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Whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) is an essential technique for methylome studies. Although a series of tools have been developed to overcome the mapping challenges caused by bisulfite treatment, the latest available tools have not been evaluated on the performance of reads mapping as well as on biological insights in multiple mammals. Herein, based on the real and simulated WGBS data of 14.77 billion reads, we undertook 936 mappings to benchmark and evaluate 14 wildly utilized alignment algorithms from reads mapping to biological interpretation in humans, cattle and pigs: Bwa-meth, BSBolt, BSMAP, Walt, Abismal, Batmeth2, Hisat_3n, Hisat_3n_repeat, Bismark-bwt2-e2e, Bismark-his2, BSSeeker2-bwt, BSSeeker2-soap2, BSSeeker2-bwt2-e2e and BSSeeker2-bwt2-local. Specifically, Bwa-meth, BSBolt, BSMAP, Bismark-bwt2-e2e and Walt exhibited higher uniquely mapped reads, mapped precision, recall and F1 score than other nine alignment algorithms, and the influences of distinct alignment algorithms on the methylomes varied considerably at the numbers and methylation levels of CpG sites, the calling of differentially methylated CpGs (DMCs) and regions (DMRs). Moreover, we reported that BSMAP showed the highest accuracy at the detection of CpG coordinates and methylation levels, the calling of DMCs, DMRs, DMR-related genes and signaling pathways. These results suggested that careful selection of algorithms to profile the genome-wide DNA methylation is required, and our works provided investigators with useful information on the choice of alignment algorithms to effectively improve the DNA methylation detection accuracy in mammals.

Copper films with a thickness of 220 nm were deposited onto polyester fabrics by magnetron sputtering technology. To improve the stability of copper films in synthetic perspiration, the Cu-coated fabric was treated by a solution of Benzotriazole (BTA). Finishing agents with 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 g/L concentrations were applied on Cu-coated fabrics by a method of impregnation. The surface morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI-SE) and the electrical conductivity were measured to characterize the degree of damage to the copper film, respectively. In addition, the ultraviolet (UV) absorption of the fabrics treated with differ rent concentrations of BTA was investigated. The results show that the protective ability of BTA on copper film in synthetic perspiration improved with the increase of its concentration; and the copper film treated with the BTA concentration of 1 g/L presented good stability, which the sheet resistance value was 1.15 Ω/sq, and the average of EMI-SE value was 35 dB. However, when the BTA concentration is higher than 1 g/L, both the EMI-SE and conductivity were reduced. The BTA treatment improved the stability of Cu-coated fabrics in synthetic perspiration, which can help enlarge the application area of Cu-coated fabrics.

Understanding the co-occurrence of multiple ecosystem services within farming systems and how they are associated across space are relatively new topics. Quantifying ecosystem services and their interactions as dependent on cropland management can help to formulate a more effective and sustainable land use management system. However, current academic efforts and cropland management practices based on the perspective of ecosystem services bundles and tradeoffs remain limited, especially in developing countries. This paper aimed to integrate ecosystem services into cropland protection and functional zoning. Taking Cixi County in the Hangzhou Bay area, China, as the case study area, five typical ecosystem services (food supply, carbon sequestration, hydrological regulation, soil fertility and recreation potential) delivered by croplands and their correlations were quantitatively assessed. The results demonstrated a heterogeneous spatial pattern of multiple ecosystem services and diverse interactions between them, which depended on regional specific conditions and agricultural activities. Further, we adopted the framework of ecosystem services bundles as a planning tool to support the spatial strategy of cropland management. Cropland protection priority and functional zoning were determined by hotspot analysis and clustering algorithms, respectively. The croplands in Cixi were classified into three protection grades and a zoning scheme comprising four functional types with policy guidelines was proposed based on the spatial cluster results. The integrative approach used in this study is applicable to supplement the current cropland management actions by incorporating the perspective of ecosystem services tradeoff and bundles.