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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have received a wide range of attention for military and commercial applications. Enhanced with communication capability, UAVs are considered to play important roles in the Sixth Generation (6G) networks due to their low cost and flexible deployment. 6G is supposed to be an all-coverage network to provide ubiquitous connections for space, air, ground and underwater. UAVs are able to provide air-borne wireless coverage flexibly, serving as aerial base stations for ground users, as relays to connect isolated nodes, or as mobile users in cellular networks. However, the onboard energy of small UAVs is extremely limited. Thus, UAVs can be only deployed to establish wireless links temporarily. Prolonging the lifetime and developing green UAV communication with low power consumption becomes a critical challenge. In this article, a comprehensive survey on green UAV communications for 6G is carried out. Specifically, the typical UAVs and their energy consumption models are introduced. Then, the typical trends of green UAV communications are provided. In addition, the typical applications of UAVs and their green designs are discussed. Finally, several promising techniques and open research issues are also pointed out.

From the perspective of similarity of doing business, this paper seeks to find the pivotal countries of China's OFDI in the “Belt and Road” initiative. Based on the Doing Business Index data and macro-location panel data of China's OFDI in 61 countries, six countries are selected as pivotal countries. Further analysis found that proposal of the “Belt and Road” initiative, promotion of China's economic development level, raising of the partnership level and visits of bilateral leaders can make the inflection point forward. Our findings will provide a meaningful reference for deepening the “Belt and Road” initiative.

The extraction and recycle of thorium is an essential step in the thorium-uranium closed fuel cycle designed for Thorium-based Molten Salt Reactor system (TMSR), and the separation of thorium from FPs especially lanthanides is a key issue in the thorium recovery. In this paper, the electrochemical behaviors of Th(IV) and Ce(III) on Mo electrode were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronopotentiometry (CP) techniques at 773 K in ThF4(3 wt%)/CeF3(0.3 wt%)-LiCl-KCl ternary melt and CeF3(0.3 wt%)-ThF4(3 wt%)-LiCl-KCl quaternary melt, respectively. The reduction peaks of Th(IV)/Th(0) and Ce(III)/Ce(0) were at −1.83 V and −2.21 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in the respective ternary melt, respectively, which were same with the values in the quaternary melt; however, the oxidation peaks in the CeF3-ThF4-LiCl-KCl melt shifted negatively about 0.1 V. Pulsed potential electrolysis of quaternary melt revealed that 98.9% of Th(IV) can be electrochemical separated from the melt with almost all cerium remaining in the melt, based on the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) results.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and symmetrical autoimmune disease that primarily characterized with articular synovial hyperplasia, joint swelling, cartilage and bone destruction. The in-depth understanding of the role of immune signaling pathway inhibitors provides inspiration for the construction of new and more effective strategy for RA therapy. In this study, by loading methotrexate (MTX) into an acetalated dextran biopolymer, AcDEX, we developed a pH-sensitive, MTX-loaded and molecularly targeted nanodrug MTX@pH-AcDEX NPs) to decrease the toxicity of MTX and simultaneously enhance its therapeutic effect. The resultant MTX@pH-AcDEX NPs showed the spherical morphology and notable pH-responsiveness with high drug loading of 88.32%. As demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, the reduced cytotoxicity of both RAW264.7 cells and LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells treated with MTX@pH-AcDEX NPs was found compared to free MTX. Upon intravenous administration into adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rat model, the nanodrug had potent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, which can accumulate in RA lesions and release MTX inhibitors for regulating the JAK-STAT pathways. As a result, the MTX@pH-AcDEX NPs achieved the cartilage and bone protective and a better anti-inflammatory effect with negligible systemic toxicity, suggesting the strong potential of safe and effective nanodrug for RA therapy as well as other autoimmune diseases.

