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To investigate the multi-scale structural changes and digestibility of parboiled rice, the side chain distribution, helical structure, short/long-range ordered structure, and lamellar structure were systematically characterized and an in vivo postprandial blood glucose test was applied. The results indicate that parboiling has little effect on the side chain distribution, double helix content and helical structure order of parboiled rice. The crystal type of rice starch changed from type A to A + V or B + V after parboiling and the relative crystallinity decreased from 30.45 % to a minimum of 6.87 %. The in vivo study also indicated that parboiling significantly reduces the glycaemic index of rice to medium level. Our work is the first to focus on the parboiling conditions, multi-scale structural changes and in vivo digestibility of parboiled rice, which might provide guidance for the design of less digestible parboiled rice in the future.

In this paper we introduce a kind of Bergman space A φ p on the unit disk D with exponential weights, which cover those defined by Borichev et al. (2007) [6] . We obtain upper and lower bound estimates on the Bergman kernel. As an application, we discuss the Bergman projection and duality.

For $0, Comment: 23 Pages

Tropospheric CO2 concentrations were remarkably increasing, especially since the Industrial Revolution. The CO2 fertilization technology was increasingly used in greenhouse agriculture cultivation because of its benefit to crop quality and yield. But, as a consequence of elevated CO2, the plant-pathogen interactions in natural or agricultural ecosystems have large potential to be affected. So far, the effects of elevated CO2 on plant defense against pathogen are complicated and the underlying mechanism remained poorly understood. Here, using tomato plants, we found that elevated CO2 significantly suppressed the plant defense against necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea, which is accompanied by the disturbed homeostasis between defense-related salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid- (JA-) signaling. But, exogenous application of bacterial secreta N-decanoyl-homoserine lactone (DHL) drastically rescued B. cinerea disease susceptibility under elevated CO2 condition. Moreover, JA biosynthesis mutant spr2 and JA signaling gene-silenced plants blocked DHL-induced plant defense under elevated CO2 condition, which suggested JA signaling was indispensable to the alleviated effect of DHL on plant susceptibility to B. cinerea under elevated CO2 condition. Overall, this information will be benefit to manipulate DHL as an attractive disease management strategy in agriculture cultivation under changing CO2 conditions.

We define an extended Cesàro operator Tg with holomorphic symbol g in the unit ball B of Cn. For a large class of weights w we characterize those g for which Tg is bounded (or compact) from Bergman space Lpa,w(B) to Lqa,w(B), 0

The paper defines an extended Cesaro operator Tg with holomorphic symbol g in the unit ball B of Cn as T g ( f ) ( z ) = ∫ 0 1 f ( t z ) ℜ g ( t z ) d t t , f ∈ H ( B ) , z ∈ B . Where ℜ g ( z ) = ∑ z j ∂ g ∂ z j is the radial derivative of g. In this paper, the author characterizes g for which Tg is bounded (or compact) on the Bloch space B and the little Bloch space B0.