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Bacterial peritonitis, an infection of the ascitic fluid, can be classified etiologically as spontaneous or secondary bacterial peritonitis. The former is mainly caused by portal hypertension and its subsequent effects, whereas the latter is caused by the direct dissemination of bacteria into the peritoneal cavity. Previous reports have described some distinguishing features of these two entities. Here, we report the first known case of bacterial peritonitis with Aeromonas hydrophilia and Escherichia coli in a patient with malignant ascites associated with pancreatic carcinoma who exhibited features of both spontaneous and secondary peritonitis. Our report suggests that clinicians should also consider bacterial peritonitis in patients with malignant ascites who present with ostensibly cancer-related symptoms.

Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) are increasingly identified with the widespread use of imaging modalities. The precise diagnosis of PCLs remains a challenge despite the use of CT, MRI, and EUS-FNA. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is a new endoscopic imaging modality that provides real-time, very high magnification images. A smaller CLE probe, which can be passed through a 19-gauge FNA needle, is now available. Needle-based CLE during EUS has recently been examined to evaluate PLCs, and the specific criteria of nCLE for the diagnosis of PLCs have been proposed.

Recent advances in hepatology have included a new and effective treatment of viral hepatitis, with an increased need for the assessment of liver function and histology. At the same time, there have been a growing number of endoscopic procedures that are pertinent to patients with liver disease. It would be ideal if the assessment and treatment of liver disease and portal hypertension could be performed and assimilated by the liver/gastrointestinal specialist. The authors like to consider this area of integration or overlap of endoscopic procedures within the practice of hepatology as endo-hepatology.

Yokukansan (YKS), a traditional Japanese medicine, is composed of seven kinds of dried herbs. It is widely prescribed in clinical situation for treating psychiatric disorders such as aggressiveness in patients with dementia. We previously demonstrated that YKS and Uncaria hook (UH), which is a constituent herb of YKS, had a partial agonistic effect to 5-HT(1A) receptors in vitro. However, it has still been unclear whether this in vitro effect is reflected in in vivo, and what the active ingredients are. The purpose of the present study is to find the active ingredient in YKS and to demonstrate the effect in in vivo. In the present study, we first studied the effect of YKS and UH on aggressiveness and sociality in socially isolated mice. YKS and UH ameliorated the isolation-induced increased aggressiveness and decreased sociality, and these ameliorative effects were counteracted by coadministration of 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist WAY-100635, or disappeared by eliminating UH from YKS. These results suggest that the effect of YKS is mainly attributed to UH, and the active ingredient is contained in UH. To find the candidate ingredients, we examined competitive binding assay and [(35)S] guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTPγS) binding assay of seven major alkaloids in UH using Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing 5-HT(1A) receptors artificially. Only geissoschizine methyl ether (GM) among seven alkaloids potently bound to 5-HT(1A) receptors and acted as a partial agonist. This in vitro result on GM was further demonstrated in the socially isolated mice. As did YKS and UH, GM ameliorated the isolation-induced increased aggressiveness and decreased sociality, and the effect was counteracted by coadministration of WAY-100635. These lines of results suggest that GM in UH is potent 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist and a candidate for pharmacological effect of YKS on aggressiveness and sociality in socially isolated mice.

The experimental feasibility was investigated for the resonant scattering of monoenergetic neutrinos emitted in the two-body β decay. A simple general formula shows that the resonance cross section can be as large as of the order of 10 −17 cm 2 . The Mossbauer setup using a solid crystal was examined with a focus on the electronic structure of the emitter and the absorber. Based on realistic calculations, we show that interactions of valence electrons in the solid lead to a level broadening of the atomic ground state, which considerably suppresses the resonant scattering of neutrinos.

We studied the selective formation of Co catalyst particles as a function of indentation pressure. We subjected a Co (8 nm thickness)/Si substrate pre-annealed at 600 °C to indentation processing. The catalytic function was confirmed in the indentations by the selective growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at 800 °C. The number density of CNTs against the indentation pressure was investigated against indentation loads for two types of indenter: a Berkovich indenter with a ridge angle of 115° and a Berkovich indenter with a ridge angle of 90°. The pressures above 7 GPa applied by the former indenter enhanced Co atomization acting as a catalyst function for CNT growth (35 CNTs in one indentation). In contrast to this, the number of CNTs was markedly reduced when the latter indenter was used with pressures less than 3 GPa. The pop-out phenomenon was observed in unloading curves at pressures above 7 GPa. These results indicate that metastable Si promotes the self-aggregation of catalyst particles (Co) leading to the selective growth of CNTs within indentations at pressures above 7 GPa.

