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Though various therapeutic strategies have been developed to overcome gastric cancer, the overall prognosis and therapeutic effect are still not optimistic. As a novel identified type of cell death, ferroptosis has been considered as a promising tumor suppression mechanism with therapeutic potential against gastric cancer. In this work, we screened a collection of 4890 bioactivity compounds and committed to find novel agents that can induce apoptosis in gastric cancer. Among these compounds, 6-TG was identified as a potential ferroptosis inducer in gastric cancer cells for the first time. It could inactivate system xc

Helical milling is applied to the machining of CFRP owing to its favorable characteristics such as low cutting forces and heat generation. However, the prediction of helical milling forces remains a problem in CFRP processing. In this study, a novel predictive cutting force model of helical milling for unidirectional CFRP was established. Based on the cutting parameters, the dynamic cutting angle for the fiber and the corresponding cutting states of the fiber during the cutting process were analyzed, and the number and length of cutting edges involved in cutting were calculated. Then, the cutting forces on the cutting-edge micro-element of the periphery edge and bottom cutting edge under two different cutting states were calculated by treating the fiber as an equivalent homogeneous material. The cutting force prediction model was obtained by taking this into consideration. Finally, the helical milling experiment for unidirectional CFRP was carried out. The results show that the model can effectively predict the cutting force.

Overusing nitrogen fertilizer not only pollute farmlands, but also make Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) less susceptible to pesticides. The current study investigated the relationship between nitrogen fertilizer application and buprofenzin resistance in N. lugens in rice by conducting a series of field efficacy tests and laboratory bioassays. The results showed that the efficacy of buprofezin decreased significantly with high level of nitrogen fertilizer application, compared to those with low or no nitrogen application in rice fields. In the laboratory, the resistance ratios of N. lugens to buprofezin, assayed at three concentrations of nitrogen (0, 1.0, 3.0 mmol/L), have developed to 14.05-, 18.40- and 25.81-fold after 20 generations of resistance selection, respectively. Meanwhile, the resistance ratios of N. lugens without buprofezin treated were 1.00-, 3.30- and 4.67-fold after 20 generations as the nitrogen concentrations increased. The enzymatic assays revealed that the activities of P450 and esterase increased significantly after resistance selection with buprofezin and nitrogen, especially on the esterase activity in N. lugens under the condition of nitrogen treatment. These results suggested that nitrogen fertilizer application contributed to the resistance development in N. lugens to buprofezin by enhancing the activity of esterase.

Specimens with single-phase martensite, net-like γ/martensite mixed structure and lamella-like γ/martensite mixed structure were designed to investigate the effect of the γ phase on the mechanical behavior and the detwinning of non-modulated (NM) martensitic variant in Ni-rich Ni-Mn-Ga alloys under uniaxial compression. It can be found the existence of the γ phase significantly enhances the compressive stresses, and the net-like γ phase specimen presents a higher value of compressive strain than that of the lamella-like γ phase specimen. Especially, the detwinning plateau of the lamella-like γ phase specimen is almost invisible due to the martensite colonies with low Schmid factors. Finally, according to the calculation of deformation gradient tensor, we found that the tensors along compression direction ( e z z ) of net-like γ phase/martensite mixed structure specimen and single-phase martensite specimen are lower than that of the specimen with lamella-like γ phase/martensite mixed structure, which well explained the detwinning strain for these specimens. The present study not only highlights the role of γ phase on the mechanical behavior, but also provides more guidelines for the mechanical training of Ni-Mn-Ga shape memory alloys.

A case who revealed the longest duration of viral shedding (67 days) in current reports, presented complicated characteristic on the relapse of COVID-19 due to the inconsistent performance of chest radiography and SARS-CoV-2-RNA detection after discharge. Lopinavir-interferon α2b boosted ribavirin following with lopinavir boosted budesonide might be a potent treatment for viral clearance.

