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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a prevalent cardiovascular disease. Understanding current and future disease burden of PAD and its attributable risk factors is critical for developing prevention measures targeting PAD and associated complications.We analyzed the death burden of PAD and the trends of six risk factors from 1990 to 2019 using the updated 2019 Global Burden of Disease study database, and projected the next decade death burden using a Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model.The global age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of PAD has a modest downward trend from 1990 to 2019. Regionally, ASMRs in higher-sociodemographic index (SDI) areas remained more remarkable than in lower-SDI areas by 2019, while the rate of increase in death burden in the lower-SDI regions increased rapidly over time. ASMR in males was greater than in females. In the population aged older than 40 years, the sex difference in PAD-associated mortality decreased with age. High fasting plasma glucose (FPG) became the primary risk factor for PAD-related death. The contributions of risk factors to PAD-related death varied by age group. Kidney dysfunction was the primary contributor to PAD-related death in people aged 40-59 years, particularly in women.The global death burden of PAD has not substantially decreased over the three decades. There are large variations in the trend of PAD mortality and its attributable risk factors by SDI regions, sex, and age group. Targeted and effective strategies are needed for the management of PAD-related mortality in specific subgroups.

Owing to the special formation of photopolymerized hydrogels, they can effectively control the formation of hydrogels in space and time. Moreover, the photopolymerized hydrogels have mild formation conditions and biocompatibility; therefore, they can be widely used in tissue engineering. With the development and application of manufacturing technology, photopolymerized hydrogels can be widely used in cell encapsulation, scaffold materials, and other tissue engineering fields through more elaborate manufacturing methods. This review covers the types of photoinitiators, manufacturing technologies for photopolymerized hydrogels as well as the materials used, and a summary of the applications of photopolymerized hydrogels in tissue engineering.

Summary The energy density of current Li-ion batteries is limited by the low capacity of intercalation cathode, which leaves relatively little room to further improve because the specific capacities of these cathodes approach the theoretical levels. Increasing the cell output voltage is a possible direction to largely increase the energy density of the batteries. Extensive research has been devoted to exploring >5.0 V cells, but only limited advances have been achieved because of the narrow electrochemical stability window of the electrolytes (

Summary Lithium metal batteries (LMB) are promising energy storage systems due to the highest capacity of Li (3,860 mAh/g). However, the low Coulombic efficiency of Li plating/stripping and safety concern due to uncontrolled Li dendrite and dead Li prevent its applications. Here, we report that Li plating on a prelithiated LixSi anode can effectively suppress the formation of dead Li on LixSi when the total lithiation/delithiation capacity in each cycle is higher than the Li plating/stripping capacity on LixSi because the slight delithiation from LixSi at a higher delithiation potential than the stripping potential of deposited Li on LixSi will ensure the complete stripping of the plated Li before delithiation of LixSi, the root of deposited Li, thus dramatically enhancing the Coulombic efficiency of Li plating/stripping to the highest recorded (>99.7%) even at a high Li plating/stripping capacity of 1.0 mAh cm−2.

Objective To analyze treatment of microvascular decompression using the retrosigmoid approach (RA) in primary trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm using preoperative images combined with intraoperative microscopic navigation to avoid unnecessarily opening the mastoid air cells (MACs). Methods Ten patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia and 20 patients with hemifacial spasm (test group) were treated using RA for microvascular decompression. Preoperative head magnetic resonance angiography and temporal bone computed tomography were performed and the images registered using SPM12 and fused with MRIcron to determine the relationship between MACs and sigmoid sinuses. An O-arm was used for navigation, and the transverse sigmoid sinus was projected under a microscope to guide RA. A control group comprised 139 patients who had the same surgical procedure as the test group but without image processing or intraoperative navigation. Results The relationship between MACs and the ipsilateral sigmoid sinus was classified as follows: I, MACs did not exceed the lateral edge of the ipsilateral sigmoid sinus (10/60); II, MACs exceeded the ipsilateral lateral edge of the sigmoid sinus but did not exceed the medial edge (42/60); and III, MACs exceeded the medial edge of the ipsilateral sigmoid sinus (8/60). Test and control groups showed significant differences in the incidences of opening MACs (P = 0.003). There was no cerebrospinal fluid leakage or scalp and intracranial infection at follow-up. Conclusions Image processing and intraoperative microscopic navigation can avoid unnecessarily opening MACs and might reduce postoperative cerebrospinal leakage and scalp infection after RA craniotomy.