Background & Aims: K-ras mutation is frequently detected in pancreatic juice of patients with pancreatic small cystic lesions, as well as those with pancreatic cancer. Those cystic lesions are often found by chance with modern radiologic imaging modalities. In this study, we prospectively examined the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cystic lesions, focusing on pancreatic cancer development. Methods: A total of 197 patients with pancreatic cystic lesions, 80 with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) and 117 with non-IPMN cysts, were followed up for 3.8 years on average. Blood tests and imaging diagnosis were performed twice a year. The observed incidence of pancreatic cancer was compared with the expected incidence calculated on the basis of age- and gender-matched mortality of pancreatic cancer in the general Japanese population. Results: Pancreatic cancer developed in 7 patients during the observation period (0.95% per year), infiltrating ductal carcinoma in 5 and intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma in 2. Three of the ductal cancer cases had pancreatic non-IPMN cyst as preexisting lesion. At least 2 of the carcinomas arose in regions remote from preexisting lesions. The observed incidence of pancreatic cancer was 22.5 times higher (95% confidence interval, 11.0–45.3) than expected mortality from this cancer among general population. Conclusions: Patients with pancreatic cystic lesions are at a considerably high risk for pancreatic cancer, with a standardized incidence rate of 22.5. Cancer might develop in regions remote from the preexisting cystic lesion, suggesting diffuse pathologic changes predisposing to malignant transformation in the entire pancreas harboring cystic lesions.

In this study, the permeability coefficients of various gases for a cellulose acetate (CA) and polystyrene (PS) membrane were measured under microwave irradiation by using a handmade apparatus, which can irradiate a microwave (2450 MHz). Permeability in the PS membrane that have no polar functional groups was not affected by irradiating microwave, while permeability coefficients for various gases in the CA membrane that have polar functional groups were more than these without microwave irradiation. Further, the degree of increment in permeability coefficients with microwave depended on kinds of permeation gas. The increment of Kr permeability under microwave irradiation was most remarkable. It could be expected that microwave accelerate the mobility of polar functional groups in polymeric membranes, and then, gas permeability improve due to an extension of diffusion path in membranes.

Objectives: New modalities, namely, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), and helical computed-tomographic cholangiography (HCT-C), have been introduced recently for the detection of common bile duct (CBD) stones and shown improved detectability compared to conventional ultrasound or computed tomography. We conducted this study to compare the diagnostic ability of EUS, MRCP, and HCT-C in patients with suspected choledocholithiasis. Methods: Twenty-eight patients clinically suspected of having CBD stones were enrolled, excluding those with cholangitis or a definite history of choledocholithiasis. Each patient underwent EUS, MRCP, and HCT-C prior to endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP), the result of which served as the diagnostic gold standard. Results: CBD stones were detected in 24 (86%) of 28 patients by ERCP/IDUS. The sensitivity of EUS, MRCP, and HCT-C was 100%, 88%, and 88%, respectively. False negative cases for MRCP and HCT-C had a CBD stone smaller than 5 mm in diameter. No serious complications occurred while one patient complained of itching in the eyelids after the infusion of contrast agent on HCT-C. Conclusions: When examination can be scheduled, MRCP or HCT-C will be the first choice because they were less invasive than EUS. MRCP and HCT-C had similar detectability but the former may be preferable considering the possibility of allergic reaction in the latter. When MRCP is negative, EUS is recommended to check for small CBD stones.

