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Background Vaccination and single-dose rifampin are the main proven effective intervention types for preventing leprosy among contacts of Mycobacterium leprae endemic areas. Currently, no high-quality evidence is available regarding the best prophylactic intervention. Objectives Our primary study aim is to detect the most effective prophylactic intervention for the prevention of leprosy. Methods In May 2019, 12 databases were searched systematically. Updated search terms were developed in March 2020 to complete an updated search. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the different types of chemoprophylactic and immunoprophylactic interventions in leprosy prevention were included. Our participants were contacts of patients with leprosy or people residing in leprosy endemic communities. We searched for different types of chemoprophylactic and immunoprophylactic interventions used in leprosy prevention. We used network meta-analysis and meta-analysis. Quality assessment was performed using Cochrane Risk of Bias for included RCTs, in which all included RCTs were rated to be low to moderate risk. We registered our protocol in Prospero with ID CRD42019143207. Results Among 11 included studies (326 264 patients) from original and updated search terms, eight were eligible for network meta-analysis (NMA) while four were eligible for MA. Findings suggest that Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccination was the most effective intervention compared to placebo (risk ratios (RRs) 0.49 (0.30, 0.80), p 0.77), followed by combined BCG vaccination and single-dose rifampicin (SDR) with similarly low values (RR 48%, p 0.77). BCG revaccination was the least effective intervention compared to placebo (RR 1.08 (0.36, 3.22), p 0.26). Conclusion Compared to placebo, the BCG vaccine was the most effective prophylactic intervention. The combination of BCG vaccination + SDR had nearly the same efficacy as BCG vaccination alone, while BCG revaccination was the least effective. Thus, vaccination proved to be a more effective treatment than SDR alone. A well-designed multicenter RCT is warranted to evaluate the safety of these vaccines.

Islam is the fastest growing religion in the world. The Muslim population increases as Islam spreads around the world, which leads to an increasing demand for Islamic buildings such as mosques and Islamic centres. Mosques play an important role in Islam and Muslim life. In several countries, in particular, the Western mosques are seen as a newcomer whose building type is both unique and foreign to local people who are unaccustomed to the visual expression of Islam in the West.The mosque is one of the most visual expressions of global Muslim religious identity in non-Muslim context. The significant numbers of countries have a lot of different architecture styles of their Islamic buildings. Each mosque has its own individual touch. The most important factors behind this variation in form and styles can be divided into nature impacts as (local materials and environment), followed by man-made impacts by (Muslim immigrants, colonialism, funding, and laws, culture, and traditions).The study aims to examine each factor and their influences on the architecture of mosques and Islamic centers in non-Muslim context through analysis and a comparison of a number of examples. Keywords: Mosques, Islamic centers, Colonialism, Immigrants

The aim of this study was to evaluate the main and interaction effects of mass knowledge and mass magnitude on trunk muscular activity and lumbosacral kinematics. Eighteen participants performed symmetric box lifts of three different mass magnitudes (1.1 kg, 5 kg, 15 kg) under known and unknown mass knowledge conditions. Outcome measures were normalized peak electromyography of four trunk muscles in addition to three dimensional lumbosacral angles and acceleration. The results indicated that three out of four muscles exhibited significantly greater activity when handling unknown masses (p.05). Meanwhile, only sagittal angular acceleration was significantly higher when handling unknown masses (115.6 ± 42.7°/s(2)) compared to known masses (109.3 ± 31.5°/s(2)). Similarly, the mass magnitude and mass knowledge interaction significantly impacted the same muscles along with the sagittal lumbosacral angle and angular acceleration (p.05) with the greatest difference between knowledge conditions being consistently occurring under the 1.1 kg mass magnitude condition. Thus, under these conditions, it was concluded that mass magnitude has more impact than mass knowledge. However, handling objects of unknown mass magnitude could be hazardous, particularly when lifting light masses, in that they can increase mechanical burden on the lumbosacral spine due to increased muscular exertion and acceleration.

The semantic web services (SWSs) discovery is the process of finding a service that can possibly satisfy the user requirements, choosing between several services, and composing services to form a single service. The matchmaking between the user request and SWSs is the main task of any SWSs discovery mechanism. In this paper, a semantic distance-based matchmaking algorithm (SDMA) is introduced. The idea behind SDMA is to use the measurement of the semantic distance between the user request and the tested service as an indicator of the degree of relevance between them. In addition to many proposals, a new concepts tree is proposed to perform the process of computing the semantic distance between two concepts. SDMA bases on many concept-to-concept semantic distance measures that are modified and adapted. A deep evaluation process is performed to validate the great impact of using semantic distance measures in the field of SWSs matchmaking.