(TiVCrNbSiTaBY)N high entropy alloy nitride (HEAN) coatings have been deposited onto Si (100) and cemented carbide substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The deposition is carried out at different bias voltages to study its influence on microstructure, morphology, mechanical properties and tribological behaviour of the coatings. Grazing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction (GIXRD) technique shows that all coatings exhibit single NaCl-type face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure, while the preferred orientation of the crystal structure is greatly affected by the bias voltages. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals that the structure of the coatings is a mixture of amorphous-like phase and FCC crystal structure, which is in agreement with GIXRD data. Cross-sectional Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images exhibit that the columnar structure of the coatings gradually transforms into a featureless dense structure with the increase of bias voltage. SEM and Atomic Force Microscopy reveal that the surface morphology become smoother with increasing bias voltage. The (TiVCrNbSiTaBY)N HEAN coating deposited at a specific bias voltage exhibit a high hardness of 32.2 GPa. The friction coefficient is significantly influenced by the variation of the coatings surface roughness. Tribological tests for coating deposited without and at low bias voltage show that the wear behavior of the coatings is severe abrasive wear and adhesive wear, while at high bias voltage the slight abrasive wear appears. By applying the substrate bias voltage, the (TiVCrNbSiTaBY)N coatings exhibit excellent mechanical and tribological performance, which can be a promising candidate for protective coating in cutting tools or components.

Industrial upgrading plays a significant role in promoting eco-efficiency, but existing studies ignore this aspect. Using improved and comprehensive measures of eco-efficiency, we assess how industrial upgrading influences the eco-efficiency of a certain province with provincial panel data during the period 1998–2017. We find that industrial upgrading significantly promotes eco-efficiency and yields significantly positive spatial spillover effects. Our findings provide empirical evidence that the government should push forward industrial upgrading decisively, as well as strengthening inter-regional and central-provincial collaboration in promoting eco-efficiency.

The electrode reactions and electrolysis process of graphite anode were investigated in LiF-NaF-KF (FLiNaK, 46.5-11.5-42.0 mol%) eutectic with YF3 at 823 K. Two different types of reactions were observed on graphite anode. The graphite was oxidized to carbon mono- and dioxide in a potential range of 0–2 V (vs. Ni2+/Ni, similarly hereinafter), and carbon fluorides were generated when the potential fell into 6–8 V. In addition, some fluoride products could be reduced at about −0.22 V during reverse cyclic voltammetry scan, which has never been reported. Anode potential fluctuation was found between 6 and 8 V during galvanostatic electrolysis due to the formation of gaseous products as well as change of anode surface area and current density. Both Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to probe the chemical states of fluorination/oxidation products on graphite anode after electrolysis. The formation of fluorocarbon species is responsible for the disorder on graphite surface.

The electrochemical behavior of Th(IV) ion on molybdenum (Mo) electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) technologies at 773 K in ThF 4 -LiCl-KCl melt. The reduction of Th(IV) to metal Th at −1.67 V ( vs. Ag/AgCl) is a four-electron exchange process, which is quasi-reversible and diffusion-controlled. The diffusion coefficient (D) and activation energy of diffusion process for Th(IV) were determined to be 3.77 × 10 −5 cm 2 s −1 and 59.2 kJ mol −1 . The pulse potential electrolysis of ThF 4 -LiCl-KCl melt revealed that 86.8% of Th(IV) can be separated from the melt based on the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) results.

Cloud manufacturing can manage mass manufacturing resources and capabilities, and provide them as services via the Internet. Undoubtedly, multiple manufacturing clouds (MCs) will have extremely abundant services in terms of function, price, reliability, location, etc. Selecting and using services from multiple MCs is a natural evolution in the best interests of service consumers. On the other side, various uncertainties in today’s highly-dynamic business environment can easily disrupt manufacturing activities, rendering original schedules obsolete. However, little work has been done to take advantages of abundant services from MCs and to effectively deal with uncertainties. To address this requirement, we propose a dynamic service selection (SS) method across multiple MCs. The proposed method uses IoT’s real-time sensing ability on service execution, Big-Data’s knowledge extraction ability on services in MCs, and event-driven dynamic SS optimization to deal with disturbances from users and service market and to continuously adjust SS to be more effective and efficient.

A series of CoMn composite oxides with lamellar morphology was prepared by co-precipitation for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3. CoMn oxide calcined at 250 °C (CoMn-LS-250) exhibited high activity, giving 91 % NOx conversion at 60 °C with good SO2 resistance (300 °C). The excellent activity of CoMn-LS-250 is related to its abundance of Lewis acid sites as well as its superior redox ability; consequently, the catalyst is able to trap NH3 and oxidize NH3(ad) to NH2(ad), this being the initial step for NH3-SCR of NOx. NH2(ad) subsequently combines with NO to form the key intermediate, NH2NO(ad), which decomposes at low temperature (ca. 85 °C) with release of N2. Residual OH(ad) reacts with gaseous O2 to complete the redox cycle.