Toluene and benzene sorption properties of the syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) membrane containing the mesophase structure were investigated in order to understand the preferential sorption properties of the mesophase. The mesophase was prepared from the sPS membrane having the clathrate type crystal, δ form complex with toluene as a guest molecule and then removing the guest molecule at 170 °C for 1 h. In vapor sorption study, the sorption isotherms showed sigmoid type and were concave toward activity axis at low activity region, although the both benzene and toluene are good solvents for polystyrene. The sorption behaviors of the sPS mesophase membrane from the pure solutions of toluene/methanol or benzene/methanol were explained in terms of Langmuir sorption type and the saturated sorption amounts of benzene and toluene were almost same. These findings suggested the presence of relatively strong sorption site for toluene and benzene, indicating the existence of molecular cavity of similar shape and size to a toluene molecule in the sPS mesophase. However, in the case of mixed solution of toluene, benzene, and methanol, the sPS mesophase membrane showed clearly the preferential sorption of toluene comparing to benzene. The sorption amount of toluene was about five times higher than that of benzene. From the present study, it could be concluded that the molecular cavity of the sPS mesophase has a preferential sorption capability for toluene. Furthermore, these results exhibited that fine separation and elimination of some organic molecules with slightly different molecular size and/or shapes might be possible.

We give direct evidence of the existence of helifan structures, an intermediate phase between helix and fan, in holmium at 50 K in a magnetic field by single-crystal neutron-diffraction experiments. Two types of helifan structures, helifan(3/2) and helifan(2) have been observed at 1.4 and 2.0 T, respectively. The magnetic structure successively changes with increasing magnetic field, from a normal helix at zero field to a helifan(3/2) structure, to a helifan(2) structure, to a fan structure and, finally, to an induced ferromagnetic structure.

We have measured single- and multiple-charge transfer cross sections of 2q keV Neq+ (q=2–6) and Arq+ (q=2–9) ions in collisions with CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H4 [allene, propyne], C3H6, (CH2)3, and C3H8 molecules. Cross sections for total charge transfer were derived by summing up single- and multiple-charge transfer cross sections. Their gross features and scaling properties for the present polyatomic molecules as functions of the incident charge number of primary ions and first ionization potentials of target particles are found to be able to be represented by a scheme of a classical over-barrier model for atomic and simple molecular targets. Apart from the ionization potential, dependences of the present total charge transfer cross sections are found on total number of electrons and the number of bonds in target hydrocarbons.

π−/π− ratio has been measured for the 132Xe induced central collisions on 115In at 400 MeV/nucleon. A pion range counter and a compact multiplicity array were developed and used for the measurement.

An enormous enhancement of antiproton production in deuteron- and α-induced reactions has been observed in the subthreshold energy region between 2 and 5 GeV/nucleon. Antiprotons produced at 5.1° with a momentum range of between 1.0 and 2.5 GeV/ c were measured by a beam-line spectrometer and identified by the time-of-flight method. The production cross sections in the deuteron- and α-induced reactions at an incident energy of 3.5 GeV/nucleon were 2 and 3 orders of magnitude larger than those in proton-induced reaction at the same energy. The enhancement in light-ion reactions could not be explained by the internal motion in the projectile and target nuclei. The target-mass dependence (C, Al, Cu and Pb) of the cross sections has also been studied. Further, the cross sections of π and K productions were measured.

Although nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been reported to function in the cerebellar cortex, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes contributing to nicotinic currents in the cortex have not been well characterized at the subcellular level. This study deals with immunocytochemical localization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha4 subunit using a monoclonal antibody against the alpha4 subunit. Alpha4-LI (alpha4-like immunoreactivity) was detected in the cell bodies of molecular, Purkinje cell and granular layers. In particular, the cell bodies of Purkinje cells were extensively immunostained. In Purkinje cells, alpha4-LI was found in perikarya mainly associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, and cytoplasmic matrix. At higher magnification, the immunoreaction product was densely localized along with somatic plasma membranes at the axo-somatic synapse and the plasma membranes at extrasynaptic regions of cell bodies. Alpha4-LI was also found in the axon terminals which form synapses with Purkinje cells. In the granular layer, somatic cell membranes of granular cells were immunostained. These morphological observations suggest that alpha4-containing nAChRs contribute nicotinic currents reported in Purkinje cells, and that presynaptic alpha4-containing nAChRs regulate the release of neurotransmitters on the axon terminals found near Purkinje cells.

