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The roles of food in sustainable operations in hospitality and tourism are receiving increasing attention. At the same time, how hospitality providers can support ethical consumption of organic, local, and sustainable food via presenting persuasive messages on buffets or in menus remains unclear. The study here presents rare research examining the effects of persuasion on actual behavior in a natural hotel setting. The study reports on a field experiment comparing the effectiveness of informative appeals (local origin, organic production, and socially sustainable production), experiential appeals and normative appeals on hotel guests’ food selection of vegetables from buffet presentations. The findings are based on 84 data trials and indicate that informative appeals affect guest selections. The findings also show that experiential appeals using a combination of visual, emotional, and participatory cues outperform informative and normative messages, advancing research on persuasive communication in hedonistic settings.

This paper presents a conceptual framework derived from Knorr-Cetina’s (1999) theory of Epistemic Culture (EC) and uses it to catalogue and explore what she described as the “machineries of knowing”. The conceptual framework is explicated via empirical analysis of a case of an emergent group of collaborative economy entrepreneurs (CEEs) and their ventures operating in the tourism industry. Based upon qualitative interviews with property owners/managers as CEEs, this study builds further upon an a-priori proposed typology of EC Machineries of Knowing (MOK) and then explores the possible influence of such MOKs upon participating entrepreneurs. The exploration of ECs in the particular setting of the collaborative economy focusses attention upon how epistemic cultures form a specific entrepreneurial ecosystem and how they inter-relate with typologies of entrepreneurs. This fresh conceptual approach is shown to have good explicatory qualities that are capable of unlocking the “black box” that is collaborative economy entrepreneurship.

While destination governance has grown into a mature research field, the dynamic analysis of destination governance transitions remains in its infancy. Therefore, this paper analyses and compares the destination governance transitions in the successful skiing destinations of Are (Sweden), Whistler (Canada) and Dolomites (Italy). This multiple case study unveils development patterns in governance transitions and investigates the factors that trigger such transitions. In particular, the paper investigates whether leading skiing destinations get increasingly corporatised and ‘resortisised’. It also scrutinises what could trigger processes of ‘resortisation’ and focuses on the impact of crises. The study finds that governance is an adaptive phenomenon that transforms over time, but no strictly uniform transition pattern is detected. While differences arise from varying starting conditions and crises, the commonality is to be found in an apparent convergence of destination governance towards an intermediate stage of ‘socially licensed resorts’ with a minimum of community acceptance.

Hotel resorts may be understood as stand-alone, large-scale tourist operations. Hotel resort development provides a sometimes criticised but repeatedly followed path towards efficient and effective tourism operations. However, a strong regimentation of quantitative hotel growth complicated such hotel resort development in the region of South Tyrol, Italy, and has prompted some hotel businesses to build alternative strategic alliances. These alliances can be regarded as ‘cooperative resorts’ and characteristically include the integration of spatially divided and legally autonomous hotels within community destinations. The aim of this paper is to explore the nature of these observed cooperative resorts, to trace historical origins and reasons for their appearance and to investigate their impact on broader community destination networks. Based on a series of qualitative interviews, the paper finds that in contrast to enclave-type hotel resort models, cooperative resorts have a reduced tendency to segregate themselves from the respective destination networks, but rather affect their balance of power and impact on destination leadership.

This paper investigates the evolution of Airbnb and other peer-to-peer accommodation use by international visitors in Australia over 12 quarters, from 2015 to 2017. It applies a dynamic logistic regression to investigate how user characteristics associated with peer-to-peer accommodations evolve over time. This study contributes to understanding the development of consumption patterns around the Airbnb phenomenon. It is also the first paper to investigate the consumer dynamism in the peer-to-peer accommodation sector beyond Airbnb. Findings indicate that Airbnb consumption has evolved, showing patterns of convergence and ‘normalisation’, supported by a growing Asian participation and increasing regional stays. This dynamism is not shared by other platforms, which suggests peer-to-peer accommodation is becoming a single-platform story rather than a thriving broader accommodation-category. This article also launches the Annals of Tourism Research Curated Collection on Peer-to-peer accommodation networks, a special selection of research in this field.