Two-dimensional (2D) large-gap quantum spin Hall (QSH) insulator are imperative for achieving dissipationless transport devices. The bottleneck preventing applications from QSH phase, however, is lack of feasible 2D films experimentally. By using first-principles calculations, here we propose a new 2D topological phase in the bilayer plumbene. Its geometric stability is confirmed by phonon spectrum simulation and ab initio molecular dynamics simulation. We find that it can turn into a nontrivial QSH phase under tensile strain and its nontrivial gap is highly tunable by external strains. The origin behind QSH effect can be identified by s–px,y band inversion, topological invariant Z2, and helical edge states within the bulk gap. Also, a heterostructure composed of bilayer plumbene deposited on semiconducting MoS2 substrate remains topologically nontrivial properties with a sizable gap. These findings provide a promising platform to design a large-gap QSH insulator in Pb film, which show potential applications in spintronics devices.

All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLIBs) employing sulfide solid electrolyte hold high promise to replace traditional liquid-electrolyte LIBs due to their high safety and energy density. However, Li dendritic growth in sulfide electrolyte limits the realization of the high energy of ASSLIBs. In this work, we use LiF (or LiI) layer at the interface between Li and sulfide electrolyte and penetrated HFE (or I solution) inside of sulfide electrolyte to suppress the Li dendrite growth. Due to the higher interface energy of LiF/Li than that of LiI/Li, LiF interlayer show much higher capability than LiI in suppressing the Li dendrite. Even if the Li dendrite breaks through LiF (or LiI) interlayer, the Li dendrites will be consumed by coated/penetrated HEF (or I) forming LiF (or LiI) thus preventing Li dendrite growth. A LiNbO3 @LiCoO2/Li7P3S11/Li ASSLIB employing HFE coated/infiltrated Li7P3S11 glass-ceramic as electrolyte, and LiF coated Li metal as anode shows a high reversible discharge capacity of 118.9 mAh g−1 at 0.1 mA cm−2 and retains 96.8 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. The designed solid electrolyte interphase between Li and solid electrolyte that has a high interface energy to Li provides new opportunity to commercialize the Li metal batteries.

Introducing oxygen vacancy (Vo) has been regarding as a significant and effective strategy to promote the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, it is a big challenge to stabilize Vo to reserve the excellent activity under the highly oxidizing conditions of the OER process. Herein, we propose a strategy of lower valence-state doping to stabilize the Vo by inducing formation Vo. First-principle calculations indicated that the formation energies of Vo on CoOOH is decreased apparently after lower valence-state Zn doping. The increased holes sates in the t2g orbital can facilitate bonding with oxygen intermediates to activate the inert catalytic activity of CoOOH. Importantly, short hydrogen bonds (O┉H–Oad) are formed by distorting the CoO6 octahedron after Zn-doping, thereby, the formative unique dual-center catalytic pathway can facilitating proton transfer to promote the sluggish OER. Our experimental results confirmed that Zn doped CoOOH contain more Vo, causing excellent durability and fast kinetic process for oxygen evolution including an incremental turnover frequency and a lower Tafel slope. Thus, the lower valence-state doping is promising strategy for fast-stabilized electrocatalytic water oxidation.

Based on the first-principles, we survey the structure, electronic and optical properties of ReS2/bi-layer, The result indicate that ReS2 is a direct band-gap semiconductor. And we calculate the optical properties of the ReS2 and bi-layer. Remarkably, the band gap opened in the ReS2 and bi-layer can be effectively regulated through external E-field and biaxial strain. These results provide a way to design photoelectric device and high-performance FETs at room temperature.