Chemical and C–He isotopic compositions have been measured for N2-rich hydrothermal gases from the Liaodong (abbreviation of East Liaoning Province) Peninsula from which the oldest crustal rocks in China with ⩾3.8 Ga outcrop. With the exception of one sample containing tritogenic 3He and atmospheric 4He in Liaoyang, the observed 3He/4He ratios from 0.1 Ra to 0.7 Ra indicate 1–8% helium from mantle, 92–98% from crust and 0.1–0.8% from atmosphere. Despite the lack of Quaternary volcanism, such 3He/4He ratios suggest, together with geophysical evidences, the existence of intrusive magmas that contain mantle helium and heat within the Liaodong middle-lower crust. The 3He/4He ratios are high along the NE-trending Jinzhou faults and gradually decrease with the increase of distance from the faults. Such a spatial distribution suggests that the mantle helium exsolves from magmatic reservoir in the middle-lower crust, becomes focused into the root zones of Jinzhou faults, and subsequently traverses the crust via permeable fault zones. When transversely migrated by groundwater circulation in near surface, mantle helium with high 3He/4He ratio may have been further diluted to the observed values by addition of radiogenic helium produced in the crust. This pattern shows strong evidence that the major faults played an important role on mantle-derived components transport from mantle upwards.

It is important to understand the role of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau thermokarst lakes in the global atmospheric methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) budget. This study investigated the gas components and isotopic characteristics of bubble gas collected from six thermokarst lakes. The major gas component of the bubbles varied greatly among lakes and bubble sources. Nitrogen (N-2), oxygen (O-2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were the predominant constituents of bubbles, but argon (Ar) and methane (CH4) were also present. The N-2 was primarily atmospheric in origin, although in part likely originated in sediment organic matter. Isotopic analysis of CO2 and CH4 suggested that CO2 in the bubbles was a mixture of CO2 from decomposed lacustrine carbonate and oxidized organic mass, except for CO2 from organic mass oxidized in Bucha Lake. CH4 in bubbles primarily originated from thermogenic sources and old sediment organic matter. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.

3 He abstract Chemical and isotopic compositions have been measured for CO2-rich bubbling gases discharging from cold springs in Wudalianchi intra-plate volcanic area, NE China. Observed 3 He/ 4 He ratios (2-3 RA) and d 13 C values of CO2 (� 5‰ to � 3‰) indicate the occurrence of a mantle component released and trans- ferred to the surface by the Cenozoic extension-related magmatic activities. The CO2/ 3 He ratios are in wide range of (0.4-97 � 10 9 ). Based on the apparent mixing trend in a

We demonstrate that surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancement could be tuned by adjusting the width of a connection bar at the bottom of a gold nanorod pair. Arrays of gold nanorod pairs with interconnection bars of different widths at the bottom of the interspace were fabricated by electron-beam lithography and used for the SERS study. Rhodamine 6G (R6G) was used as the probe molecule for the SERS. In addition to the large SERS enhancement observed in the nanostructured substrates, the SERS enhancement increases as the width of the connection bar increases. This result provides an important method for tuning SERS enhancement. Numerical simulations of electromagnetic properties on the nanostructures were performed with CST Microwave Studio, and the results correspond well with the experimental observations.