Summary Purpose We compared the activity and toxicity of vinorelbine (VRB) and vindesine (VDS) in a randomized crossover study in patients with previously untreated stages IIIB or IV non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients and methods Two hundred four patients were assessable for response and toxicity. VRB was administered at a dose of 25 mg/m2 weekly and VDS at a dose of 3 mg/m2 weekly. Patients who failed to respond after 4 cycles of initial monotherapy were switched to a combination chemotherapy (VRB → VDS + cisplatin (P) or VDS ← VRB + P). Results Objective response was observed in 31.1% of patients in the VRB arm versus 8.9% of those in the VDS arm (P = 0.0002). The median duration of response to VRB was 18.5+ weeks (range, 7.9 to 107.5+ weeks) compared with 11.7+ weeks (range, 6.0 to 35.0+ weeks) for VDS. Of the 69 patients who failed to respond to initial monotherapy, 33 in the VRB group who subsequently received VDS + P did not respond and 13 (26.5%) of 49 initially on VDS who received subsequent VRB + P responded. The rates of grades 3 and 4 leukopenia were similar in the two monotherapy arms (VRB, 55.3% vs. VDS, 48.5%). However, grade 3 anemia was more frequent in the patients on VRB than in those on VDS. The incidence of peripheral neurotoxicity was significantly higher with VDS than with VRB (P = 0.002), but VRB induced a slightly higher rate of local cutaneous reaction than VDS (P = 0.012). With the combination of cisplatin and these vinca alkaloids, peripheral neurotoxicity was less frequent in the VRB group than in the VDS group. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that VRB yields a higher response rate than VDS in stage IIIB or IV NSCLC, with the same extent of toxicity in terms of leukocytopenia. The peripheral neurotoxic effects were also milder with VRB than with VDS. In second-line chemotherapy, there was a notable difference in response between the VRB + P and VDS + P regimens.

The creation of defects and radiation-induced segregation (RIS) in single crystals of type 304 stainless steel, 1.6 MeV He irradiated up to 2.5 × 10 17 cm −2 at RT, has been investigated by using a combination of RBS and PIXE with channeling (RBS-C and PIXE-C). From the RBS-C, it is found that radiation-induced defects for 〈110〉 orientation increased more slowly with irradiation dose from those for the 〈100〉 and 〈111〉 orientations. The PIXE-C measurements show that Si atoms segregate to the (100), (110) and (111) surfaces and S atoms seem to enrich slightly in the (100) and (110) surfaces during 1.6 MeV He ion irradiation. It is the first time that the phenomenon of radiation-induced segregation is observed in stainless steels at room temperature irradiation.

Localization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) alpha 4 subunits was investigated in rat cerebral cortex using a monoclonal antibody against alpha 4 subunits. The antibody depleted more than 70% of the [3H]methylcarbamylcholine choline binding activity of the solubilized membrane fraction. By light microscopy alpha 4-like immunoreactivity (alpha 4-LI) was found through layers II to VI. The immunostaining was the most prominent in cell bodies and apical dendrites of pyramidal cells in layer V. By electron microscopy most immunoreaction products were observed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic matrix and synaptic membranes. Alpha 4-LI was detected in the postsynaptic membranes of neuronal cell bodies and apical dendrites. These findings suggest that alpha 4-containing subtypes serve as one possibly the postsynaptic nAChR in rat cerebral cortex.

In April 1994, 4 He ions were accelerated at the KEK proton synchrotron for the first time. Subthreshold antiproton productions with α beams in the incident energy range between 2.0 and 5.0 GeV/nucleon were measured for antiproton momenta between 1.0 and 2.5 GeV/c. The data are compared with the p production cross sections in pA and dA collisions measured previously by our group as well as those in heavy ion collisions.

Recent research has revealed that natural soil pipes provide important pathways for sub-surface movement of water and solutes, as well as contributing to landslide initiation. A benchscale experiment (in a sloping box 1 m in length) was conducted with a uniform sand to evaluate the effect of pipeflow on the overall hydrologic regime. A single drainage pipe (13 mm inside diameter (ID)) composed of five 20 cm segments, each with a different roughness coefficient (Manning's n), was placed 5 cm above the base of the 12.8° sloping box. Roughness elements were arranged in four different spatial combinations during hydraulic experiments. Piezometric levels were highest and pipeflow was lowest when the high-roughness (n = 0.325) portion of the pipe was located at the downslope end of the box. Measured values of pipeflow for different hydraulic gradients in each experiment were related to piezometric head above the pipe raised to the 0.32–0.42 power. Pipeflow was proportional to matrix flow in the soil above the pipe raised to the power of 0.4–0.6. These findings may be useful in estimating pipeflow in uniform soils and in validating two-domain models involving preferential flow in soils.