In this study, historical surface solar radiation (1850–2005) and future photovoltaic power output (2006–2100) are analyzed to investigate the spatial distribution and long-term variation in global solar energy based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models and the Global Energy Balance Archive (GEBA) database. The results show that global mean surface solar radiation significantly decreased by 0.014 W m−2 year−1 in 1850–2005. According to the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC5), surface solar radiation significantly decreased by 3.42 W m−2 year−1 in 1951–1992 and increased by 4.75 W m−2 year−1 in 1993–2005. Global dimming and brightening were observed before and after the 1990s, respectively. The transition of surface solar radiation from dimming to brightening in Europe and the southeastern United States was detected in the 1980s. Stations in Northeast China, Japan, Southeast Africa, the Middle East, and the west coast of India all showed renewed decreasing trends after the 1990s. The direct and indirect effects of anthropogenic aerosols and cloudiness in different periods and regions were the main causes of the changes. To better understand the utilization of global solar energy, global potential photovoltaic power outputs were estimated in future scenarios with an empirical model. Significant increases in potential photovoltaic power are expected in East Asia, Europe, Central Africa and Central America in 2006–2100. The largest increase is expected in central China, where increases are occurring at 3 kWh m−2 year−1. Significantly decreasing potential photovoltaic power is observed in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and Australia. The greatest decrease is observed in the Tibetan Plateau area (approximately −3.0 kWh m−2 year−1 in 2006–2100). With respect to the global distribution of potential photovoltaic power output, large quantities of photovoltaic power are distributed in the northern and southern parts of Africa, the Middle East, the Tibetan Plateau area, the west coasts of North and South America and most of Australia. The yearly mean sum photovoltaic power in these regions is larger than 2000 kW h m−2. Due to the long-term decreasing photovoltaic power (0.67 kWh m−2 year−1) expected worldwide in 2006–2100, effective and rational utilization of solar energy is of great importance.

Endogenous aldehydes (EAs) formed by the free-radical-mediated reaction are regarded as potential biological markers of several diseases. In this work, an automated and solvent-free analytical method was developed for quantitative analysis of seven EAs (C1-C7) in human blood by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with a headspace generator sampler (HS-GC-MS). A 1:4 (blood:water) dilution and the 1,2‑dibromopropane internal standard were introduced to reduce the influence of the matrix effect from complex biological fluids. The sample preparation steps were simplified. Various experimental parameters for derivatization and extraction conditions were studied such as HS extraction temperature and time, the amount of derivatization reagent, pH and the salt effect. Under these optimum conditions, seven low-mass aldehydes were separated and analyzed within 10 min. Additionally, this method achieved limits of detection in the range of 0.0692-0.864 μg/L, an excellent linearity with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9996 and appropriate repeatability and reproducibility values (RSD 12% at low, middle and high levels). The HS-GC-MS method was applied to measure the concentrations of the seven aldehydes in blood from bladder cancer patients (n = 15) and control subjects (n = 15). Compared with the control subjects, the levels of butanal (p 0.01), formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal, pentanal, hexanal and heptanal (all p 0.001) were increased significantly, indicating that EAs may be useful as biomarkers in the early diagnosis of bladder cancer.

Ectropisgrisescens Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is one of the most severe defoliating pests of tea plants. Synthetic pesticides have been widely applied to control this pest in tea plantations, but pesticide residues may decrease the quality and safety of tea products. In the present study, we hypothesized that soil treatment with the two commercial biopesticides (Shuiguxin®) based on Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) could reduce the survivorship and fitness of E. grisescens. Wandering larvae of E. grisescens were allowed to pupate in soil treated with each biopesticide, and the concentrations of M. anisopliae (Shuiguxin®) and B. bassiana (Shuiguxin®) that produced the 50% mortality values (LC50) were 2.9 × 106 and 1.6 × 107 conidia/g soil, respectively. Artificial burying the pupae using soil treated with M. anisopliae (Shuiguxin®) and B. bassiana (Shuiguxin®) (1 × 108 or 1 × 109 conidia/g soil for both biopesticides) also significantly reduced emergence success of E. grisescens. In addition, choice tests showed that soil treated with the high concentration of M. anisopliae (Shuiguxin®) or B. bassiana (Shuiguxin®) had repellent effects on pupating E. grisescens. However, sublethal concentrations (LC25 and LC50) of both biopesticides did not significantly affect fecundity, fertility and longevity of post-emerged adults. Our study showed that soil treatment with the two commercial biopesticides caused direct mortality of pupating E. grisescens, but may not effectively suppress E. grisescens populations at sublethal concentrations. The realistic application of the fungal dosage in fields should be determined in future studies