A series of branched alkylbenzene ranging from C15 to C19 with several isomers (2–5) at each carbon number were identified in sediments from the Dongsheng sedimentary uranium ore deposits, Ordos Basin, China. The distribution patterns of the branched alkylbenzenes show significant differences in the sample extracts. The branched alkylbenzenes from organic-rich argillites and coals range from C15 to C19 homologues, in which the C17 or C18 dominated. On the other hand, the C19 branched alkylbenzenes dominated in the sandstone/siltstone extracts. The obvious differences of the branched alkylbenzene distributions between the uranium-host sandstones/siltstones and the interbedded barren organic-rich mudstones/coals probably indicate their potential use as biological markers associated with particular depositional environments and/or maturity diagenetic processes. Possible origins for these branched alkylbenzenes include interaction of simple aromatic compounds with, or cyclization and aromatization reactions of, these linear lipid precursors such as fatty acids, methyl alkanoates, wax esters or alkanes/alkenes that occur naturally in carbonaceous sediments. The possible simple aromatic compounds may include substituted benzenes, functionalized compounds such as phenols that are bound to kerogen at the benzyl position, and phenols that are decomposition products derived from aquatic and terrestrial sources. The distributions of methyl alkanoates and n-alkanes were found to be different between organic-rich mudstone/coal and sandstone/siltstone. From this result, it can be concluded that such differences of the alkylbenzene distributions were mainly resulting from the differences of organic precursors, although maturity effect and radiolytic alteration cannot be completely excluded.

Cyanuric acid is attracting more attention due to its potential toxicity. In the present work, an ultrasonic extraction method in combining with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was proposed for the determination of cyanuric acid in pet food. Among different solvents, methanol was found to be the best one as the extractant due to the strong polarity of cyanuric acid and the interferences in the pet food. The ultrasonic energy permitted an extraction time as less as 30 min, which was much shorter than 240 min required in the magnetic-stirring extraction. Under the selected HPLC conditions, the HPLC method could respond linearly with cyanuric acid at concentrations from 0.008 to 4.0 mg mL −1 with a detection limit of 0.002 mg mL −1 . In the analysis of practical spiked pet food samples, the new method yielded satisfactory results.

Organic matter (OM) associated with the Dongsheng sedimentary U ore hosting sandstone/siltstone was characterized by Rock-Eval, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and stable C isotope analysis and compared to other OM in the sandstone/siltstone interbedded organic matter-rich strata. The OM in all of the analyzed samples is Type III with Ro less than 0.6%, indicating that the OM associated with these U ore deposits can be classified as a poor hydrocarbon source potential for oil and gas. n -Alkanes in the organic-rich strata are characterized by a higher relative abundance of high-molecular-weight (HMW) homologues and are dominated by C 25 , C 27 or C 29 with distinct odd-to-even C number predominances from C 23 to C 29 . In contrast, in the sandstone/siltstone samples, the n -alkanes have a higher relative abundance of medium-molecular-weight homologues and are dominated by C 22 with no or only slight odd-to-even C number predominances from C 23 to C 29 . Methyl alkanoates in the sandstone/siltstone extracts range from C 14 to C 30 , maximizing at C 16 , with a strong even C number predominance, but in the organic-rich layers the HMW homologues are higher, maximizing at C 24 , C 26 or C 28 , also with an even predominance above C 22 . n -Alkanes in the sandstone/siltstone sequence are significantly depleted in 13 C relative to n -alkanes in most of the organic-rich strata. Diasterenes, ββ-hopanes and hopenes are present in nearly all the organic-rich sediments but in the sandstone/siltstone samples they occur as the geologically mature isomers. All the results indicate that the OM in the Dongsheng U ore body is derived from different kinds of source materials. The organic compounds in the organic-rich strata are mainly terrestrial, whereas, in the sand/siltstones, they are derived mainly from aquatic biota. Similar distribution patterns and consistent δ 13 C variations between n -alkanes and methyl alkanoates in corresponding samples suggest they are derived from the same precursors. The OM in the organic-rich strata does not appear to have a direct role in the precipitation of the U ore in the sandstone, but an indirect role cannot be excluded. The OM in the U hosting sandstone shows a relatively low hydrogen index, presumably due to oxidation or radiolytic damage.

Hydrogen-isotope compositions of the aliphatic and diterpenoid hydrocarbons were determined for five coal and carbonaceous mudstone samples collected from drilling cores (1531–1767 m depths) in the Liaohe Basin, China. The bulk organic materials were mainly derived from terrestrial higher plants. δD values for most of the n-alkanes varied from −150‰ to −220‰, and were not significantly different among the samples. Pristane was 34–69‰ depleted in D relative to phytane; both pristane and phytane, however, had the same trend of variation in δD from sample to sample. Diterpenoids were on average 49–81‰ depleted in D relative to the n-alkanes. Variations in δD also occurred between different diterpenoids, indicating a different source for these compounds. An enrichment process for the heavy hydrogen isotope was observed as expected when a compound was progressively altered through diagenesis (especially the dehydrogenation process). Overall, δD and δ13C showed distinct patterns between structurally different lipid classes, although possible hydrogen exchange cannot be completely excluded during maturation. Our results further support the notion that hydrogen isotopes of lipid biomarkers from ancient sediments can be used to assess the origin of the organic matter, to determine oil-source rock correlation, and perhaps to reconstruct the paleoenvironment under which the organic material was deposited.

