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Empirical and theoretical research has shown that consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) has a significant impact on manufacturers’ decisions. Based on these findings, we establish models for multiple remanufacturing modes considering WTP heterogeneity or different remanufactured products, in one-period and two-period closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) scenarios, to identify the optimal recycling and remanufacturing decisions of manufacturers. We find that manufacturers should participate in remanufacturing in one-period or two-period settings to earn more profits. In the one-period scenario, hybrid remanufacturing is better for the manufacturer than single remanufacturing, and the manufacturer chooses its remanufacturing partner based on the lower remanufacturing cost. In the two-period scenario, when the WTP ratio is above a certain threshold, the manufacturer chooses the third party as its joint recycling partner to obtain higher consumer surplus, a higher recycling rate, and higher profits. If the WTP ratio is high enough, hybrid remanufacturing is better for the manufacturer. The manufacturer does not authorize the distributor to engage in remanufacturing, for this choice yields the lowest profits for the manufacturer independent of WTP ratio. These results have policy implications from the perspective of CLSC cooperative recycling and remanufacturing.

In this work, a novel and convenient strategy for synthesis of a well-defined polymer containing both aldehyde and ferrocene functional groups by grafting 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and ferrocenecarboxylhydrazide onto linear poly (vinylbenzyl chloride) was developed. The designed polymer film (polymer CAF) could be used as a new support matrix for fabrication of a label-free electrochemical immunosensor with high sensitivity, good stability and repeatability. With human IgG as an analyte model, the proposed electrochemical immunosensor showed a linear concentration range from 0.1 to 20 ng mL −1 with a detection limit of 0.07 ng mL −1 (S/N=3). Moreover, interfering proteins including HSA, IgM, and IgE were added into the analyte, the developed immnnosensor can detect human IgG with high specificity.