Objectives This study depicts the dose-response relationship between blood pressure (BP) during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes in different trimesters. Study design We used restricted cubic spline to quantify the dose-response relationship between maternal BP in different trimesters and risk of adverse birth outcomes (small for gestational age, SGA; and pre-term birth, PTB). The data were from the Ma’anshan birth cohort study in China (N = 3273). Main outcome measures Risk of SGA and PTB. Results There were dose-response associations of both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with risk of SGA in the third trimester and with PTB in both second and third trimesters. In the third trimester, compared with SBP of 120 mmHg, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of SGA were 1.12 (1.01–1.19), 1.32 (1.10–1.60), 1.65 (1.20–2.27) and 2.05 (1.30–3.24) for SBP of 125, 130, 135 and 140 mmHg, respectively. The corresponding ORs and 95% CIs of PTB were 1.15 (1.00–1.32), 1.59 (1.28–1.98), 2.35 (1.66–3.33) and 3.47 (2.10–5.73), respectively. Compared with DBP of 70 mmHg, the ORs and 95% CIs of SGA were 1.44 (1.16–1.78) and 3.04 (2.06–4.50) for DBP of 80 and 90 mmHg, respectively. The corresponding ORs and 95% CIs of PTB were 1.32 (0.93–1.90) and 3.58 (2.21–5.78), respectively. Conclusions A consistent set of dose-response relationships between maternal BP and adverse birth outcomes were observed. Most importantly, we found that moderately elevated maternal BP, even within a normal range, increased the risk of adverse birth outcomes.

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith.), is an important pest that has developed resistance to Bt corn in several countries. In this study, leaf-tissue bioassays and whole-plant tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of a Bt-susceptible (aabb), a Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2 dual-gene resistant (AABB), and a heterozygous (AaBa) genotypes of S. frugiperda on two non-Bt and five pyramided Bt corn traits. The five Bt corn traits were Genuity® VT Double Pro® (VT-2P) containing Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 genes, Optimum®Intrasect® (Intrasect) containing Cry1F and Cry1Ab, Genuity® SmartStax® (SMT) containing Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, and Cry1F against lepidopteran pests, Optimum® Leptra® (Leptra) containing Cry1Ab, Cry1F, and Vip3A, and Trecepta ™ (Trecepta) containing Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, and Vip3A. Larvae of the three genotypes survived well on non-Bt corn, while few aabb survived on Bt corn plants. Survivorship of AABB on Bt leaf tissue was 43.7% for VT-2P, 29.7% for Intrasect, and 47.7% for SMT, and live larvae were recovered from 46.9% of VT-2P, 12.5% of Intrasect, and 21.9% of SMT whole plants. Some AaBb larvae also survived on these three Bt corn traits. In contrast, leaf tissue of Leptra and Trecepta killed all three genotypes, and few larvae survived on whole plants of the two Bt corn traits. The results demonstrated that AABB was highly resistant to VT-2P, and somewhat cross-resistant to Intrasect and SMT. The dual-gene resistance in AABB was non-recessive on VT-2P. Pyramided corn traits containing Vip3A were effective against the three genotypes. However, Vip3A in the current pyramided Bt corn traits apparently is the only fully active Bt protein against the Cry1/Cry2-resistant S. frugiperda. More effective resistance management plans are necessary to suppress resistance to Bt crops and sustain the value of these technologies.

Cry1A.105 is a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein expressed in many Bt corn hybrids for controlling moth pests including the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). The objective of this study was to compare the inheritance and fitness costs of two Cry1A.105-resistant FAW strains (RR32 and RR67) from Florida, U.S. To assess inheritance of the resistance, larval mortality of one susceptible strain (SS), RR32, RR67, and eight FAW strains generated from various genetic crosses was assayed on Cry1A.105-treated diet and Cry1A.105 corn leaf tissues. In the fitness cost study, survival, growth, development, and fecundity of SS, RR32, RR67, and two F 1 heterozygous-resistant FAW strains were evaluated on non-Bt corn leaf tissue. The Cry1A.105 resistance in both RR32 and RR67 was likely inherited as a single autosomal gene with no fitness costs. The dominance levels differed between the two strains and varied from incompletely recessive to incompletely dominant, depending on Cry1A.105 concentrations and assay materials. The results of this study indicate a relatively high risk of resistance development to single-gene Cry1A.105 corn in FAW. Together with published data, the results also show that non-recessive resistance and lack of fitness costs in resistance to Bt crops are not uncommon, which provides a cautionary evidence against the assumption that resistance is recessive in an resistance management plan for Bt crops.