It can be expected that a microwave acts as an accelerator of the mobility of polar functional groups such as hydroxyl groups in polymeric membranes, and then gas permeability improves because of the increasing free volume and/or temperature of the membranes. The permeability coefficients of CO 2 for a cellulose acetate (CA) membrane were measured at 25°C using a hand-made apparatus which can irradiate a microwave (2,450 MHz) to the membrane. Both the permeability and diffusion coefficients of CO 2 for CA membranes are increased by irradiation of the microwave, and degree of enhancement increased with power of the microwave.

We measured cross sections of subthreshold p productions in the reactions of d + {C, Al, Cu} at 3.0, 3.5, 4.0 and 5.0 GeV/u, and p + {C, Cu} at 3.5, 4.0 and 5.0 GeV. An enormous enhancement of p productions in deuteron induced reactions was found at lower incident energies. It seems to be difficult to understand such an enhancement with our present knowledge of nuclear interactions.

This work intends to develop a new copper wire which resists stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The improved copper wire has a composite structure made of two materials, and by recrystallizing only the surface layer, the surface tensile stress is reduced by keeping the properties equal to a drawn copper wire. The resistance to SCC of the improved copper wire is evaluated by bending and pulling tests in the accelerated solution. The mean times until the occurrence of SCC on the improved copper wire advance from 2 to 9 times as long as those of drawn copper wire.

Effects of pressure on the magnetic structures of NdCo 2 Si 2 , which exhibits three magnetic phases with a long period modulation, have been studied by single-crystal neutron diffraction using a clamp-type high-pressure cell. The results are presented as a pressure–temperature magnetic phase diagram in the range of pressure up to 2.25 GPa and of temperatures down to 10 K. Pressure causes a linear increase of magnetic transition temperatures, and the pressure coefficients are obtained. Neither new phase nor drastic change was found in the present pressure–temperature range.

The effects of high pressure on the magnetic structures of PrCo 2 Si 2 , which exhibits three types of long-range order with peculiar long-period modulations, have been studied by neutron diffraction using a clamp-type high pressure cell. The results are presented as a pressure—temperature phase diagram up to 2.25 GPa and down to 10 K. Pressure causes a linear increase of the magnetic-ordering temperatures for the low- and intermediate-temperature phases, while for the hightemperature phase the Neel temperature shows a nonlinear increase with pressure. No new phases or drastic changes were found in the present pressure—temperature range.

Pressure effects on the magnetic structure of Tb have been studied up to 26.7 kbar by neutron diffraction. Linear pressure dependence of magnetic transition temperatures and turn angles is obtained up to 19.3 kbar. Pressure favors the helical phase. At 26.7 kbar a pressure-induced phase transition is observed from HCP to Sm-type structure and another phase transition occurs from Sm-type to HCP at a low temperature, accompanied by a magnetic structure change.

The measurements of the magnetization, thermal expansion and magnetostriction have been performed on Pr0.5Sr0.5CoO3 single crystals to reveal an unusual anomaly around TA∼100 K in a ferromagnetic region below TC∼220 K. The magnetization along the [1 1 0] axis in some range of the magnetic field, e.g. 0.1 T, exhibits a step-like decrease below TA. The isothermal magnetization along the [1 1 0] axis exhibits a step-like increase above HA∼1.3 T. A step-like contraction of the lattice length along the [1 1 0] axis is observed for both below TA and above HA. The result indicating a strong correlation between the magnetic state and the lattice suggests that a change of the magnetic easy axis at TA is associated with the d-electron orbital state of Co ions.

RF surface impedance measurements Zs=Rs+iXsZs=Rs+iXs, where RsRs and XsXs are the surface resistance and surface reactance, respectively, were carried out for high-quality single crystals PrOs4Sb12PrOs4Sb12 and PrRu4Sb12PrRu4Sb12. In PrOs4Sb12PrOs4Sb12, both RsRs and XsXs exhibit unusual field dependence with a significant suppression around the AB phase boundary reported by the thermal conductivity measurements; RsRs and XsXs have a kink at 0.4Hc20.4Hc2. This feature is different markedly from those in PrRu4Sb12PrRu4Sb12 which is reported to be a s-wave superconductor.