The present study investigates the relevance of inter-organizational and cross-sectoral relations for innovation activities in tourism, analyzing whether networked innovation in tourism differs from other sectors. The aim is to highlight the special characteristics of tourism in the context of a Regional Innovation System (RIS) by means of a Social Network Analysis (SNA) carried out on small and medium sized enterprises in the Autonomous Province of Bolzano-Bozen (South Tyrol) in Italy. The analysis indicates that enterprises in the hospitality and tourism industry are strongly embedded in their regional context, showing a distinct tendency to prefer collaboration across sectors for innovation. The conclusions of this study highlight that the characteristics identified with regard to tourism innovation networks, territorially embedded but highly influenced by other sectors, may provide a possible explanation for some of the traits of tourism innovation identified (e.g. a high degree of imitation in destinations).

Theories on destination management, destination leadership and destination governance have made noteworthy contributions to the advancement of tourism research. However, current global dynamics in regards to political, social, technological and economic developments demand a revision of traditional methods and instruments of destination development. This paper suggests perspectives rooted in design and design thinking as a source for gaining fresh understandings of challenges in tourism destinations and for offering innovative solutions. This paper reflects on the possibility of integrating design approaches into the theorising on and practice of destination development. It explores how a transdisciplinary fusion of notions can ultimately result in a new vision for destination development.

Acquired subglottic stenosis (SGS) most commonly results from prolonged endotracheal intubation and is a diagnostic challenge in the intubated child. At present, no imaging modality allows for in vivo characterization of subglottic microanatomy to identify early signs of acquired SGS while the child remains intubated. Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) is a minimally invasive, light-based imaging modality which provides high resolution, three dimensional (3D) cross-sectional images of biological tissue. We used long-range FD-OCT to image the subglottis in intubated pediatric patients undergoing minor head and neck surgical procedures in the operating room.A long-range FD-OCT system and rotary optical probes (1.2mm and 0.7mm outer diameters) were constructed. Forty-six pediatric patients (ages 2-16 years) undergoing minor upper airway surgery (e.g., tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy) were selected for intraoperative, trans-endotracheal tube FD-OCT of the subglottis. Images were analyzed for anatomical landmarks and subepithelial histology. Volumetric image sets were rendered into virtual 3D airway models in Mimics software.FD-OCT was performed on 46 patients (ages 2-16 years) with no complications. Gross airway contour was visible on all 46 data sets. Twenty (43%) high-quality data sets clearly demonstrated airway anatomy (e.g., tracheal rings, cricoid and vocal folds) and layered microanatomy of the mucosa (e.g., epithelium, basement membrane and lamina propria). The remaining 26 data sets were discarded due to artifact, high signal-to-noise ratio or missing data. 3D airway models were allowed for user-controlled manipulation and multiplanar airway slicing (e.g., sagittal, coronal) for visualization of OCT data at multiple anatomic levels simultaneously.Long-range FD-OCT produces high-resolution, 3D volumetric images of the pediatric subglottis. This technology offers a safe and practical means for in vivo evaluation of lower airway microanatomy in intubated pediatric patients. Ultimately, FD-OCT may be applied to serial monitoring of the neonatal subglottis in long-term intubated infants at risk for acquired SGS.

In current conceptualizations of destination management, destination management organizations (DMOs) are required to act as network managers. Previous research claims that DMOs capable of actively fostering collaboration between destination stakeholders are key to ensuring a destination's competitiveness. Yet, empirical investigations concerning the role of DMO success in establishing the competitiveness of destinations are rare. Even less is known about determinants of DMO success. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to better understand DMO and destination success by investigating the role played by networking capability. One key insight is that the effect of networking capability works through increased DMO authority, i.e. enhanced power and acceptance of the DMO within the destination network. Besides the advances in terms of content, our research also offers a relevant methodological contribution by introducing a recently developed approach in mediation analysis, which has so far received little attention in the tourism literature.

Introduction: Prognostic significance of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag), tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and neopterin in cervical cancer patients was compared. Materials and methods: Pretreatment concentrations were determined in 138 women. Results: Median age was 52 years, 85% squamous cell carcinomas, 15% adeno- or adenosquamous carcinomas were seen. In 36% Federation Internationale de Gynecologie et d’Obstetrique (FIGO) stage I, 24% stage II, 32% stage III and 8% stage IV was diagnosed. TPA was elevated in 22%, SCC in 68%, CEA in 42% and neopterin in 29%. These patients showed significantly worse overall survival in univariate analysis ( p Conclusions: Elevation of TPA was associated with worse overall survival.