Single-phase Co/Mn-MOF-74 solid materials were synthesized successfully via the hydrothermal method. The effect of Co/Mn atom ratio on the structure of Co/Mn-MOF-74 solids and their catalytic activity for low-temperature NH3-SCR of NOx were investigated. Very high NO conversion values (>96.0%) at 180–240 °C were obtained using the Mn0.66Co0.34-MOF-74 chemical composition (optimal content of Co). Furthermore, Mn0.66Co0.34-MOF-74 showed outstanding resistance to SO2 poisoning and the incorporation of Co was shown to cause the weakening of the SO2 adsorption strength on the catalyst surface, thus to enhance catalyst's SO2 resistance to poisoning. These features were probed by in situ DRIFTS and catalytic performance studies. The present work suggests that Mn0.66Co0.34-MOF-74 could be likely considered as a prospective industrial NH3-SCR NOx control catalyst.

Few studies have examined the influence of different data and method on estimating the SUHIs. This study aims at analyzing the impact of different method (to define rural area) and different data (MODIS Terra and Aqua satellite data) on estimating the SUHI intensity (SUHII, LST in urban minus rural reference) in 31 cities of China. The major findings include: (1) For SUHII, ignoring the influence of elevation and water body will overestimate the SUHII by 1.68 °C (averaged for 31 cities, hereafter) and 0.28 °C, respectively, in summer days (SDs). Using nearby suburban area as reference will underestimate the SUHII by 1.48 °C in SDs. Different data and method have smaller impact on estimating the SUHII in summer nights (SNs) than in SDs. (2) For spatial variation of SUHII, ignoring the influence of elevation will influence the spatial variation of SUHII in SDs (r = 0.3, p > .05), but other methods have little impact on estimating the spatial variation of SUHII. (3) For interannual variation of SUHII, using nearby suburban area will underestimate the increasing rate of SUHII (SD: 0.106 °C/year, SN: 0.012 °C/year), whereas ignoring the influence of elevation and water body have little influence on the changing rate of SUHII. The changing rates of SUHII in SDs monitored by Terra satellite were 0.025 °C/year lower than Aqua satellite. In all, the present study can enhance our understanding of the influence of different data and method on estimating the SUHII, and provide a useful reference to study the SUHII.

Resilience is crucial for adolescent survivors' recovery from natural disasters. The holistic empirical studies on multiple influencing factors of resilience among adolescent survivors after natural disasters are rarely reported, especially for those from culturally diverse groups. This study aimed to examine the resilience level and its influencing factors among Tibetan adolescent survivors ten years after the 2010 Yushu earthquake. Tibetan adolescent survivors were recruited from four Yushu middle schools from April to July 2020. They filled in the questionnaires about resilience, academic achievement attribution, academic procrastination, self-esteem, coping style, interpersonal competence, and earthquake preparedness. Independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, and hierarchical regression analysis were used to analyze the data. A total of 559 questionnaires were included for analysis. Adolescents’ resilience was positively predicted by grade (senior two), gender (male), academic performance, effort attribution of academic achievement, self-esteem, problem-focused coping, interpersonal competence, and earthquake preparedness, while negatively predicted by academic procrastination. The investigated factors had an explanatory power of 34.6 %. The resilience of Tibetan adolescents is at the middle level, which is involved with Tibetan culture and psychosocial factors. To design a resilience intervention for this population, trainings on learning competence, self-esteem, coping, interpersonal competence, and earthquake preparedness may be beneficial.

C8-Alkyl-substituted purine analogues were synthesized through direct alkylation of 8-H purine with tetrahydrofuran in the presence of Co catalyst in one step. The reactions gave a series of novel C8-oxygen heterocyclic alkyl purine compounds in good yields under mild reaction conditions by the readily available alkylating reagents, providing a complementary route to the classical coupling reactions for the synthesis of C8-alkyl-substituted purine analogues.