Abundant tricyclic diterpanes (i.e., pimarane, dehydroabietane and simonellite) and tetracyclic diterpanes (e.g., phyllocladane) were detected in coal samples from the third member of the Shahejie Formation, Lower-Eogene, Liaohe Basin, China. Gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC–IRMS) analyses show that the carbon isotopic composition of terrigenous tricyclic and tetracyclic diterpenoid hydrocarbons are about 4–6‰ enriched in 13C compared to n-alkanes in the same samples. In addition, the pimaranes and phyllocladane have comparatively narrow stable carbon isotopic compositions among the different samples, with a slightly wider range in δ13C compositions for the abietanes (i.e., abietane, dehydroabietane and simonellite). The n-alkanes and triterpenoids reflect the δ13C compositions of higher plant wax.

Distributed web servers on the immensely expanding Internet require high scalability and availability to provide efficient services to millions of clients on the web. To provide rapid responses to enormous number of client requests, load balancing is an important technique to evenly distribute the requests to web servers. In this paper, we propose a framework called Mobile Agent based LoaD balancing (MALD) that uses mobile agents technology to implement scalable load balancing on distributed web servers. The web servers can dispatch mobile agents to collect system-wide load information and accomplish load redistribution on all servers. Various load-balancing policies can be incorporated with versatile mobile agents in the framework. Compared with the traditional message-passing-based load-balancing methods, the mobile-agent-based approaches have the merits of high flexibility, low network traffic and high asynchrony. The performance evaluation demonstrates that the MALD framework provides a foundation to develop efficient load-balancing schemes on wide range of web server systems from cluster to the Internet.

A sensor-based technique is proposed for the modeling and control of the manipulator positioning errors caused by structural deflections of the flexible links. A laser–optical sensor system is specially designed for measuring the deflections of each flexible link, and the robot positioning inaccuracies are thus deduced through the link deflections measured and, finally, compensated for in real time by adjustment of the joint variables. The principle of measurement is described, the sensor-based modeling and compensation algorithms of the robot positioning errors are presented, and the simulation results are given in the paper.

Chemical and isotopic (He, Ar and C) compositions have been measured for bubbling gases discharging from two closely-spaced earthquake prediction wells in Guangdong, SE China. Observed 3 He/ 4 He ratios ( R / R A ranging from 1.1 to 4.9) indicate the occurrence of a mantle component that has been diluted by a crustal radiogenic 4 He component. δ 3 C values of CO 2 suggest a different origin in the two wells: magmatic for ZK#1 (−6.8 to −8.4%‰:) and biogenic for ZK#7 (−14.5 to −18.2%). Observed 40 Ar/ 36 Ar and air-corrected N 2 /Ar ratios suggest that nitrogen and argon of both wells are mostly meteoric. While the CO 2 / 3 He ratios (∼1 x 109) in ZK#1 are close to that of MORB (Middle Oceanic Ridge Basalts), the ZK#7 is characterized by much lower CO 2 / 3 He ratios (∼1 x 10 7 ) with lower CO 2 concentration. The latter cannot be ascribed in terms of a simple mixing of the two components but has to be explained by removal of CO 2 , probably caused by calcite precipitation. Alternatively, CO 2 removal from and 4 He addition to the magmatic component may be responsible for the coupled variations of 3 He/ 4 He and CO 2 /He ratios in the two wells, which is most likely controlled by the degree of gas-water-rock interaction.

