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ResumenAntecedentesEl desarrollo y aplicación de imágenes tridimensionales en cirugía laparoscópica ha brindado los beneficios de la percepción de profundidad, de la que la laparoscopia tradicional carecía. Existen estudios al respecto en poblaciones con experiencia quirúrgica previa y para limitar este sesgo de selección realizamos este estudio en población sin experiencia previa.Material y métodosEstudio experimental, abierto, transversal y comparativo en el que se evaluaron los logros obtenidos con un equipo 2D de cirugía laparoscópica y un equipo 3D, siendo cada sujeto su propio control. Se evaluaron 6 destrezas realizadas en 2D y 3D.ResultadosSe incluyó a un total de 40 participantes, de los cuales 20 comenzaron los ejercicios en 2D y 20 en 3D. En el 72%, de 118 destrezas se mejoró el tiempo de realización con 3D, contra solo 37% en 2D (p=0.000). El porcentaje al final de los ejercicios en el grupo de 3D tanto en el primero como en el segundo ejercicio fue mayor de manera estadísticamente significativa y se observaron menores tiempos al realizar los ejercicios en 3D. Un 52.5% de los participantes prefirieron el equipo 3D, el 15% el 2D y el 32.5% no tuvieron preferencia por ninguno.DiscusiónComo se ha encontrado en diversos estudios, existió mejoría en el desempeño en el grupo 3D. Al ser población sin experiencia quirúrgica previa, se elimina este sesgo del estudio.ConclusionesLa realización de destrezas laparoscópicas en 3D mostró ventajas en comparación con 2D, con mayor porcentaje de finalización, menores tiempos para realizarlas y menor curva de aprendizaje.AbstractBackgroundThe development and application of 3D images in laparoscopic surgery has brought the benefit of in-depth perception that traditional laparoscopic surgery lacked. Previous studies in surgical populations have demonstrated the advantages of 3D technology. To limit bias of the previous experiences of participants, this study was performed in a population without any experience in this area.Material and methodsAn experimental, open, cross-sectional, comparative study between surgical skills achievements using 2D and a 3D laparoscopy equipment, using each subject as their own control. Six skills were evaluated in 2D and 3D modalities.ResultsOf the 40 participants included, 20 began the skills in the 2D modality and then performed them in 3D, and the other 20 began in 3D. Of the 118 skills evaluated there was a time improvement in 72% in the 3D group compared to 37% in the 2D modality (P=.000). The accomplishment percentage using the 3D laparoscopy was greater for both groups. There was a statistically significant difference in the better time for the 3D performed tasks. Just over half (52.5%) of participants preferred 3D laparoscopy, 15% preferred 2D, and 32.5% had no preferences.DiscussionAs other studies have demonstrated, there was improvement in the overall performance using the 3D laparoscope. Bias was limited by using a population without surgical experience.Conclusions3D laparoscopic surgical skills showed superior to 2D, with higher percentages of tasks completion, less time in performing them, and a shorter learning curve.

Background: Peroral endoscopic myotomy has recently been developed and performed on patients with good results. Aims: To evaluate the technical feasibility of peroral endoscopic full-thickness and partial thickness myotomy in a porcine model. Material and methods: Eighteen criollo pigs were randomly assigned to 2 groups: group A (partial-thickness myotomy) and group B (full-thickness myotomy). The mucosal defect proximal to the myotomy site was left open. On the seventh postoperative day the pig was euthanized and follow-up surgical exploration was performed. The duration of each procedure, postoperative progression of the animal, complications, and anatomopathologic findings were registered. Results: The procedure was viable in all the pigs. The mean surgery duration was 81 ± 35.3 min (group A 51.11 ± 11.12, group B 111 ± 22.61; P

ResumenAntecedentesRecientemente la miotomía endoscópica por vía oral ha sido desarrollada y realizada en pacientes, con buenos resultados.ObjetivoEvaluar la factibilidad técnica de la miotomía endoscópica por vía oral de espesor total y parcial en un modelo porcino.Material y métodosDieciocho cerdos criollos se asignaron al azar a 2 grupos: grupo A (miotomía de espesor parcial) y grupo B (miotomía de espesor total). El defecto mucoso proximal al sitio de la miotomía se dejó abierto. Al séptimo día el cerdo fue sacrificado, realizándose exploración quirúrgica de seguimiento. Se registró el tiempo de cada procedimiento, la evolución del animal en el postoperatorio, la presencia de complicaciones y los hallazgos anatomopatológicos.ResultadosEl procedimiento fue factible en todos los cerdos. El tiempo promedio fue de 81±35.3min (grupo A 51.11±11.12, grupo B 111±22.61; P