We report Miocene mammalian faunas from three nearby localities: Kangping, Nanyu, and Yangping, in the Wushan Subbasin, Gansu Province, China. From the Kangping locality, we identified four species, Platybelodon grangeri , Hispanotherium wushanense n. sp., Kubanochoerus sp., and Turcocerus cf. kekemaidengensis , which indicate that this fauna can be correlated with MN7/8. From the Nanyu locality, we identified Platybelodon aff. tongxinensis , which, together with the previously reported specimens of Gomphotherium wimani and Micromeryx cf. flourensianus , enables us to correlate this fauna with MN6. The Yangping locality is found to be early Miocene in age based on the presence of cf. Gomphotherium sp. This occurrence is the earliest record of proboscideans in China, and thus represents the “Proboscidean Datum Event”. Evolutionary trends of Platybelodon and Hispanotherium are figured and discussed. The possibility of a geographic boundary associated with the eastern and western differentiation of species of Turcocerus and bunodont listriodonts in China is also evaluated. This boundary was consistent with the major division of the eastern and western mammalian faunas of the middle Miocene in China. The localities in Inner Mongolia suggest a large area with transitional habitats.

Based on first-principles calculations, the BrHfN monolayer has a direct band gap of 3.19 eV, and the edge position can be adjusted by applying pressure. The BrHfN monolayer meets the energy band structure requirements of photocatalytic water splitting. In addition, the calculation of cohesive energy shows the feasibility of the experiment. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations at room temperature and phonon dispersion curves show the stability of the structure. Young's modulus can be as high as 158 N m−1, and Poisson's ratio shows high anisotropy. High absorption coefficients, appropriate band edge positions and strong ability for carrier separation and transfer make it a promising candidate for photocatalytic water splitting. Additionally, the band structure and optical absorption of monolayer BrHfN can be effectively tuned by strain effect. Our research provides valuable insight for finding more potential functional two-dimensional semiconductors applied in optoelectronics, solar energy conversion, and photocatalytic water splitting.

Total organic carbon (TOC), total N (TN) and amino acids (AAs, including the bacterial biomarker D-AAs) were determined in sediment cores from the mud belt of the East China Sea (ECS). The concentration of total hydrolyzable AAs (THAAs) ranged from 3.35 to 13.44 µmol/g dry wt (dw) of the sedimentary organic matter (SOM), exhibiting a decreasing trend downcore. Major constituents of the THAAs were glycine (Gly), L-serine (L-Ser), L-alanine (L-Ala), L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) and L-aspartic acid (L-Asp), whereas the D-aspartic acid (D-Asp), D-glutamic acid (D-Glu), D-serine (D-Ser) and D-alanine (D-Ala), along with non-protein AAs (γ-aminobutyric acid and β-alanine) together accounted for ca. 7% of the THAA pool. Given the C/N ratio values, the OM in three cores was predominantly of marine origin. Based on D-Ala yield, bacterial OM represented on average 18% of TOC and ca. 30% of TN. C-normalized THAAss (THAA-C%) was a sensitive indicator of SOM diagenetic alteration in the upper 40 cm of sediment. However, the degradation index (DI) and reactivity index (RI) values for the cores did not exhibit any definite trend, which may indicate that these two indicators were not sensitive in the early stage of sediment degradation. Negative correlation between the D/L ratio of Ala and THAA-C% suggested a close coupling between the extent of degradation and the accumulation and/or selective preservation of bacterial material in the sediments. In addition, correlation between clay content and THAA-C% suggested that fine grained particles played an important role in affecting the quality of SOM.

