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Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have emerged as attractive drug delivery systems. However, the intracellular release of their cargoes is restricted. This study aimed to develop an efficient approach to re-engineer sEVs by hybridisation with pH-sensitive liposomes (PSLs) and investigate their endosome escape potential. MIA PaCa-2 cell-derived sEVs and PSLs were fused via three methods, and fusion efficiency (FE) was measured using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, and cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-loaded vesicles (Dox@hybrids, Dox@sEVs, and Dox@PSLs) were investigated on MIA PaCa-2 cells. Among the three methods, Ca

Microbial fuel cells exhibit low output voltages, which must be enhanced for application in practical electronic devices. However, connecting microbial fuel cells in series for voltage boosting may cause voltage reversal, resulting in energy loss and biofilm damage. In this paper, different configurations for connecting microbial fuel cells and power-management systems are investigated to boost the voltage without reversal. The best configuration of the investigated method is as follows: A single power-management system is connected to a single microbial fuel cell or parallel-connected microbial fuel cells (boosted voltage from