We have recently provided evidence that Texas feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV-TX) isolates are an emerging subtype sharing a common ancestry with clade B isolates. Specific, pathogen-free cats were infected, intravenously, with 500, 2000 or 8000 TCID 50 of the FIV-TX53 virus to study the acute stage of infection. Infection of cats resulted in lymphadenopathy at 10 days post-infection (p.i.). By 7 weeks p.i., gag specific antibody could be detected from sera of all infected cats. Virus could be detected by culturing PBMC and by nested capsid PCR. A reduction in the absolute numbers of lymphocytes and neutrophils was observed in infected cats although there was no trend identified between this reduction and the viral dose administered. By 11 weeks p.i., the CD4 + /CD8 + T cell ratios from all infected cats had dropped from approximately 2 to below 1. While decrease in the ratio was dependent on the viral dose, the T cell ratios of cats receiving the highest dose had significantly dropped below 1 by 4–7 weeks p.i. This decrease in the ratio was accompanied by a sharp and temporal decline in the absolute CD4 + T cells and a slight increase in the absolute CD8 + T cell numbers with a dramatic expansion of cells with CD8β low chain expression.

In the present study, an outbreak of proliferative dermatitis in musk ox (Ovibos moschatus), Sichuan takin (Budorcas taxicolor tibetana) and domestic Shetland sheep (Ovis aries) in a zoo is described. Skin lesions consisted of severe, persistent, multifocal, proliferative dermatitis in musk ox, and mild, transient, focal, dermatitis in the Sichuan takin and Shetland sheep. Parapoxviruses were isolated from skin lesions, and characterized by restriction enzyme analysis and partial gene sequencing. The results of this investigation indicate that the outbreak of proliferative dermatitis was due to infection by a single parapoxvirus, which is genetically closely related to other orf virus (ORFV) strains but distant to bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and pseudocowpox virus (PCPV).

The characterization of an orf virus (OV) isolated from skin lesions of a goat kid with severe, persistent, proliferative dermatitis, and designated orf virus-San Angelo 2000 (OV-SA00) strain, is described. The identity of OV-SA00 was confirmed by a combination of methods, including electron microscopy, amplification of specific fragments of viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction, restriction enzyme analysis of viral DNA and gene sequencing. Restriction endonuclease analyses of viral DNA and the protein profile studied by Western blot revealed differences between OV-SA00 strain and the profiles of other OV strains that have been published. The restriction enzyme profile of OV-SA00 was also different from the orf virus vaccine (OV-V) strain used to vaccinate this kid. Comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences indicated that OV-SA00 is closely related to OV-V strain, the Scottish OV strains orf11 and MRI Scab, and the human OV-CE/Shoe strain and more distant to bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) reference strain and the pseudocowpox virus (PCPV)-MNV/Till strain. These results indicate that OV-SA00 is a strain of OV rather than a different parapoxvirus. Further studies are necessary to determine if the severity of orf-induced lesions in this goat kid was the result of individual host susceptibility factors.

Lentiviruses, a genus of retroviruses, include the agents that cause ovine progressive pneumonia or maedi. Infection is characterized by long incubation periods and insidious, slowly progressive clinical courses resulting in chronic degenerative diseases. The ovine lentiviruses are widespread among sheep in North America, yet their significance to livestock production is currently not well defined. Lentiviruses persist and replicate in the presence of host specific immune responses and cause immune-mediated lesions in several organ systems. Due to this unusual relationship with their host, the diagnosis, control and treatment of these infections is difficult and expensive. Scientific studies on the biology of ovine lentiviruses (OvLV) and their complex relationship with the host are yielding new approaches to the detection of infected animals and methods for study of the epizootiology and control of OvLV-related diseases. We summarize some of the known biological properties of the virus, spectrum of clinical features of the diseases, current concepts of disease pathogenesis, economic importance, and strategies used to diagnose and control OvLV infections.

Recombinant major core protein p25 (rP25) and transmembrane protein gp40 (rTM) of the ovine lentivirus (OLV) were used as immobilized antigens in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of antibodies against caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV). The sensitivity and specificity of these assays were compared with an agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test and a whole-virus ELISA. The results showed that the rTM ELISA was more effective than rP25 ELISA or AGID test in identifying CAEV antibodies in goat populations. The rTM ELISA had similar sensitivity and specificity as the whole-virus ELISA, with an overall concordance of 87.5%. When data for rP25 and rTM were combined, the overall test agreement between whole-virus ELISA and combined recombinant ELISAs increased to 89.3%. The high quantity and purity characteristic of recombinant proteins should make them suitable as routine diagnostic antigens for CAEV and OLV serology.