Increasing natural disasters have caused immediate and chronic psychosocial problems on adolescent survivors. Resilience-related skills are crucial for adolescents' recovery from and prevention against negative consequences, but relevant interventions are limited, especially for Tibetan adolescents. This study aimed to develop, implement, and preliminarily evaluate a culturally-attuned resilience intervention for Tibetan adolescent survivors living with natural hazards risks in China. The intervention was developed based on the 7Cs model of resilience (competence, confidence, connection, character, contribution, coping, and control), and Tibetan adolescents' resilience characteristics by interviewing adolescents, their teachers and experts. A pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted at three Yushu senior middle schools among Tibetan adolescent survivors at nine years after the 2010 Yushu earthquake in 2019. The intervention group attended nine 90-min sessions on learning competence, self-confidence, coping, interpersonal competence, and earthquake preparedness, and provided feedback after intervention. Both groups completed questionnaires about resilience, mental health, learning competence, self-esteem, coping, and interpersonal competence before and after the project. Compared with the control group (n = 28), the intervention group (n = 28) showed significant improvement in mental health, learning competence, coping, and interpersonal competence, but no significant difference in resilience and self-esteem was found. Most adolescents had a good impression (58.3%–100%) and high or moderate participation (91.7%–100%) of each intervention session. The intervention is feasible and acceptable, and shows preliminary effect in improving Tibetan adolescents’ psychosocial well-being. Future research can tailor this resilience intervention to other developmental stages of adolescent survivors in other contexts with a large sample to benefit wider populations.

A series of four neodymium coordination polymers (CPs), namely, {[Nd 2 L 3 (CH 3 OH) 3 (H 2 O) 4 ]} n (1) , {[Nd 2 L 3 (CH 3 OH) 4 (H 2 O) 3 ]·4CH 3 OH·H 2 O} n (2) , {[Nd 2 L 3 (CH 3 OH) 4 (H 2 O) 3 ]·4CH 3 OH·H 2 O} n (3) and [NdL' 3 (CH 3 OH) 3 ] n (4) have been isolated by facile reactions of ligands (H 2 L = L-di-2-thenoyltartaric acid and H 2 L' = L-di- p -toluoyl-tartaric acid) with NdCl 3 ·6H 2 O at ambient temperature depending on the reaction conditions. X-ray crystallographic analysis reveals that all complexes 1–4 feature one-dimensional (1D) network structure in which the Nd 3+ ions are bridged by carboxylate groups of ligands by five types of coordinated modes. Complexes 1 – 3 feature one-dimensional (1D) ladder-like chain structure and complex 4 features one-dimensional (1D) linear structure owing tothe ligands coordination modes. NIR luminescence analysis reveal that all complexes 1 – 4 exhibit three characteristic bands around 890, 1054 and 1326 nm of Nd 3+ ion in which complex 3 shows the longest lifetime and highest quantum yield. The energy transfer processes among ligands, the Nd 3+ ion and the auxiliary ligand in complexes 1 – 4 has been investigated.

Six new caffeic acid derivatives, Clerodens E-J (1-6) were isolated from the aerial part of Clerodendranthus spicatus. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including NMR, MS, and ECD data. Compound 1 showed moderate antibacterial activities against drug-resistant strains of bacteria in vitro.

Cry1A.105 is a Cry protein expressed in some transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize products. In this study, performance of five populations of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), were evaluated on four non-Bt and eight commercial and experimental Bt maize hybrids/lines (hereafter referred as maize products). The five insect populations included one Cry1A.105-susceptible strain, two Cry1A.105-resistant strains, and two F1 heterozygous genotypes. The eight Bt maize hybrids/lines consisted of five single-gene Bt maize products containing Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, Cry1F, or Cry1Ab protein, and three pyramided Bt maize products expressing Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2, Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1F, or Cry1Ab/Vip3A for targeting aboveground lepidopteran maize pests. In the study, neonates of each population were tested on leaf tissues in the laboratory and whole plants in the greenhouse. Cry1A.105 and Cry1F maize killed 92.2–100% susceptible larvae in both test methods, while resistant larvae survived well on these two maize products. Performance of the two F1 populations on Cry1A.105 and Cry1F maize varied between the two test methods. In leaf tissue bioassay, Cry1Ab maize was marginally effective against the susceptible population. In contrast, few live larvae and little leaf injury from any of the five populations were observed on Cry2Ab2 and the three pyramided Bt maize products. The results of this study showed evidence of cross resistance of the Cry1A.105-resistant S. frugiperda to Cry1F and Cry1Ab maize, but not to the Bt maize products containing Cry2Ab2 or Vip3A. Data generated from this study will be useful in developing resistance management strategies for the sustainable use of Bt maize technology.