Objectives. Platinum resistance is a significant problem in patients with ovarian cancer. The aim of this phase II study was to define the response rates, the progression-free survival and the toxicity profile of the combination of PEG liposomal doxorubicin (L-DXR) and gemcitabine (GEM). Material and methods. Thirty one patients with histologically confirmed platinum-refractory or -resistant epithelial ovarian cancer were scheduled to receive 6 cycles of L-DXR 30 mg/m 2 on day 1 as well as GEM 650 mg/m 2 on days 1 and 8 every 28 days. Results. The median number of chemotherapy cycles given was 4. The mean dose intensity for L-DXR and GEM on day 1 was 96% and 97%, respectively. The mean dose intensity for GEM on day 8 was 93%. The overall response rate was 33% (10 of 30 evaluable patients; 20% complete responses). The median progression-free survival was 3.8 months, and the median overall survival was 15.8 months, respectively. Toxicity was acceptable. One quarter of patients developed grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, but none developed febrile neutropenia. Palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE) grades 2 and 3 occurred in 13% and 3% only, respectively, and no grade 4 PPE was observed. Grades 1 to 3 stomatitis was found in 58% of patients (10% grade 3). Conclusion. The combination of L-DXR and GEM is an active and acceptably tolerated option in the treatment of patients with platinum-resistant and -refractory ovarian cancer. Dose reductions seem advisable in the case of ≥grade 2 stomatitis and/or PPE ≥grade 2.

The authors compared the influence of a conventional and an optimized submitting method of prostate core needle biopsy specimens on the frequency of cancer detected and the pathologic characteristics of the adenocarcinoma bearing biopsy specimens. The patients included were part of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening program of Tyrol/Austria. Of the systematic core needle biopsy specimens from 500 unselected men obtained within 1 year from the Urological Department, University of Innsbruck, the core biopsy specimens of 250 cases were submitted conventionally, floating free in formalin-filled containers, whereas the biopsy specimens of the other 250 cases were stretched and orientated between 2 meshes in tissue cassettes at the time of biopsy before formalin fixation. On 136 cases diagnosed as adenocarcinoma the number and the length of cores as well as number of the cores involved by cancer and the tumor size were morphometrically determined. The diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia, isolated high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), atypical foci suspicious for cancer, and carcinoma was made in 66%, 5.6%, 4.8%, and 23.6% after conventional submission and in 61.6%, 6.4%, 1.2%, and 30.8% of the cases after optimized preembedding respectively. In the adenocarcinoma cases the optimizedly preembedded material showed higher mean total core length (126.5 mm versus 93.9 mm; P.0001), a higher mean total tumor length (14.1 mm versus 8.6 mm; P = .01), and more cores involved by cancer (2.9 versus 2.4; P = .01) compared with the conventionally worked-up biopsy specimens. Optimized preembedding of core needle biopsy specimens in tissue cassettes could be quickly and routinely done by the assistance of the urologists at the time of biopsy. The significant improvement of the histologic yield of optimizedly preembedded prostatic needle biopsy specimens led to a higher frequency of cancer diagnosis, a reduction of cases with atypical foci suspicious for cancer and a significantly lower number of cases with only 1 core biopsy involved by cancer.

This article summarises the experience and results of different prostate carcinoma screening projects using total prostate specific antigen (PSA) and per cent free PSA as the initial test. Of the 21078 volunteers 1618 (8%) had elevated PSA levels. Of these men 778 (48%) underwent biopsies; 197 (25%) biopsies were positive for prostate carcinoma and 135 (17%) underwent radical prostatectomy. 95 were found to be organ-confined. A PSA cut-off of 2.5 ng/ml in men aged 45-49 years and of 3.5 ng/ml in men aged 50-59 years resulted in an 8% increase in the detection rate of organ-confined disease. 284/2272 men (13%) had elevated PSA levels and prostate carcinoma was detected in 62 men (3%). All patients underwent radical prostatectomy and histological examination revealed organ-confined tumour in all but 8 men. 98/340 men (29%) had biopsies positive for carcinoma; 28 of these patients (29%) had carcinoma that originated in the transition zone only. In the retrospective study, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that by using a per cent free PSA of less than 18% as a biopsy criterion, 37% of the negative biopsies could be eliminated although 94% of all carcinomas would still be detected. In the first prospective study, 106/158 men (67%) with elevated PSA levels below 10.0 ng/ml were further evaluated and 37 (35%) prostate carcinomas were detected. By using a per cent free PSA of 22 ng/ml/cc as a biopsy criterion, 24.4% of negative biopsies could be avoided without missing a single carcinoma. In the prescreening era the incidence of T1a Grade 1 and 2 carcinomas was 3.1% and the incidence of T1a and T1b Grade 3 carcinoma was 2.3% whereas in the years after the establishment of PSA-based screening the incidence was 4.6 and 1.03% respectively. The rate of organ-confined tumours increased from 28.7% in 1993 to 65.7% in 1997. In this evaluation a new approach, to proceed with a prostate biopsy based upon the individual risk of having prostate cancer rather than a single PSA cut-off point was developed. High total PSA levels, PSA density and PSA transition zone density correlated significantly with high Gleason scores, capsular penetration, a high percentage of cancer in the prostatectomy specimen and a high cancer volume. In this evaluation all of the 95 patients with PSA levels below 3.99 ng/ml who underwent radical prostatectomy showed clinically significant, organ-confined prostate cancer with negative surgical margins. The results of this evaluation suggest that older men have larger tumour volumes compared with younger men with the same PSA levels. These data suggest that PSA-based screening with low PSA cut-off values increase the detection rate of clinically significant, organ confined and potentially curable prostate cancer. Per cent free PSA and PSA transition zone density provide an additional diagnostic benefit over total PSA.