We simulate boron on Pb (1 1 0) surface by using ab initio evolutionary methodology. Interestingly, the two-dimensional (2D) Dirac Pmmn boron can be formed because of good lattice matching. Unexpectedly, by increasing the thickness of 2D boron, a three-bonded graphene-like structure ( P 2 1 / a boron) was revealed to possess double anisotropic Dirac cones. It is 20 meV/atom lower in energy than the Pmmn structure, indicating the most stable 2D boron with particular Dirac cones. The puckered structure of P 2 1 / a boron results in the peculiar Dirac cones, as well as substantial mechanical anisotropy. The calculated Young’s modulus is 320 GPa·nm along zigzag direction, which is comparable with graphene.

Summary We were able to demonstrate excellent cycling performance of Li-metal anodes in carbonate electrolytes by increasing the Li bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) concentration to ∼10 M. The high concentration (10 M) of FSI anion enabled interphases of high F content on both Li-metal anode and Ni-rich NMC (nickel-manganese-cobalt) cathode surfaces. Such F-rich interphases effectively suppressed Li dendrite formation, as demonstrated by a high Li plating/stripping Coulombic efficiency of ∼99.3%, and stabilized the carbonate molecules against oxidation at high cutoff voltages of 4.6 V on the surface of LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 (NMC622). The combination of unique stabilization on both Li-metal anode and NMC622 cathodes enabled high-energy Li-metal batteries constructed on the aggressive chemistry. Under the harsh conditions of a high charge voltage of 4.6 V and high loading of 2.5 mAh/cm 2 , the NMC622||Li cells retained ∼86% of their original capacity after 100 cycles. The electrolyte strategy presented here offers unique guidelines for further optimizing beyond Li-ion chemistries.

Exploring experimentally feasible two-dimensional (2D) films with high carrier mobility, anisotropic electronic properties and tunable band structure is one key to developing next-generation nanodevices. We performed first-principles calculations to explore the geometric and electronic properties of IZrP monolayer. Moreover, the direct band gap of the IZrP monolayer can be effectively tuned by applying mechanical strain, while it turns into a indirect band gap under a tensile strain of 2.0%. The carrier mobility can reach 1.68 × 105 cm2V-1S-1 in the a direction, and it has anisotropic electron transport characteristics. Under a bias voltage of 2.0 V, the current along the a direction can reach 5.5 × 10-6 A. Considering that the IZrP monolayer is both dynamically and thermodynamically stable at a temperature of 300 K, these findings expand the potential applications of the emerging field of 2D materials in nanoelectronics.

Using density functional theory, we systematically studied the stability, electronic structure and optical properties of two-dimensional ternary nitrides XNY (X ​= ​Ti, Zr, Hf; Y F, Cl, Br). Through phonon spectrum calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, we found that XNY is dynamic and thermodynamically stable. The calculated results of cohesive energy indicate the possibility of synthesis experimentally. XNY is a direct band gap semiconductor, and the band gap is larger than the 1.23 ​eV required for water splitting. In addition, XNY has anisotropic mechanical and optical properties. In addition, XNY has absorption of visible light, and the band-edge arrangement of ZrNF and HfNCl is feasible for water photo oxidation and photo reduction. These comprehensive properties make 2D ternary nitride XNY a candidate material for direction-dependent optoelectronic devices, and it is expected to be applied in the field of photo catalysis.

Psychiatric emergency patients constitute a population at high risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB). However, the risk factors for STB in this population have not been clearly defined. This study aimed to explore the risk factors for STB in psychiatric emergency patients in China. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted at the emergency department of psychiatry, Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University from 2015 to 2017. The Chinese suicide risk factors scale was used to test the STB of the patients. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors of STB. A total of 12,345 patients were included. Their average age was 36 years. According to the suicide risk scale, 3436 cases (27.83%) were at risk of STB, mainly young adults. The multivariable analysis showed that urban residence, years of education, living in Beijing, ethnic Han, living alone, unemployment, poor relationship with parents, one or more siblings, visit time in the night, family history, disease course, total duration, the total number of psychiatric hospitalizations, a clear diagnosis, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale total score ≥28.5, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale total score ≥20, and Young Mania Rating Scale total score ≥12 were independent risk factors for STB.