather than from one financial source.

University ranking indexes are considered very useful benchmarking tools in comparing the performance of universities around the world. Being placed in these prestigious indexes provides a strong advertisement for a university and helps them to attract high-quality students and academicians all over the world. However, there are some important deficiencies of university ranking indexes such as taking into account the whole university as a single unit without differentiating according to different fields of study or research, being limited to some well-known universities, and not considering institutional characteristics such as size or age. This study aims to explore the leading global university rankings to determine the similarities and differences in terms of their ranking criteria, main indicators, modeling choices, and the effects of these on the rankings. Designating the Times Higher Education World Rankings as the base ranking, a comprehensive comparison of the positions of the top universities of the base index with the matched positions of the same universities under other leading indexes including ARWU, QS, Leiden, and URAP is given. Correlations highlight the significant differences among some indexes even in measuring the same criterion such as teaching or research.

Drawing on the literature on joint venture learning, we propose that a parent company’s investment in joint ventures (JVs) is central to understanding knowledge learning and the firm’s consequent performance. This study suggests that there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between the number of JV investments and knowledge creation. Moreover, a parent company’s absorbed slack, unabsorbed slack and experience with JVs suppress the negative effects of higher JV investments on knowledge creation. Poisson, negative binomial and generalized two-stage least squares regressions are used to test the hypotheses in a panel data of 2734 firm-year cases. The findings support our predictions.

The quantum jump from ballistic missiles to space docking in recent decades symbolizes China's new product innovation potential in technologically complex industries. Drawing on theories of knowledge creation and discourse, we explore how the discursive practices of imitation, adaptation, and the reconfiguration of competitors' technologies help transform China from a duplicative assembler to a dynamic innovator in the global space industry. To this end, we argue that the processes of imitative knowledge-creation through oral, written, and gestural texts underpin China's new product innovation in the space industry. This innovation mechanism adopted by China, we found, involves discursively constructed ensembles of in-house knowledge generation for specialization in the production of space related products in context of high complexity and uncertainty. Discourse among sanctioned innovation actors in the industry, we argue, serve as a vital source of knowledge for integrating learning, strategic assets, and expertise to meeting the evolving needs of sole end-users. We conclude with some implication of our study to the theory and practice of imitability and transferability of knowledge and innovation in technologically complex industries.

Globally, increasing numbers of people face the challenge of enjoying life while living with long-term illness. Little research addresses leisure participation for people with chronic illness despite its links with mental and physical health and self-rated quality of life. I use a space-time geographical approach to explore experiences with leisure in everyday life for 26 individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Australia. I examine ways in which the spatial and temporal characteristics of illness management and symptoms shape where, when, and how participants can enjoy leisure, focusing on: 1) logistical conflicts between illness and leisure; 2) rhythmic interferences with the force of habit in skilful leisure performance; and 3) absorbing experiences of encounter with self and place through leisure. Data were collected from 2013 to 2014. Participants kept diaries over two sample days and then participated in semi-structured interviews. Findings show that the voluntary nature of leisure offered participants important benefits in coping with and managing illness over the long-term, including opportunities to experience greater sense of control, an alternative experience of one's body to the 'sick body', and knowledge creation that supports adaptation to the uncertainties of illness trajectories. The ability to engage in meaningful leisure was constrained by the shaping forces of illness symptoms and management on participants' leisure-scapes. Illness treatment regimens should therefore be adapted to better accommodate leisure participation for chronically ill patients, and leisure should be explicitly incorporated into illness management plans negotiated between patients and health practitioners. Finally, greater understanding of the transformative capacity of habit in activities of experimentation and play may have wider-reaching implications for leisure's potential applications in public health. Leisure should be taken seriously as a vehicle for enhancing wellbeing and adaptation to life with long-term illness.

Mobility at the destination is an important element of the tourism system on islands. Tourists have mobility needs that are often met by trains, buses, taxis and other means of transport there. The competitiveness of the taxi industry can be strategic for destinations because it is an industry with a traditional high proportion of entrepreneurs and SMEs. The knowledge-based view has contributed to understand firm performance better, and knowledge-based factors can be crucial for taxi competitiveness. The impact of taxi drivers' knowledgebased- aspects on tips are analysed, since this last factor is an interesting proxy for competitiveness due to its link to tourist satisfaction and potential loyalty. The empirical approach of this work is based on a survey in Gran Canaria, Spain. Knowledge of foreign languages (with mixed results), driving knowledge and knowledge creation seem to exert a significance influence on tips and play a relevant role in taxi competitiveness.