Four new cassane diterpenes, named caesalmins N-Q together with six known compounds (1⿿10) were isolated from the MeOH extract of seeds of Caesalpinia minax Hance. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods, including NMR, MS, and HRESIMS data. All the new compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities in vitro against three human cancer cell lines, and they showed weak cytotoxic activity with the IC 50 values ranging from 45.4 to 78.1 μ M.

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a target pest of transgenic maize and cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins in both North and South America. In 2013 and 2014, a total of 215 F2 two-parent families of S. frugiperda were established using single-pair mating of field individuals collected from seven locations in four states of the southern U.S.: Texas, Louisiana, Georgia, and Florida. The objective of the investigation was to detect resistance alleles in field populations to Cry2Ab2, a common Bt protein produced in transgenic maize and cotton. For each F2 family, 128 F2 neonates were screened on leaf tissue of Cry2Ab2 maize plants in the laboratory. A conservative estimate of the frequency of major Cry2Ab2 resistance alleles in S. frugiperda from the four states was 0.0023 with a 95% credibility interval of 0.0003-0.0064. In addition, six families were considered to likely possess minor resistance alleles at a frequency of 0.0082 with a 95% credibility interval of 0.0033-0.0152. One F2 family from Georgia (GA-15) was confirmed to possess a major resistance allele to the Cry2Ab2 protein. Larvae from this family survived well on whole maize plants expressing Cry2Ab2 protein and demonstrated a significant level (>15-fold) of resistance when fed with the same protein incorporated in a meridic diet. The detection of the major resistance allele along with the relatively abundant minor resistance alleles revealed in this study may have important implications for resistance management.

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a major pest of many crops and a cross-crop target of transgenic maize, cotton, and soybean containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes. Some of the current Bt maize products for controlling lepidopteran species contain the Bt event MON 89034. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of resistance alleles in field populations of S. frugiperda collected from Louisiana and Florida, U.S. to Cry1A.105, one of the two Bt genes in MON 89034. A total of 150 F2 two-parent families of S. frugiperda were established using single-pair mating of field-collected individuals in 2011, which included 79 families from two locations in Louisiana and 71 families from one location in Florida. F2 screen was conducted to detect resistance alleles in these families to Cry1A.105 protein in maize plants. Four out of the 79 Louisiana and 14 out of the 71 Florida families were identified to possess resistance alleles to the Cry1A.105 maize plants. Thus, the corresponding frequency of resistance alleles to Cry1A.105 maize was estimated to be 0.0158 with a 95% credibility interval (CI) of 0.0052–0.0323 for the Louisiana populations and 0.0559 with a 95% CI of 0.0319–0.0868 for the Florida populations. The resistant families survived on whole Cry1A.105 maize plants and demonstrated a significant level (>116-fold) of resistance to the Cry1A.105 protein in a diet-incorporated bioassay. These findings suggest that resistance allele frequency in S. frugiperda to single-gene Cry1A.105 maize in the U.S. southeast region apparently is not rare, most likely due to the selection of Cry1F resistance and its cross-resistance to Cry1A.105.

With tuning the ligands from bte, btp, btb to bth, four new decavanadate-based metal–organic hybrid compounds, [Zn(bte)(H 2 O) 4 ][Zn 2 (bte)(H 2 O) 10 ](V 10 O 28 )·8H 2 O, [Zn 2 (btp) 4 (H 2 O) 6 ](H 2 V 10 O 28 )·4H 2 O, [Zn(H 2 O) 6 ][Zn 2 (btb) 2 V 10 O 28 (H 2 O) 6 ]·4H 2 O, and [Zn 2 (bth)(H 2 O) 10 ](H 2 V 10 O 28 )·6H 2 O (bte=1,2-bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethane, btp=1,3-bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-y1)propane, btb=1,4-bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-y1)butane, bth=1,6-bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-y1)hexane), have been synthesized under conventional conditions. The four compounds represent the first examples of decavanadate-based metal–organic hybrids constructed by Zn–bis(triazole) complexes. Their structural analyses show that the four compounds possess different Zn–bis(triazole) structural motifs and various finally structures, which verifies that regular changing the spacers of ligands is an effective strategy to tuning the structures of polyoxometalate-based hybrids. Also, the electrochemical studies show that the compounds have good electrocatalytic activities towards oxidation of nitrite molecules ascribed to V-centers.