SRPX2 (Sushi repeat-containing protein, X-linked 2) has recently emerged as a multifunctional protein that is involved in seizure disorders, angiogenesis and cellular adhesion. Here, we analyzed this protein biochemically. SRPX2 protein was secreted with a highly post-translational modification. Chondroitinase ABC treatment completely decreased the molecular mass of purified SRPX2 protein to its predicted size, whereas heparitinase, keratanase and hyaluroinidase did not. Secreted SRPX2 protein was also detected using an anti-chondroitin sulfate antibody. These results indicate that SRPX2 is a novel chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Furthermore, a binding assay revealed that hepatocyte growth factor dose-dependently binds to SRPX2 protein, and a ligand–glycosaminoglycans interaction was speculated to be likely in proteoglycans. Regarding its molecular architecture, SRPX2 has sushi repeat modules similar to four other CSPGs/lecticans; however, the molecular architecture of SRPX2 seems to be quite different from that of the lecticans. Taken together, we found that SRPX2 is a novel CSPG that is overexpressed in gastrointestinal cancer cells. Our findings provide key glycobiological insight into SRPX2 in cancer cells and demonstrate that SRPX2 is a new member of the cancer-related proteoglycan family.

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of S-1 and Oxaliplatin (Ox) combination chemotherapy for patients with refractory pancreatic cancer. Methods Between March 2009 and October 2011, 30 patients with pancreatic cancer refractory to previous chemotherapy were included. S-1 was administered at 80 mg/m2/day for 14 consecutive days, followed by a 7-day rest, and Ox was administered at 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity was observed. Results The patients consisted of 22 men (73.3%) and 8 women with a median age of 64 years; 11 patients (36.7%) were in performance status (PS) of 0, 16 patients (53.3%) were in PS of 1, and 3 patients (10.0%) were in PS of 2. Seven patients (23.3%) had locally advanced disease, 19 patients (63.3%) had metastatic disease, and 4 patients (13.3%) had recurrent disease after surgical resection. A partial response was achieved in 3 (10.0%) and stable disease in 12 patients (40.0%), giving a disease control rate of 50.0% with a median of two courses (range from 1 to 8). The median time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) were 3.4 (95% CI: 1.3–5.3) months and 5.2 (95% CI, 2.4–6.8) months, respectively. Eleven patients (36.7%) were previously treated with gemcitabine monotherapy and received this combination chemotherapy as a second-line treatment. Nineteen patients (63.3%) had previously undergone monotherapy or combination chemotherapy containing gemcitabine, S-1, and/or irinotecan and recieved this combination chemotherapy as a third- or fourth-line treatment. TTP was significantly longer in patients without history of S-1 use (5.6 versus 2.8 months; P = 0.005). The relative dose intensity of S-1 and Ox was 89.0 and 96.7% of the scheduled dose, respectively. Major grade 3/4 adverse events included neutropenia (10.0%), anemia (3.3%), and diarrhea (6.7%). Peripheral neuropathy (limited to grade1/2) was observed in 43.3% of patients. There were no treatment-related deaths. Conclusions Combination chemotherapy with S-1 and Ox was moderately effective and well-tolerated in patients with refractory pancreatic cancer.

Purpose Palonosetron (PALO), a long-acting second-generation 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist (5-HT3), and aprepitant (APR), neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, were previously shown effective to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) associated with moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC). This study is to assess the antiemetic effects in the new generation anti-emetics group (NAg): using PALO, granisetron (GRA)–APR and PALO–APR, versus non-NAg: using GRA, on CINV caused by carboplatin (CBDCA)–paclitaxel (PTX) with or without bevacizumab (BV) categorized as MEC for the first time. Methods Clinical characteristics were retrospectively reviewed on 41 in-patients with non-small-cell lung cancer between January 2010 and December 2011. The clinical courses from days 1 to 5 of chemotherapy were observed. Results Anti-emetics administered in this study are NAg (21 cases: 3 are PALO, 4 are GRA–APR and 14 are PALO–APR) and non-NAg (20 cases). Dexamethasone on days 1–3 was in all cases. Complete response (CR: no nausea, no vomiting and no rescue medication) rates were significantly higher (P = 0.020) for NAg than non-NAg (85.7 and 50.0%, respectively). Discussion The results of this study indicate that NAg was significantly superior to CINV on CBDCA–PTX with or without BV.