Most innovation builds closely on existing knowledge and technology, delivering incremental advances on existing ideas, products, and processes. Sometimes, however, inventors make discoveries that seem very distant from what is known and well understood. How do individuals and firms explore such uncharted technological terrain? This paper extends research on knowledge networks and innovation to propose three main processes of knowledge creation that are more likely to result in discoveries that are distant from existing inventions: long search paths, scientific reasoning, and distant recombination. We explore these processes with a combination of a large and unique dataset on outlier patents filed at the US Patent and Trademark Office and interviews with inventors of outlier patents. Our exploratory analysis suggests that there are significant differences in the inventor teams, assignees, and search processes that result in outlier patents. These results have important implications for managers that wish to encourage more exploratory search for breakthrough innovation.

Growth in collaborative research raises challenges for those tasked with research evaluation, particularly in situations where outcomes are slow to emerge. This article presents the ‘Diversity Approach to Research Evaluation’ (DARE) as a novel way to assess how researchers, engaged in knowledge creation and application, work together as teams. DARE provides two important insights: Firstly it reveals the differences in background and experience between individual team members that can make research collaboration both valuable and challenging; secondly, DARE provides early insights into how these teams are working together. DARE achieves these insights by analysing team diversity and cohesiveness in five dimensions, building on Boschma’s multidimensional concept of proximity. The method we propose combines narratives, maps, and indicators and is broadly applicable to the study of research collaboration. The article introduces the DARE method and pilots a proof-of-concept operationalisation through the study of two grant-funded biomedical research projects led by researchers in the UK. Suggestions for further development of the approach are discussed.

Agile development method has attracted widespread corporate and academic attention as the limitations of traditional software development method become apparent. Similarly focusing on inductive knowledge creation, grounded theory method has achieved seminal status in social science. But there is no attempt so far to identify synergies between these two popular methodologies of diverse fields, so that social science researchers can benefit by using principles and practices of agile methodology. This paper identifies the similarities between these two methods in terms of the underlying philosophy as well as important practices. Focusing on these similarities, multiple recommendations regarding enriching grounded theory method with components of agile methodologies were made. The paper serves as an initial work on an important emerging methodology debate, which need to be further explored, enhanced and detailed.

French Abstract: La Gestion en tant que science ne cesse de susciter maints debats dans le milieu managerial et parmi les philosophes. Premiere interrogation : est-ce que la gestion est une science ? La reponse est ambigue car une science doit necessairement adopter la demarche scientifique. Pour les ‘’sciences’’ de gestion on parle souvent d’induction, d’abduction et de demarches hypothetico - deductives. Or pareilles procedures sont-elles vraiment creatrices de savoir en Gestion ? La reponse est encore une fois ambigue. De fait, le processus de creation du savoir implique qu’une hypothese peut se transformer en theorie ; la theorie ensuite peut se transformer en loi. La loi est une relation, constante, dans le temps, entre des phenomenes, et cette loi peut etre utilisee pour des previsions. Le probleme des sciences de gestion provient de ce que l’objet d’etude est l’Homme agissant dans une organisation mise en place par les Hommes. Or peut-on, dans ce contexte, avoir une constance du comportement humain dans le temps ? Peut-on se baser sur les pratiques courantes pour estimer les interactions futures ? L’article essaye de faire le point sur ces questions pour eclairer les debats. English Abstract: Management as Science has (and continues to do) sparked a number of debates in academic and philosophical circles. First question: is management a science? The answer can be mixed because a science must a priori adopt the scientific approach. For management '' Science '' we speak of Induction, Abduction and hypothetico – deductive reasoning. Are these approaches really reliable sources of knowledge creation in Management? The answer is again mixed. For the process of creation of knowledge is that a hypothesis can be transformed into theory; the theory can then become law. The law is a relation, constant in time, between phenomena, and this law can be used for predictions. The problem of management '' Science '' is that the object of study is Human being (or Organizations and practices put in place by Human beings). Can we have a constancy of behavior over time? Can current practices be used to estimate future interactions? The article tries to put these debates back on the agenda and perhaps come out with more definite conclusions.