Adult survivors' resilience process after a disaster is crucial for their adaptation and well-being, and is dependent on cultural context. The aim of this study was to explore the development process structural connotation of adult survivors' resilience five years after the Wenchuan Earthquake. A qualitative descriptive study was conducted. Twenty-six adult survivors were recruited by purposive sampling from four reconstructed communities in Beichuan County, China. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted and conventional content analysis was used to analyze the data. Their resilience centered on reconstructing life through post-earthquake challenges. Four themes emerged regarding their resilience process: realizing personal resources, maintaining family integrity, negotiating for cohesion in community living, and navigating social support opportunities. Bereavement, personal or family member's illness and family member's disability, and financial burdens acted as risk factors for their resilience. This study provides knowledge on how to maintain resilience after earthquake from the perspective of adult survivors in China. Adult survivors in this study struggled to reconstruct life through post-earthquake challenges by negotiating personal resources, family integrity, cohesive community and social support.

A new compound based on capped polyoxometalates (POMs), [Ag(phen)2]2(Agphen)2SiW12O40 (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), has been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, infrared spectrum, UV–vis electronic spectrum, elemental analyses, and powder X-ray diffraction pattern. The structural feature of compound 1 is that each [SiW12O40]4 − (SiW12) cluster capped by two (Agphen)+ fragments. To the best of our knowledge, the compound 1 represents the first example of hybrid compound based on bi-silver-capped POMs to date. The photocatalytic properties of compound 1 were also investigated in detail and the results of photocatalytic experiment show that compound 1 can be used as a photocatalyst towards the decomposition of organic pollutant methylene blue (MB).

Ethnopharmacological relevance Frankincense (FRA), Ruxiang, is the resin of Boswellia carterii Birdw and Boswellia bhaw-dajiana Birdw which has been used for centuries as formulas to improve the circulation and to relieve pain against carbuncles. Stir-fried Frankincense (SFF) and vinegar processed Frankincense (VPF) are two major processed Frankincense, and the processing procedures reportedly enhance the curative efficacy or reduce the side effects of FRA. This paper describes the comparisons in plasma pharmacokinetic behaviors of 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) and 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) in FRA and its processed products, and their effects on coagulation factors and blood clotting tetrachoric, using an acute cold blood-stasis animal model after oral administration of FRA, SFF, and VPF. Materials and methods For pharmacokinetic study, Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups, including group FRA, group SFF and group VPF. And the plasma samples were analyzed by HPLC. For study of anticoagulatory effect, SD rats were randomly divided into six groups, including control, acute cold blood-stasis model, Fu-fang-dan-shen tablet- (0.75 g/kg), FRA-, SFF-, and VPF-treated (2.7 g/kg) groups, respectively. The serum contents of thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT), D-dimer (D-D), and prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) of each group were measured by ELISA. The values of prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and fibrinogen (FIB) were also assessed by hematology analyzer. Results Significantly increased levels of C max , AUC, T 1/2, and MRT were found in rats treated with the processed products. In addition, decreased levels of D-D and TAT and increased contents of PGI 2 were observed in rats given FRA and its processed products, compared with that of the model group. Moreover, VPF improved anticoagulation more than SFF in the animals. Conclusions The observed improvement of anticoagulation by processed FRA may result from the increased absorption and bioavailability of triterpenoids.

Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is a major target of pyramided Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn. In the U.S. Corn Belt, a refuge-in-the-bag (RIB) strategy has been adopted to provide susceptible populations for insect resistance management (IRM) in planting pyramided Bt corn. In this study, eight field trials were conducted to evaluate occurrence and injury of H. zea in three planting patterns of non-Bt and Bt corn containing the Agrisure® Viptera™ 3111 trait. Viptera 3111 corn possesses two Bt genes, Vip3A and Cry1Ab, targeting above-ground lepidopteran pests. Occurrence of H. zea eggs was similar between non-Bt and Bt corn ears. Eggs of H. zea were distributed either randomly or uniformly in all three planting patterns. Field trials consistently showed that Viptera 3111 corn was extremely effective in H. zea control in both structured and RIB plantings. Across all the trials, there were very little or no larval survival and damage on Bt corn ears. Ear damage and larval occurrence at the peak of 3rd to 4th instars on refuge ears in the RIB plantings were not less than those observed in the structured non-Bt corn plantings. However, larval development on RIB refuge ears was significantly delayed relative to that on ears of structured non-Bt corn plantings. Information generated from this study should provide useful information to improve IRM modeling for Bt corn.

The interactions of three rimantadine analogues (RAs) with calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (ct-DNA) in buffer solution (pH 7.4) were investigated using berberine (BR) as a probe by various methods. Fluorescence studies revealed that the RAs interacted with DNA in vitro and the quenchings were all static. Furthermore, the binding modes of these compounds to DNA were disclosed as groove binding supported by absorption spectroscopy, viscosity measurement and denatured DNA experiment. The antimicrobial activities of the RAs were also evaluated in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli , and they all exhibited good bacteriostasic effects. The results might provide an important reference for investigation of the molecular mechanism associated with the DNA binding of the RAs.

The strength of concrete under multiaxial tension–compression (biaxial tension–compression (T–C) and triaxial tension–compression–compression (T–C–C)) in the direction of tensile stress and compressive stress was lower than the uniaxial tensile strength and uniaxial compressive strength, respectively. This reduction is affected by many factors. Among these factors, type of concrete, method of friction-reducing in the direction of compressive load, stiffness of testing machine and loading rate etc. are the main factors. The mechanical behavior of normal air-entrained concrete subjected to biaxial T–C, triaxial T–C–C was studied in this paper. The experimental results of normal air-entrained concrete under multiaxial tension–compression and mechanical behavior of other types of concrete under multiaxial tension–compression conducted in the same testing machine was compared and analyzed. The failure criterion of various types of concrete under biaxial T–C and triaxial T–C–C was proposed. It provides the experimental and theory foundations for strength analysis of various concrete structures.

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a major target of transgenic corn, Zea mays L., expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins in both North and South America. A highly Cry1F-resistant strain of S. frugiperda was established from a field collection in Puerto Rico in 2011. In this study, three greenhouse trials were conducted to evaluate larval survival and leaf injury of Cry1F-susceptible, -resistant, and -heterozygous genotypes of S. frugiperda on whole plants of five non-Bt and eight Bt corn hybrids. The Bt corn products included two single-gene Bt corn hybrids containing Herculex®I (Cry1F) and YieldGard® (Cry1Ab) traits and six pyramided Bt corn hybrids representing four traits: Genuity® VT Double Pro™, Genuity®VT Triple Pro™, Genuity® SmartStax™, and Agrisure® Viptera™ 3111. In each trial, neonates of S. frugiperda were placed into the plant whorls at vegetative plant stages (V6–V10). Larvae of the three insect genotypes on non-Bt corn hybrids survived well and caused serious plant injury. Cry1Ab corn was ineffective against all three insect genotypes. On Cry1F corn plants, resistant larvae survived on 72.9% plants after 12–15 d and caused a leaf injury rating (Davis' 1 to 9 scales) of 5.7 after 7 d and 7.6 after 12–15 d. Both the larval survivorship and leaf injury rates of the resistant larvae on Cry1F corn plants were not significantly different from those observed on non-Bt corn hybrids. In contrast, no live larvae and little or no leaf injury were observed on the Cry1F corn plants that were infested with susceptible or heterozygous genotypes, or on the pyramided Bt plants. The results demonstrated that the Cry1F-resistant S. frugiperda was highly resistant to whole plants of Cry1F corn and the resistance was recessive. Hybrids that contained one of the four pyramided Bt traits were effective for managing the Cry1F resistance in S. frugiperda.

Sulfonated poly(4-vinylpyridine) heteropolyacid salts acted as a heterogeneous catalyst to effectively catalyze the one-pot synthesis of β-amino carbonyl compounds via the Mannich reaction between aromatic aldehydes, aromatic ketone, and aromatic amines. In addition, the catalyst could be easily recovered by the filtration and reused six times without significant loss of catalytic activity.