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The existing national standard requires that the contribution of induction motor load to short circuit current be considered, but the lack of induction motor modeling method suitable for power grid simulation calculation in China affects the popularization and application of national standard algorithm. Based on the simulation and calculation of Central China Power Grid, considering the distribution characteristics of medium and low voltage motors on the short-circuit current of high voltage bus, the equivalent method of 110 kV/220 kV bus conversion coefficient of motor contribution short-circuit current in distribution network is put forward.

Research on the overall social, economic and environmental (SEE) impacts of water resources projects (WRP) has gradually attracted attention. However, the WRP-related indirect impacts as linked through various supply chains from a number of disaggregated sectors and their interactive relationship are rarely studied. Here in this study, under a general disaggregated input-output (IO) framework, a distributive Three Gorges Project input-output (DTGIO) model is developed to investigate the composite effects of Three Gorges Project (TGP) based on a disaggregated TGP-IO table for the Yangtze River economic belt (YREB). DTGIO model could facilitate exploring i) the interactions among key TGP-related effects from production and consumption sides; ii) the impacts of various TGP-induced changes on specific SEE sectors; iii) the detailed TGP water flow paths as induced by the final demand of each province in YREB. It is discovered that the TGP has the greatest impact on agriculture. Although the construction of the TGP submerged a large amount of land and adversely affected agriculture in the reservoir area, its effective flood control function can reduce flooding in the “land of fish and rice” and create favorable conditions for agricultural development. The connection between the TGP and the inner provinces of YREB is mainly realized by the hydropower generation sector. For the economic benefits of the TGP, the economic benefits of the investment of various sectors of the TGP are diversified, which should be adjusted according to the government's objectives. For the ecological effects of the TGP, the interaction of sectors (especially the irrigation service sector and hydropower generation sector on consumption side, and the hydropower generation sector and water supply sector on production side) should be valued and a sense of joint management for the relevant sectors of TGP should be established.

With the rapid growth of the economy, there are increasing conflicts between economic development and environmental protection. Among these conflicts, the wastewater emission management as one of the significant ways to alleviate water scarcity has been paid increasing attention across the developing countries, such as China. It is thus essential to comprehensively investigate the enviro-economic effects induced by wastewater-related policies. In this study, a factorial emission-focused general equilibrium model (FEGE) is first developed to facilitate examine the composite enviro-economic effects of multiple policy scenarios with regards to wastewater-related environmental taxes and the related subsides. A special case study for the Municipality of Chongqing, China, is conducted to illustrate the potential benefits of its use in the formulation of wastewater-related policies. It is found that the impacts of various wastewater-related policies (i.e., environmental taxes and the related subside) on GDP are different. In detail, green tax policies on GDP are negative, while wastewater emission intensity (WEI) improvement policies on GDP are positive. When green tax reaches 14 yuan/tonne, which is the maximum proposed by the Chinese government, the GDP will drop by 0.37%, which would be deemed acceptable for the Municipality of Chongqing. In addition, the impacts on rural households’ consumption are greater than those on urban households’ consumption whichever the application of wastewater-related policies; it is because the rural households in the Municipality of Chongqing have a relatively unitary income source. It is thus recommended that the rural household in Chongqing should be paid more attention. For example, some extra allowances could be considered to the rural household to help them cope with the negative economic impacts induced by a new environmental policy. It is expected that the outputs would provide bases for formulating desired wastewater-related policies.

Facing the prospective conflict between fast economic growth and water-use challenges, it is desired to explore the relationship between industrial structure and virtual-water flow in a socio-economic system to support the formulation of water-resource management related legislation. In this study, a multi-hierarchy industrial virtual water network model (MIVWN) was developed for analyzing the status of varied industrial sectors in the virtual-water system. A special case study for Hubei Province, China, was conducted to demonstrate the potential profits of its use in the formulation of water-resource management related legislation. Specifically, multi-hierarchy scenarios for system identification were performed to get more insights on the complex interrelationships among various industrial sectors. It is found that the industrial sectors have low water-use efficiency; and the mutual connections of virtual water between various industrial sectors are limited in Hubei. For the substantial industrial sectors, it is of vital importance to upgrade the upstream and downstream supply chains. For the isolated sectors, the decision maker should commit to enhance their virtual water exchanges with other sectors. It is expected that the results will provide a solid basis for supporting the application of an effective water-resource management strategies for industrial sectors.

Industrial water-management policies are prevalent around the world to alleviate global water scarcity. It is indispensable to simulate the effects of different water-management policies on various industries in the socioeconomic system to explore the most effective water consumption reduction pathways. In this study, a factorial water policy simulation model is developed to investigate the composite effects of multidimensional interactive water-management policies from both production and consumption perspectives. Structural path analysis and factorial analysis are introduced simultaneously to help support policy formulation according to local reality and further examine the impacts of the main factors and their interactions respectively. The developed model has been applied to the Municipality of Chongqing, China to demonstrate the applicability and superiority of the factorial water policy simulation model. It was found that the impacts of industrial technology upgrade policies on different industries vary significantly. The consumption-orientation policies have a similar performance on direct water consumption reductions. In the Municipality of Chongqing, industrial technology upgrade policies applied to the primary industry will generate larger reductions of water consumption (i.e., 10.1 units reduction of total water consumption) in the system since the primary industry can influence other industries through intermediate utilization. The contribution of interactions for the reductions of direct water consumption was 10.38%, where policies implemented on the primary industry and construction industry have the most significant interaction. In addition, the industry of production and supply of water is closely related to most of the industries since its technical improved can reduce the indirect water consumption of the majority of industries. The results provide bases for supporting the Municipality's efforts in formulating desired water-management policies.

Novel visible-light response Ag/AgCl/K6Nb10.8O30 composites were synthesized using a wet chemical route and a precipitation–photoreduction method. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectro-scope (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS) and Nexus Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The TEM result determined the formation of Ag/AgCl/K6Nb10.8O30. The visible-light photocatalytic activity the as-prepared Ag/AgCl/K6Nb10.8O30 composites was evaluated by the degradation of microcystin-LR and ARG aqueous solution. The as-prepared Ag/AgCl/K6Nb10.8O30 composites exhibited excellent photocatalytic activities for the degradation of microcystin-LR and ARG aqueous solution under visible light irradiation, which results from the excellent photo-response of Ag NPs in the visible light region and the efficiently separation of photo-induced carriers caused by the heterostructures. The O2 −and h+ were confirmed to be the main active species in the photocatalytic process and the as-prepared composites remained good stability under visible light irradiation.

Four small molecule electron acceptors TEH-PDI, TEH-DPDI, TPDI and TDPDI based on a porphyrin core and perylene bisimides (PDI) units were designed and synthesized. The energy levels and aggregation properties of the four acceptors were tuned to match those of a porphyrin electron donor C19OD-DPP based on a porphyrin core and 1,4-diketopyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrroles (DPP) end groups by adjusting the number of PDI units and the connection manners to a porphyrin core synergistically. The all-porphyrin bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells exhibit panchromatic photon-to-current conversion from 300 to 900 nm with a small valley around 650 nm and provide power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 0.11%–2.57% when the active layers were prepared in the presence of octane-1,8-dithiol (ODT) additive. Further investigations show that more balanced hole/electron mobility, less trap-assisted monomolecular recombination and bimolecular recombination are beneficial for achieving higher Jsc and PCE for C19OD-DPP/TPDI devices.