To better understand and apply knowledge reuse through knowledge flow when radical innovation is expected, we select an extremely important reuse knowledge industry, i.e., academic research field, and adopt the “spatiotemporal” perspective to analyze the principles and processes of knowledge reuse. We have divided knowledge reuse into four stages, namely, knowledge search, knowledge evaluation, knowledge recombination, and knowledge creation, thereby developing a knowledge reuse mechanism model centered on these stages. This study differs from the previous ones primarily in our adoption of the new perspective in knowledge management research, and dynamically analyze knowledge reuse in the context of knowledge flow.

Roughly equal in terms of the economic value of transactions, B2B (Business-to-Business) marketing sees a small fraction of the academic research attention that B2C (Business-to-Consumer) marketing sees. In this article, I cite some of the reasons for that imbalance. I then highlight three specific areas—B2B Innovation, B2B Buying and B2B Analytics—that have great potential for yielding academically significant research contributions that meet the needs of practitioners. In each area, I sketch the state of knowledge and then identify a few research questions. I then highlight a number of other areas of B2B that offer high potential. Next, I comment on the importance of crafting B2B academic research that is both rigorous and relevant and what we as a profession might do to encourage more such work. I then offer a few thoughts about how to increase the participation of practitioners in the B2B knowledge creation process.

Exploring students' epistemic views is important as it should help to better understand how they acquire and work with knowledge. This case study investigated how college students' epistemic views relate to their collaborative inquiry activities in an online knowledge-building environment. Findings based on a mixed-method analysis on students' online discourse and open-ended survey questions suggested that students' knowledge-building activities were positively related to the development of their epistemic views. In particular, when students were able to engage in more productive and effective group inquiry activities, they were more likely to develop a more sophisticated epistemic view that was conducive to sustained idea improvement for advancing knowledge. The study has implications for understanding how students’ views on the nature of knowledge creation and the manner in which collaborative inquiry is conducted in an online environment affect each other.

Organizations are built around teams as a way to better manage complex work, such as technological projects. However, complex teamwork presents challenges that can often generate positive and negative emotions, as well as demand efforts to generate new knowledge. We examine whether and how the capacity of technological product development teams to constructively express negative emotions facilitates knowledge creation capabilities and thereby enhances project outcomes. Results indicate that with greater capacity for constructively expressing negative emotions, teams enhance their capability to access crucial knowledge and exchange and integrate that knowledge in ways that enhance both project performance outcomes and project budget adherence. In so doing, we hope to open up new avenues for research on how expressing negative emotions in project teams can help in building knowledge creation capabilities and drive multiple performance outcomes.

Prior research suggests that entrepreneurial orientation (EO) confers discretion in manipulating resources to create value, but the research lacks empirical evidence from interorganizational relationships and especially strategic alliances. The authors establish a parsimonious model that links alliance-partnering firms' EO to their performance through two knowledge management practices: knowledge acquisition from partners and knowledge creation within organizational boundaries. To further understand how interpartner co-opetition conditions entrepreneurial learning processes, the authors also examine the moderating effects of knowledge-leakage risk on the EO–knowledge management relationships. Data collected from 205 Chinese firms engaged in strategic alliances generally support the theoretical predictions and associated hypotheses.

This chapter compares and contrasts the effects of two knowledge repositories, routines and transactive memory systems (TMSs), on knowledge creation, coordination, retention and transfer. We provide overviews of research on the two knowledge repositories, with particular attention to how they form and change. We then discuss the relationship between routines and TMSs. We also compare and contrast routines and TMSs in terms of their capabilities to promote knowledge creation, coordination, retention and transfer in organizations. Routines can transfer across organizations, and they are resilient to member turnover. Although routines can be a source of inertia, they can also enable change. TMSs are susceptible to member turnover and are not easily transferred to other organizations. TMSs promote innovation and are particularly valuable under conditions of uncertainty. We argue that TMSs and routines are reciprocally related. Routines can seed TMSs and TMSs can crystalize into routines. We hope that our chapter stimulates future research on the interrelationship between routines and TMSs and their effects on knowledge creation, coordination, retention, and transfer in organizations.

To better understand the mechanisms by which a scientist influences the knowledge creation of other scientists, we investigate the distinct role of a scientific celebrity who gains celebrity status from his outstanding scientific achievement and intense public attention. Using the case of a South Korean stem cell biologist, we find that a scientific celebrity helps to attract aspiring scientists into his field and to enhance government funding in related research, thereby contributing to the knowledge production of other scientists in the field. These positive influences persist for an extended period of time despite sudden shifts in the celebrity's status.