The separation of saturated and unsaturated mono- and dicarboxylic acids which are intermediates and reaction products in the conversion pathway of citric acid and itaconic acid in hot, compressed liquid water and supercritical water is performed with co-electroosmotic high-performance capillary electrophoresis. Both direct as well as indirect photometric detection can be carried out at a wavelength of 185 nm. Co-electroosmotic separation conditions are set up by adding 1,5-dimethyl-1,5-diazaundecamethylene polymethobromide (hexadimethrine bromide; HDB; polybrene) as an electroosmotic flow modifier to achieve fast separations in the range of minutes and below. The quantitative results achieved with direct and indirect UV detection are in good comparison with the values of published HPLC data. Using this method, process control is possible by fast component monitoring of the reaction solutions.

PCR-based analyses were performed for the identification of HLA-B44 subgroups. Genomic DNA from six homozygous cell lines and 44 healthy individuals who had serologically tested positive for HLA-B44 was investigated for polymorphism in exons 2 and 3 of the HLA-B44 genes. Two primers were designed for specific amplification of the B*4401 allele in exon 2. None of the tested genomic DNAs, including the cell line "BAU-J" from which the sequence of B*4401 was derived, was amplified successfully using these primers, indicating that the B*4401 sequence may not be correct in position 242-244. For identification of the B*4402 and *4403 subtypes we specifically amplified the B44 gene in exon 3 using two sequence-specific primers. The PCR products, which were obtained from all B44-positive samples (n = 50) and from none of the B44-negative controls (n = 20), were subsequently hybridized with the dig-ddUTP-labeled oligonucleotides. The base substitution at position 146, as described previously for B*4401 and *4402 (C for G), could not be confirmed by oligonucleotide hybridization. In contrast, the oligonucleotide typing for G in position 146 gave positive signals in all B44-positive samples. Except for one, HLA-B44-positive DNAs from LCLs and healthy individuals could be divided into two subgroups according to the polymorphic region in position 195-197. Out of 44 unrelated individuals with B44, 27 (61%) were positive for B*4402 and 16 (36%) were positive for B*4403.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck, Anichstrauˆe 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, AustriaThis article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).This paper has been retracted at the request of the Editors of the European Journal of Cancer and the authors of the paper.The paper was published as part of a special issue of the European Journal of Cancer which summarized the proceedings ofthe 1st International Conference on Tumour Genetics and Prevention, which took place from 17th–19th February 2000 in St. Gal-len, Switzerland. The paper describes the presentation of the authors at the conference. It has become necessary to retract thepaper from the European Journal of Cancer because it is also a duplicate of a paper published in the journal European Urology in1999 (W. Horninger, A. Reissigl, H. Rogatsch, H. Volgger, M. Studen, H. Klocker, G. Bartsch, Prostate cancer screening in the Tyrol,Austria: experience and results. Eur Urol 1999: 35; 523–538. doi:10.1159/000019893).

We investigated delayed-type hypersensitivity to human papillomavirus (HPV) in women with cervical dysplasia or cancer. Women were challenged by skin tests with synthetic HPV-16 E7 oncoprotein peptides. 11 women were regressors (cleared disease without treatment) and 37 were progressors (required surgery). Antibodies to early antigens (markers for progression) were detectable in a higher proportion of cancer patients than all other patients, particularly progressors with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). By contrast, cellular immunity to HPV-16 E7, measured by skin test, was significantly (p=0.0001) associated with clinical and cytological resolution of HPV-induced CIN, indicating that E7-specific T-helper cells have a role in control of HPV.