130 natural gases in the continent of China were determined for the abundance and carbon isotopes of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide. The δ 13C (PDB) values of methane range from −68 to − 24.4%, and the largest isotopic variability for hydrocarbons is of δ 13C1 There is no direct evidence for the presence of abiogenic hydrocarbon in natural gases in China. One sample from Songliao basin shows a heavier δ 13C1 ( − 24‰) and reverse isotopic distribution pattern (δ 13C1 > δ 13C2 > δ 13C3). Concerning the occurrence of mantle-derived He, Ne, Ar and Xe in the south Songliao basin, we propose that the methane mantle derived and heavy hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, butane, etc.) formed from polymerization of the mantle-derived methane. The δ 13C values for carbon dioxide range from − 13.9 to + 13.5‰ suggesting the multiple origins. Gases with CO2 concentrations greater than 10% have a narrow range of δ 13C values, from − 8 to − 2‰, and show higher 1He 4He ratios ( > 0.1 times the atmospheric value), suggesting that a mantle-derived component is diluted by CO2 derived from carbonate and or organic matter. Positive δ 13C values ( + 4 – + 14‰) indicate CO2 reduction to CH2, CO2 with trace concentration in CH4-rich gases can be attributed to microbial decomposition of organic matter in sedimentary rocks.

Abundances and isotopic compositions of noble gases have been measured in six natural gas samples (CO 2 and CH 4 -rich) from the Songliao Basin, Jilin Province, in northeastern China. The samples contain noble gases of mantle origin. The 3 He 4 He ratio reaches 5.0 times the atmospheric ratio. In a three-isotope plot of neon, the 20 Ne 22 Ne (up to 10.9) and 21 Ne 22 Ne (up to 0.051) ratios make a positive correlation array together with natural gases from other continental areas. Compared with a correlation band for MORB, the natural gases have a lower slope with more nucleogenic 21 Ne. The natural gas samples contain radiogenic argon with 40 Ar 36 Ar ratios up to 7700. A positive correlation between 40 Ar 36 Ar and 20 Ne 22 Ne ratios indicates occurrence of mantle-derived Ar. Slight excess of 38 Ar can be attributed to a nuclear reaction like 35 C1 (α, p ) 38 Ar. Apparent excesses of 129 2'Xe, 132–136 Xe are recognized in four samples. The excess of 129 Xe (up to 3%) can be attributed to a decay of extinct 129 I. Excess 132−136 Xe is not large enough to determine if the origin of the excess is 238 U or 244 Pu. Anomaly in 129 Xe 130 Xe ratio is correlated with that of 136 Xe 130 Xe . The isotopic features of the natural gases with radiogenic 4 He and nucleogenic 21 Ne can be produced within the crust. Alternatively, they may reflect the geochemical features of the subcontinental mantle which has been enriched in U, Th. We can not distinguish the two possibilities. However, a natural gas from another basin in eastern China with a different reservoir age contains mantle derived neon which falls on the neon correlation line formed by the samples from the Songliao Basin. This consistency suggests that the isotopic features of the natural gases aren't necessarily ascribable to surface contamination of radiogenic and nucleogenic isotopes.

The abundance and isotopic composition of He have been determined for a variety of natural gases (oil-field gases) in sedimentary basins in the continent of China. The 3 He/ 4 He and 4 He/ 20 Ne ratios range from 0.004 to 4.99 Ra (where Ra denotes atmospheric 3 He/ 4 He ratio = 1.4 × 10 −6 ), and from 100-39,000, respectively. Helium in the gas sample is composed of mantle-derived He and crustal radiogenic He. The high 3 He/ 4 He ratios were observed in the sedimentary basins which underwent Cenozoic extension in the eastern domain, such as the Songliao, Liaohe, North China, Subei, Sanshui and South China Sea basins. The basins where mantle-derived He is recognized are characterized by the presence of surface and subsurface volcanic rocks, high terrestrial heat flow, deep faults and thinned crust. On the other hand, regions which underwent pre-Tertiary extension such as the Jungar, Tarim, Tuba, Caidam and Yumen basins in the NW and tectonic loading such as the Ordos and Sichuan basins in the central domain are marked by almost pure radiogenic 4 He of crustal origin and thus by an apparent absence of mantle-derived He, which coincides with complete lack of Cenozoic volcanics, low terrestrial heat flow and thickened crust. Such a 3 He/ 4 He distribution pattern clearly indicates that tectonic environment control the distribution of He isotopes in the continent of China.